Kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko wase-Indiya, ijudia iphethe isikhundla esahlukileyo segunya, enikwe amandla okuchaza nje kuphela idemokhrasi kodwa ukuchaza imida enzulu yezobulungisa. Isenzo sogwebo-jaji.

Imvelaphi Yembali: Ukusuka Kwisiseko Ukuya Kunomdla Kuluntu

I-genesis yesenzo somthetho sangoku eIndiya ayihlukani nemfundiso ye- yeBhodi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo . Kwimeko ephawulayo ye- Kesavanava v. Urhulumente waseKerala[FLT] [1973], ibhedre eligweba leNkundla ePhakamileyo yamisela umgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo: ngelixa iPalamente inegunya lokuphelisa umGaqo-siseko, ayinako ukutshabalalisa "isikoso somthetho-siseko". Le mfundiso yanika icandelo le judiary enesixhobo esingaqhelekanga sokuhlola imigaqo-siseko, ngoko nangoko iguqula iNkulawula ephakamileyo ukusuka kwisiqu esilula somGatho-siseko somgaqo-siseko omiselwe ngumgangatho omnye wemeko olumiselwe lilolongo lwamapolisa.

Ukugutyungelwa Kwamanzi Asemva Kohambo Olude

Ixesha lempinda (1975-77) yayilixesha elimnyama lenkululeko yabemi eIndiya, kwaye yaguqula ngokuyintloko i-status yezango. Kwimeko embi [[FLT: 0]] ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla[[FFF:1] ityala, uninzi lweNkundla ePhakamileyo lwama-1979 lwama ekuhlaleni ngokwayo lwema phakathi kweNkangeleko, ngokunempumelelo icandelo lokunika intloko i-carte-bhann ngaphandle kwetyala. [Imeko ephezulu] [NT] [iindlela elungiselelwe yi-FFFFog, eninzi yexesha elizayo ukunikezela kulawulo lwe-cutry.] [upt] [empeance: "NNNkathi ye-VEmpeyl, iKnairdelk). [ngendlela ephantsi kwemithetho esezantsi kweye-Empea yomthetho yomthetho, i-oful.[ekhost] [egos] [evul] [ego, iNt

Iminyaka Yee - 1990: Ukwanda Kukulawula

Iminyaka yee-1990 yangqinela inkundla eyandisa ukufikelela kwayo ekulawuleni kwentlalo epheleleyo ukuya kumatshini wokulawula. Vineet Narain v.Umanyano lwaseIndiya Ityala (19989) laziwa ngokuba lityala elinguJain Hawala iNkundla ePhakamileyo eyathatha ulawulo oluthe ngqo kwinqanaba eliphezulu lobuqhetselene bezobupolitika. Yakruswa kukunganyaniseki kwegunyazisi kwe-ofisi, inkundla yakhupha uthothotho lwemigaqo ebanzi yoqikelelo lwe-Adrejimentment Burea (CI) kunye nokugcinwa kwenkundla yenkundla elawulayo. Eli xesha laphawulwa ngutshintsho olubalulekileyo: i-judicariary yaqalisa ukuphazamisa ngqo kwi-Arcctic kunye nolawulo. Ukugweba kwanikelwa "ukulawula kwemfundiso ephakathi kwemithetho ye-" yeNtrust" yeNtrust" yeNt.

IXesha laNgoku: Amalungelo kunye neNkxaso yeZiko

Inkulungwane yama-21 iye yabona iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinile. Inkundla ivakalise i [[FLT: 0] isigqibo sokuba yenze into engasese ilungelo elisisiseko kwi Justice K.S.Paswamy v. Umanyano lwe-Indiya[[ [2017], isigqibo esenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwicebo lokuchaza i-Adhaar encodium kunye nemigaqo yokuchophela iliso. Ibe ihla iKhomishini yeSizwe (NJAC) ithatha umthetho ngo 2015, iqinisekisa ubukhulu benkqubo yeCollegium kumadinga eendiya. Ngokukhawuleza, ngo-2024, inkundla yahlasela phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo lwezorhwebo nolawulo lukarhulumente. [FLT] [FF5] UdwelkT], ivakalisa ukuba i-Progiontivey engolwazi olungaziwayo ngokubanziswayo lweziko lwezopolitiko lwezopoliti yemithetho zemali ityhile.

Ummandla wokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo wezomthetho

Izenzo zomthetho eIndiya asiyonto nje ethethwayo; iye yavelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo nezidla ngokugqugqisa kwiicandelo eziliqela ezichanabileyo. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa indlela enzulu ejolise kuyo imicimbi yentlalo, intlalo-ntle nemicimbi yezobupolitika.

Ulawulo Lokusingqongileyo: INkundla njengeQumrhu elilawulayo

Mhlawumbi owona mmandla unegalelo nongaguquguqukiyo womthetho wokulungisa i-lectiveism ibingumthetho wokusikelw'ebugxwayiba. Imehta v.C. umanyano lwe-Indiya, 1987, inkundla yezomthetho yadala ngokunempumelelo ulawulo olutsha, oluqinileyo lwemekobume. Ouleum Gas Leak unoxakeko lweLeak [[[FLT:]] [M.C. .M. . . .m. .umanyano lwe-Mehta v. u-197, iNkugqibelele umgaqo we-, i-AMSTALT [[[FLT]], ibamba ukuba ishishini libandakanye neziphumo eziyingozi, ngaphandle komthetho oqhelekileyo we-"ityala."

Inkundla yaqhubeka yazincamisa intanda-bulumko yayo yokusingqongileyo kwi iVole Vanitivel Welfare Forum v.Umanyano lwaseIndiya ityala (1996). Apha, inkundla yayamkela ngokucacileyo [" iPravention Programme" yeProfecter [[FULT:2]" kunye ne-[FLT] iProutem-Pans Prime" njengenxalenye yomthetho welizwe. Le migaqo iye yakhokela inkqubo yemeko yemeko-bume yelizwe, inyanze ushishino lwemeko-meko-bume. [[FLT] ngokunjalo, i-Angcedvolurce yale i-ogractives trans (intshi9]) yamazwe amaqela eencwadi yelizwe elingurhulumente elingurhulumente elingekho mthethweyo, idiza phambili, idiza i-Angglor.

Kumgangatho womoya, ungenelelo lwenkundla luye lwazimela ngokulinganayo. Kuthotho lwemiyalelo eqala ngo-1990 kwaye iqhubekeka phakathi konyaka wama-2010, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNational Green Tribunal (NGT) igunyazise ukuguqulelwa kwezithuthi zikawonke-wonke eDelhi ukuya kucuthekisa iGas yendalo (CNG), yavala ukubhaliswa kwezithuthi zedizili kunyaka ka 2000 CC, yaza yayalela ukuvalwa koshishino lwemizi yokungcolisa indalo kwikomkhulu. Le miyalelo, ngexa idla ngokuphikisanayo kukwendlela yokufikelela kwayo ephezulu, inyanze urhulumente wathatha amanyathelo aqinileyo ukuqhuba ubungozi bomoya ongcoliseko.

Okusesikweni Kwentlalo: Ukwandisa Ilungelo Lobomi

Ingcaciso yejaji yaseIndiya yeGatya 21 (Ilungelo Lobomi neNkululeko) iye yaba yinjini ephambili yenkqubo yentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Inkundla iye yandisa eli nqaku linye ukuquka uludwe olubanzi lwamalungelo entlalo-ntle yoqoqosho, ngokunempumelelo iguqula iMithetho eNgalungelelaniyo nengalungelekiyo ukuba ibe ngamalungelo asisiseko anyanzelekayo.

Umzekelo obalulekileyo olungileyo ekutyeni unobumba ([FULT:2] PUCL v. Umanyano lwaseIndiya, 2001]) ngumzekelo ophawula iziganeko eziphawulekayo. Emva kwembalela enkulu nokusilela kukarhulumente ukuhambisa ngokunempumelelo amahlalutye, i-Union's Union ye-Civile lirbunity (PUCL) ifake i-PIL. Inkundla ephezulu yatolika ilungelo lokuquka ilungelo lokutya. Yakhupha uthotho lwemiyalelo karhulumente ekhokela urhulumente ukuba aphumele kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokutya, kuquka inkqubo yomhla wesidlo ezikolweni. Ukuhlola kwenkundla yale mashumi amabini eminyaka kukhokelela kwisakhiwo sokuziko lokutya okuneyo, uKhuselo lwe-National Footional Food 2013.

ngokomthetho [[FLT:] , ijaji ibiyinjini enzima yotshintsho. Vishaka v. Urhulumente we Rajasthan [1997]) ityala, ukuvela kwiqela lemigulukudu elikhohlakeleyo lomqeshwa, ikhokela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba ibeke phantsi imigaqo ebophelele ngokusemthethweni yokuthintela ukukhathazwa kwesondo emsebenzini. Le migaqo yahlala kumthetho ngaphezu kweshumi de ekugqibeleni indlu yowiso-mthetho yawisa umthetho wamabhinqa kuMthetho we-Oster Activection ngo-2013. Lo mba ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wokuzalisa i-ogconvool.

[Umanyano lwase-Indiya[FLT:] [ii-FLT]-a + amalungelo , ijaji iye yaba yeyona ibangela utshintsho olungokwentlalo. [[FLT:]NATA] NALSA v.Umanyano lwe-Indiya[ [2014] (2014, inkundla yaqonda ilungelo labantu abakhuphela ngaphandle kwelungu labo ngokwesiqu. Ngoko, kwimbali [[FLT: 4.]] uNavet j Singh v v. Umanyano yeIndiya [2018]), ibhungathatha icandelo elipheleleyo le-Mongalevi ye-Indiyam, i-decrigame-exmations syndment, ezimeleneenza imigaqo ezingundoqo, ezingundoqo, ezingqinela ubulungu, kunye nezinganiso, kunye nezinganiso.

Ukuchasana nokuQinisekiswa kwePhondo

Isenzo somthetho sikwajongene nezokhuselwa-khundla zamandla ezobupolitika kunye nokungalawuleki. Ngokungakhathali uThomas v. Umanyano lwaseIndiya ityala (2013) iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa igalelo lokufuzisela abantu uMthetho okhusela abenzi bomthetho abagwetyiweyo ekukhutshweni ngokukhawuleza. Inkundla yathi naliphi na iMP okanye MLA ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngesigwebo seminyaka emibini okanye ngaphezulu liza kususwa ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kwalo naliphi ixesha lobubele lokubhena. Oku kulawula ngokuphawulekayo kwaguqula ummandla wezopolitiki, kunyanzelela amaqela ukuba acinge kabini phambi kokuba abaqhubi beengxelo zezaphuli-mthetho ezinzulu.

ICwangciso samaBond [ eCelectoral Bond , ecelw'icelw'i yi-Association for Democratic Reformations (ADR), yabethwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoFebruwari 2024. Inkundla yathi ukungazazi ncam kwamaqhina achaseneyo nokulunga komvoti siseko sokuxhasa kwemali yamaqela ezobupolitika. Ngokuvakalisa ukuba inkqubo yeqhinga ingathathi jinga mithetho, inkundla yawuchazi kwakhona umgaqo wokubonisa ukukhanya kwimali yemali ebhaliswe kwimali yemali yonyulo-mali, ithumela ukutshotshona kwe-tsholokhwe ephambili kwezobupolitika kwaye inyanze utshintsho olukhulu lwesakhiwo kwindlela ukhetho oluxhaswa ngayo.

Ukuguqula Ukulungelelana: Impembelelo Nokugxekwa

Ngoxa ubucukubhede bezezomthetho bebunamandla okuguqula inkqubela, buye babangela impikiswano enzulu ngokuphathelele imigaqo esisiseko yedemokhrasi nobuchule bolawulo - melo.

Imiphumo Efanelekileyo: Ukhuseleko Oluyindawo Yolawulo - melo

Igalelo elifanelekileyo lokwenza umthetho womthetho liqinisekile. Liye lasebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokhuseleko kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokufuthi ephazanyiswa yi-drock. Ijaji iye yakhusela amalungelo asisiseko abemi xa isebe eliphetheyo nendlu yowiso-mthetho ingazange isebenze. Iye yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba aphumeze iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle, akhusele imekobume, kwaye ahlole ukunganyaniseki. Ngokuphakamisa umthetho kunye nesiseko esisisiseko somGaqo-siseko, iye yathintela ukuphambukela phambili kobundlo lweentloko-mikhosi kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ulwando lobucala bobomi, ukudalwa kwetyala lokusingqongileyo, nokutyhalela phambili kokuvela kwemekobume yezobupolitika ziziphumo ezithe ngqo zomGawulayo.

Ukugxekwa: Ukufikelela ngokugqithisileyo nokusikelwa imida kwezeziko

Ukugxekwa okungundoqo kokwenza umthetho womthetho eIndiya kukwaphulwa kolwaphulo lwamandla . Ngokukhupha izigunya zomthetho kunye nokuhlola imisebenzi yegunya elilawulayo iminyaka yokugqibela, ijudicary ifiphaza imida yegunya lomGaqo-siseko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi abagwebi abanyulwanga, abanatyala kuluntu lonke, kwaye abanabuchule bokwenza izigqibo ezintsonkothileyo eziphathelelene ne-telecom, imimiselo yemeko esesikweni, okanye ukusasaza ukutya.

Igalelo elinamandla elichasene namandla okugweba lafika likwimo yeKhomishini ye- yesizwe egunyazisa amatyala (NJAC) uMthetho ka-2014, ofuna ukutshintsha inkqubo ekhazimlayo yeCollegium ngokuyalela okubanzi okubandakanya indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nengingqi yabemi. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha i-NJAC ngo-2015, yabonwa ngabaninzi njengendawo egcina amandla, icela izityholo ezinamandla zokuba yi-"omatili-omatiloshe."

Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenza njengomphathi wenkqubo kumthwalo omkhulu osele usetyenzwe kakhulu. Ukubekwa kwemithetho ekhethekileyo efunekayo ukuvelela ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo entsonkothileyo kusoloko kungekho. Ingxaki "yokulwa" ikhokelela ekuthembeleni kwi-amicu curiae kunye nekomiti yokuhlola, ezithi zona ngokwazo zingabi nagunya ledemokhrasi. Imiyalelo yenkundla kwingxaki yongcoliso lweDelhi, umzekelo, iye yasoloko idityaniswa phakathi kokuvalwa okungqongqo kwemithetho kunye nokuphunyezwa okudaliweyo, ibonise ubunzima bokulawula amandla, inkqubo yokuphatha abathathi-nxaxheba kwimithetho engqongqo yezomthetho. Ukungagunyaziswa kokungenelela kwezomthetho kunganqanda ukuvelwa kwemali kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho, ukuvelisa ukungaqiniseki kwemeko-mthetho.

Indlela phambili: Unxibelelwano lomgaqo-siseko kunye nedangatye

Impembelelo yomthetho wobugcisa kwiinkqubo zikawonke-wonke wase-Indiya ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba ingalahlwa njengejoni elinyulu okanye njengelinyulu. Kubugqwirha obuntsonkothileyo, obudibeneyo, nobudla ngokuba nobuxanduva. Iinkundla ziye zanyanzelela urhulumente ukondla abalambileyo, ukufundisa abantwana, nokucoca umoya ongcolileyo. Kodwa, njengokuba eli nqaku lihlola, eli gunya lineengozi ezinkulu. Ilungu lejajicatha elingenelelayo elizininzi linokuthoba inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, imbopheleleko yequmrhu, kunye nokuzisela ityala komphathi kwindlu yowiso.

Ikamva lomthetho womthetho womthetho eIndiya lisenokuba alikho kwingxoxo eqhubekayo kodwa lisekuphuculweni. Imodeli esempilweni yenye yengxoxo engowongamileyo, apho inkundla, indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye negunya lifanele ukuhlonela imida yemithetho yezolawulo ngexa iqhubeka incoko yamalungelo, imisebenzi, kunye nenkqubo. Ijajithali kufuneka izibone njenge-mpatho kunye nomgcini-mthetho, hayi umphathi. Kufuneka ingenele ngokungqongqo ekuxhaseni isakhiwo esisisiseko namalungelo asisiseko, kodwa kufuneka isebenzise ulawulo oluqinileyo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho neyolawulo apho ingenabuchule. Imele ivumele amanye amasebe ukuba ayenze inkqubo yokwenziwa kunye nenkqubo yayo, agcine amandla awo kwiimeko ezicacileyo zokwaphulwa kokwaphulwa komgaqo-mthetho-siseko okanye ukungaphumeleli. Oku kufuneka kungenelele, kwaye kuhlale kulula ukuvavanywa kwegunyazwe ligunya elikhulu.