Ukuqonda IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Nokufikelela Kwaso

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States sivakalisa ukuba akukho mntu “oya kulawulwa kukungalungisi okufanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye angabi nalungu elinye.” Lo mgaqo wesiseko, owaziwa njengengozi ephindwe kabini, wenzelwe ukuthintela urhulumente ukuba angammangaleli ngokuphindaphindiweyo umntu lo lwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukuqinisekiswa. Noko ke, ulwimi olucacileyo olucacileyo lokulungisa luye lwavela kwiqumrhu lomthetho, nolwahlukileyo ekutolikeni nasekusetyenzisweni kwawo kuwo wonke amazwe angama-50, iSithili saseColumbia, kunye ne-US. Amaphondo atyholo akwabangxenga nabasebenzi abagwebi abasemthethweni ngokufanayo, ukuqonda okungavisisana komthetho kubalulekile, kodwa oku kumele ukuba umShukeli omnye welizwe angone.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Lokumanyana Kwamaqabane: Abalawuli Abahlukeneyo, Izilingo Ezihlukeneyo

Enye yezona nkcukacha zibalulekileyo kumthetho ophindwe kabini yimfundiso yolongamo oluphindiweyo . Ngaphantsi kwalo mgaqo, urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente ngamnye uthathwa njengowahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, isenzo esiphula umthetho wolawulo ngalunye lwesizwe nolo rhulumente sinokugwetywa ngemithetho ngaphandle kokwaphula umthetho kaBini ka-Far Jaodary Claus. Umzekelo, umntu okhululwe izityholo zokubulala angabethwa kwinkundla yephondo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwisiganeko esinye. Le mfundiso yavunywa yiU.S. Esona nkundla siphezulu kumatyala afana [FLT.2]Gargiot v. [FLT] [FF:] [3] [2010]) (2010], ekwakukho ukumanyuswa ulawulo olude, kodwa imisele umgaqo omthetho omiselwe ngumthetho osemthethweni wesizwe, kodwa ingumthetho omiselwe ngumthetho osemthethweni wemithetho emiselwe yimithetho elawula.

Indlela Amazwe Atolika Aze Acebise Ngayo Icala Elibini: Umsebenzi Wokukhusela

Ngeli xesha uHlaliso lweNhlanu lumisela umgangatho womGaqo-siseko, amazwana akhululekile ukunikela ukhuseleko olubanzi kunoluncinci lwamagunya asekuhlaleni. Amanye amazwe aye awabeka ngokuphindwe kabini amalungelo aphindwe kabini kumgaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo yawo, ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kakhulu kumthetho wetyala. Ngeli ngezantsi luhlolisiso oluneenkcukacha lweenguqu ezingundoqo kumazwe amele abameli.

EKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya idla ngokukwalela ukuqulunqwa kwakhona emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa, okungqinelana nokukhuselwa kwesizwe. Noko ke, urhulumente uqingqe ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ngaphantsi komthetho waseKhalifoniya, ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetywe ngetyala elincinane eliqukwayo, basenokuphinda bafumane izityholo ezinkulu ukuba isiqinisekiso sakuqala siphendulwe ngokubhenela. Ngaphezu koko, iCalifornia ivumela ukumiswa kwakhona xa ityala livakaliswa ngokuyimfuneko, elifana nelungu lejaji elixhotyiweyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikwaye yathetha “ihambo efanayo” kunye“ kunye novavanyo, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo omkhulu wesingxelo sobukiso esineso sinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba izityholo zivela kwisenzo esifanayo kodwa zifuna izinto ezahlukeneyo zisenokuvalwa ukuba zikho ukusuka kwityala elifanayo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

I-Texas

Texas is known for its broad interpretation of double jeopardy protections. The Texas Constitution explicitly bars a person from being “twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.” Texas courts have applied this protection aggressively, particularly in cases where the state attempts to retry a defendant after a mistrial. Retrial is generally allowed only if the mistrial was caused by prosecutorial or judicial misconduct that was not provoked by the defense. In cases of manifest necessity—like a deadlocked jury—retrial is permitted. Texas also recognizes the “same transaction” test, meaning that multiple charges from a single criminal event may be considered the same offense unless each requires proof of a distinct element not required by the others.

New York

Ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini lwaseNew York luye lwaqiniswa kakhulu kuMthetho wayo we-Criminal Procede. Lo rhulumente ulandela “iimeko ezifanayo” zolawulo oluvela ku .United States kodwa yongeza imingxuma eyongezelelekileyo. INew York ivumela ukuqulunywa kwakhona emva kokungaqiniseki ukuba ummangalelwa uyavuma okanye ukuba kwakukho imfuneko esemthethweni. Okubalulekileyo, New York inelungiselelo elikhethekileyo elivumela urhulumente ukuba afake isibheno solwaphulo-mthetho (kwimeko elinganiselwe) ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindiweyo. Imo yephondo ivumela ukukhuselwa ngokuphindiweyo ukuba ikhutshwa kwetyala elithile lesizwe ukuba igqalwa kwindalo. Iinkundla zaseNew York ziye zathintelwa ngenyameko ukuba umtshutshisi-gxelo ezintsha ngokutyholwa ngokushwa okuncinane.

IFlorida

Umthetho ophindiweyo wengozi wase Florida ubunjwe yimithetho yayo epheleleyo kunye nomthetho omkhulu wetyala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseFlorida ikholelwa ukuba ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo lwengozi lusebenza kwityala lokwahlukana kuphela ukuba livela kwisenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuthengiselana. Noko ke, iFlorida ivumela isohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo sobalo lwexhoba elinye kwintengiso. Umahluko ophawulekayo: i-Florida ivumela ukuqulukwa emva kokuba isiqinisekiso sitshintshiwe ngenxa yokuvavanywa, kodwa imiqobo i-eba i-evale ukuba utshintsho lusekelwe kubungqina obunganele. Oku kuxhomekeke kumthetho wesizwe, kodwa kwakhona i-Florida iyayiqaphela ingcaciso encinane yemibalwayo ekwahlukeneyo kwintengo enye. Umzekelo, ukugwebo emva kokuzibotshelelwa kwetyala akuyikugqalwa kwetyala, akuyiyo ukuthathwa njengempazamo enyani elcinekileyo kwaye i-Istilue.

Illinois

Illinois inikela ukhuseleko lwengozi eziphindwe kabini phantsi komgaqo-siseko wayo wesizwe kunye ne-Illinois Compuntments Systems. Izwe lisebenzisa “uvavanyo olunye”, libuza ukuba ubungqina obufanayo buza kuxhasa zombini iityala. Iinkundla ze-Illinois zithintele ukutshutshiswa ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo ezisuka kwihambo egqithisiweyo enye, nokuba ngaba zibandakanya izinto ezahlukileyo. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho we-Illinois uyawuthintela umvalo xa ukuvavanywa kokuqala kupheliswe ngenxa yokuhamba ngempumelelo kwendlela engekho mthethweni ngokungekho mthethweni (ngaphandle kokuba ummangali evuma). Illinois ukwano unomthetho okhethekileyo odibanisa iingozi eziphindwe kabini xa kuqululwe ityala, obekusemva kwemiqatha ekwakugqibelwayo kuphela kwemithetho edibanisa inkundla yabagwebi.

Massachusetts

IMassachusetts isoloko ithathwa njengenye yezona zwe zikhusela amalungelo aphindwe kabini. ISindululo samaMassachusetts samaLungelo sinika ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo nolwandileyo kunoMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu. Iinkundla zeMassachusetts zisebenzisa i-“ ihambo yezolwaphulo-mthetho” umgangatho, owenzela ukuba uphinde ugqibele kungekuphela nje kwetyala elinye lomthetho kodwa nakwesinye isityholo esivela kwisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esinye, nokokuba izinto zahlukile. Oku kuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa uxolelwe ugwetyiwe u-la i-carceny ngenxa yokuthatha imoto, urhulumente awunakuba aphinde agwetyelwe ngenxa yokwamkela impahla ebibiweyo ukuba ihambo iyafana. Kwakhona iMassachusethisi ingu ekwakusetyenziswa kobungqina bokusetyenziswa kwamatyala njengakukhuselwa kamva, ukhuseleko.

Ingxelo Yezakhono

Kwesinye isiphelo solwahlulo, amanye amazwe, anjenge Alabama neMississippi, anikela ukhuseleko olubonisa ngokusondeleyo umthetho wengingqi ngaphandle kolwandiso olunzulu. La mazwana avumela ukuqulunqwa emva kwetyala eliphosakeleyo layo nayiphi na “imfuneko” kwaye avumela isohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukeneyo lwesenzo esinye. Kula macala, ulawulo lomthetho oluqhelekileyo lusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iinkundla zelizwe azikhange zikhutshelwe ngaphandle kokhuseleko oluthe ncam oluthe tye ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo. Abameli kula maphondo baxhomekeke kumthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, onokuthi ushiye izithuba kwimigaqo eninzi, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukuguquka Kwezinto Ezingaqhelekanga: IPuerto Rico, iGuam, neZiqithi Ezinyulu zaseUnited States

Imimandla yase-U.S. isebenza phantsi kwezenzo zayo zobomi kunye neenkqubo zomthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizicelo ezahlukileyo eziphindiweyo eziyingozi. Ngoxa uhlaziyo lwesihlanu lusebenza kwimimandla ngokuququzelela, iinkundla zelizwe ziye zavelisa iinkcazelo ezikhethekileyo.

I-Puerto Rico

UmGaqo-siseko wasePuerto Rico uyithintela ngokucacileyo ingozi ephindwe kabini, kodwa iKhowudi kaNovemba yengingqi ivumela ukuchotshelwa kwakhona kwiimeko ezithile ezingavunyelwanga kumaphondo. Umzekelo, iPuerto Rico ivumela urhulumente ukuba afake isigwebo sokungagwebi ukuba inkundla esezantsi yenza impazamo yomthetho, kwaye ukuba iphumelele, ummangalelwa angaphinda agwetywe. Oku kukususwa okubalulekileyo kumthetho karhulumente, apho isigqibo sokungabi natyala sigqibelele ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, iPuerto Rico isebenzisa “intengo ebanzi yentengiso”, kodwa ngomngxubelo yokuba urhulumente aphinde atyhole ngokutsha kwakhona ukuba ityala lokuqala ligxothwe ngaphandle kocalucalucalulo olusemthethweni. Amagqwetha ePuerto Rico kufuneka ajonge ngenyameko umahluko phakathi kokugxothwa nokungacaciniwa.

I-Guam

Umthetho we-Guam ophindwe kabini wobungozi uqiniswa kwiKhodi yawo ebizwa ngokusondeleyo, ilandela imodeli karhulumente kodwa ngokutshintshayo. I-Guam isebenzisa “izinto ezifanayo” ezilungisiweyo. Noko ke, iinkundla zeGuam zibambelele kwelokuba urhulumente welizwe akabotshelelwanga yinkundla yelizwe elingurhulumente kwisenzo esinye, njengoko imimandla ithathwa njengeengangamkeli ezahlukileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente. Le nto ithetha ukuba umntu okhululweyo kwiNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo unokuthi ngokucacileyo avavanywe yinkundla yesizwe yeso siganeko esifanayo ukuba ihambo yengingqi yoluntu neyorhulumente iyawuphula umthetho. I-Guam ayinyanzeli ukuba ityala liphinde libekwe emva kwesenzo esiphosakeleyo somtshutshisi-Rhulumente, kwanokuba oko kuthethwa kungenziwangakuziphatha okubi kwe-Over.

Iziqithi eziNcasakazi zase-U.S.

IZiqithi zeVirgin zase-U.S. (USSVI) zinenkqubo edityanisiweyo ebolekiweyo kuwo omabini umthetho wesizwe nowaselurhulumenteni. UMthetho weRevised Orvinic weZiqithi ezincinane uqulethe amalungiselelo engozi aphindwe kabini, kodwa lo mmandla ulandela imizekelo karhulumente. Umzekelo omnye okhethekileyo: USVI uvumela ukuchotshelwa kwakhona emva kokugwetywa kwetyala ukuba ukugwetywa komthetho kubekwe ngokuqhatha okanye ngokunyotywa, into emxinwa kodwa engaqhelekanga kodwa engenakuqondwa kumazwe amaninzi. Oku kuhambelana nengcamango ye- “yepapyyyyyyy' ekhoyo. Kwiimeko apho ingqibelelo yetyala yabekwa ngokusisiseko. Iinkundla ze-USVI zikwasebenzisa kwakhona uvavanyo olupheleleyo "kugqibekileyo" lokugwetywa ngetyala, kodwa kukulungele kakhulu ukuvumela iimvavanyo olwahlukeneyo kumaxhoba ahlukeneyo phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Izinto Ezingundoqo Ezitshintshatshintshayo

Ukwahluka komthetho ophindiweyo okwimiqathango engaphaya kwemithetho ye-U.S. kuvela kwimithombo emininzi:

  • Izikhuseli zomgaqo-siseko weSizwe: Amanye amazwe anezigaba ezizimeleyo eziphindwe kabini zengozi kuneSigqibo sesihlanu soLawulo.
  • Umthetho weSizwe: imigaqo ingachaza “ityala elifanayo” okanye“imposiso incamathiselwe". ngeendlela ezahlukileyo kumthetho wequmrhu.
  • Inkqubela-phambili yomthetho weCase: utoliko lwezamkeli zolwazi ezifanayo lukhokelela kuvavanyo oludityanisiweyo, olufana “ububungqina obunye,”“ urhwebo olunye,” okanye “ihambo efanayo.”
  • Icebo lobuProsoli kunye namalungelo agunyazisiweyo: Amanye amazwe avumela urhulumente ukuba abhenele ukugxothwa okuthile phambi kwesigqibo sokugqibela, enokuthi avumele ukuqulunqwa kwakhona, lo gama amanye emisela ngokungqongqo izibheno ezinjalo.
  • Imithetho ye- ye-Mission: Ingcaciso ye- “imfuneko enkulu” iyahlukahluka; amanye amazwe afuna imfuneko engqongqo kunamanye, echaphazela ukuba ummangalelwa angaphinda alungiswe emva kwemposiso.

Indima Yeengxaki Nezibheno

Imeko enzima yezotshintsho yiyo eyenzekayo emva kokuqulunqwa kwetyala. Kwinkundla yorhulumente nakumatyala amaninzi, ukuba ityala livakaliswe ngenxa yejaji exhotyisiweyo, ityala lingamcimela ummangalelwa. Noko ke, ukuba ukumangalelwa okuphosakeleyo kubangelwa kukunganyaniseki okucwangcisiweyo okucwangcisiweyo, ukuphindiweyo okuphindwe kabini kusenokuba yi-babs. Ngokufanayo, ukubhenela okuzinzileyo “ukuququzelelwa.” Amanye amazwe (umz. Massachusetts) ayayigxeka indlela engafanelekanga ukuba izenzo zomtshutshisi zibukhali okanye impazabhisa, ngoxa ezinye (umz. Texas) zifuna ukuboniswa kwenjongo ethile yokubangela ukuquluswa okuphosakeleyo. Ngokunjalo, ukuba ukubhenela, ukurhoxiswa kobuphiswa okuphindwe kabini kwimiqatha yokhuseleko kuzo zonke ii-orhorho. Kodwa ukuba ikho ukuvavanywa okufanelekileyo. (iiiiii, imiyalelo emininzi egwetyiswe ngokubisiweyo, imvume engalunganga, imvume encinane (elwa ngokuphindwayo).

Izicelo zabaKhuseli nabaLawuli

Kubamangalelwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephindaphindiweyo eyingozi ebangela ubomi bube neziphumo. Ukuhamba okuya kuphumelela kwelinye iphondo kungasilela kwelinye. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka acebise abaxhasi kungekuphela nje kwizityholo kodwa nakubungozi bokumangalelwa ngokulandelelana ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo okanye ulawulo olwahlukileyo oluvela kwihambo efanayo. Kuphando oluninzi lwelizwe okanye imikhosi yelizwe ephezulu, abamangalelwa bangajongana nezilingo ezininzi kwimiqathango ekhoyo phambi kokuba izityholo ezifanayo zibekwe ngokupheleleyo. [[FLT.0]] ulawulo olwahlukileyo [FLT.FLD:1] luhlala luyisixhobo esinamandla kubagqekelisi, kwaye lungaphi nakumaphondo (g., New York,) luye lwamiswa ukuba luwiswe umthetho ongoorhulumente womthetho omnye emva kokuba uvume ulawulo olufanelekileyo. [[Frect:0]] umele ulandelwe ulawulo olungomnye lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho woburhulumente woburhulumente woburhulumente woburhulumente woburhulumente.

Kumthetho ongoogqirha, ukugcina imigaqo engqinelanayo yezobungozi obuphindiweyo kubaluleke kakhulu xa ukumiswa kweminxeba yefashoni, ukuququzelela izicelo, okanye ukugqiba ukuba uyavumelana nale komiti iphosakele. Umzekelo, ukufumana ukurhoxiswa okusekelwe kubungqina obunganelanga obukwigunya elivumela isibheno sokugxothwa komthetho ovumela ukuphinda kubangele ukuqulunqwa, kanti kwimeko engqongqo inkundla ingagqibela. Ngokufanayo, ukukhetha phakathi kwetyala lebhentshi kunye nokuvavanywa kwejaji kungachaphazela xa ityala lincamaniswa ($instatis) xa ingqina lokuqala lifungxwa kwityala, kodwa kwityala lebhetshi iyaqukumbela kuphela xa iqalisa ukufumana ubungqina. Eli xesha linokuchaphazela amandla okuzilahla izityholo phambi kokuvavanywa ngaphandle kokungxengwa ngokuphindiselwa kwetyala.

Isiphelo: Umhlaba Ophakamileyo Osemthethweni

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini ```Umthetho we-Anglo - America' owenzelwe ukukhusela okudala kakhulu. Umthetho uhlala ulukhuselo olubalulekileyo kurhulumente. Kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwawo ngaphaya kwe-United States kufana. Kukhuseleko olubanzi lwaseMassachusetts nase Puerto Rico, intathelo ebhedelwayo enyanzelekileyo ekunamatheleni ngokupheleleyo kwimilinganiselo yemithetho ekhoyo efana no-Alabama, umahluko uninzi. Njengoko ibutho labantu lizama ukumelana neentlobo ezintsha zolwaphulo-mthetho, umsebenzi owenziweyo, kwaye inkundla nemithetho esemthethweni ye-grobini iyaqhubeka inika izicwangciso-mali ezikhoyo. [[F1], ulawulo oluninzi lungahambi , ulawulo oluphezulu lomthetho olukhoyo.[FFF] [fulF] [emperence, ulawulo oluninzi lolawulo olukhoyo lwecandelo lomthetho womthetho womthetho.[F][3][3][3][3][3]