Ukwazisa: Idinga Elihlala Lihleli Lobulungisa

IsiHlamlisi seSithandathu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States siqinisekisa abantu abatyholwa ngetyala elikhawulezayo nelinoluntu ngokubanzi. Esi sigwebo sinye esinentsingiselo ``````redime'''' sithenjiswa ngokuhlonelwa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho esetyenziswa ngabantu abatshangatshate). Kodwa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni nangokukhawulezileyo alizange livele kwiNkomfa yasePhiladelphia. Iimvelaphi zalo zembali zifikelela nzulu kwizithethe zezomthetho zaseNgilani, ukulwa kwegunya lobukumkani, kunye nezifundo ezinzima zobuthangameli. Ukuqonda lo mnombo kubalulekile ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ukukhuselwa kweSithandathu komGadi kuhlale kungundatho-mthetho kunguququzelelwe nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko.

Eli nqaku lilandelela umnombo wetyala elilungileyo nelikhawulezayo ukususela kwasekuqaleni kweli tyala eMagna Carta ngokumanyana kwalo kwiBhili yamaLungelo kunye nendaleko yalo kwimithetho yale mihla. Ngokuhlolisisa imikhosi esemthethweni, yezobupolitika, neyentanda-bulumko eyabumba uMphengululo weSithandathu, singayiqonda kakuhle imigaqo eqhubeka ikhokela iinkundla ekulungelelaniseni izilangazelelo zabamangalelwa, urhulumente, nabantu bonke.

Imvelaphi Enzulu Kwimbali Yasemthethweni YamaNgesi

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nangokusesikweni yenye yezona zikhuseli zidala zesithethe somthetho wamaNgesi namaMelika. Iziseko zaso zabekwa iinkulungwane phambi kweMvukelo yaseMerika, kwiimfazwe phakathi kookumkani baseNgilani nabalawulwa babo, ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni, izityholo zemfihleko, kunye nokulibazisela umva.

UMagna Carta Nembewu Yobulungisa Obukhawulezayo

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko wamaNgesi, uMagna Carta (1215), akazange athembise ngokucacileyo ukuba ukwenziwa kwetyala elithe ngqo kukaKumkani uJohn kwakuza kuba "kuvavanywa ngokutsha. Kodwa iSahluko 39 (esakubalwa kwakhona Isahluko 29) sathi akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni okanye abekwe ngaphaya kwasemthethweni "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Lo mgaqo wawulucelomngeni olungqalileyo kuKumkani uJohn umqheliso wokuphatha abalawulwa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokubekwa esichengeni. Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, amagqwetha namagqwetha namagqwetha amaNgesi achaza "umthetho welizwe" ukuba kuthunyelwe ityala ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungaqiniseki. Abanyanzeli beMagna Carnata kukumkani babengaceki ulwaphulo mthetho, kodwa babetyala imbewu ekufuneka igwetyelwe ngenkqubo esemthethweni. [Flgnames] [ignames]

Indaleko YoMthetho Oqhelekileyo NeHabeas Corpus

I-vrit ye- i-corpuas ad judjicientum yavela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu njengesixhobo sokugweba ukunyanzela ukuveliswa kwebanjwa ngokoqobo nokufuna ukuba lingene ngokusemthethweni. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu neshumi elinesixhenxe, iinkundla zamaSlamshe asebenzisa i-habeas corpus ukunyanzela abalawuli kunye nabagcini-ntolongo ukuchaza isizathu sokuba umntu ubanjiwe. Ukuba isizathu sasinganele okanye ukulibazisa okungekho ngqiqweqweni, inkundla izakuyala ukuba umbanjwa akhululwe okanye amise umhla wokuvavanywa kwetyala. Umthetho omkhulu oqhelekileyo wasebenzisa i-'FOcet [FLT] [FT] [16] umgaqo wetyala lomthetho ofunekayo kulwaphulo-mthetho "umthetho oluthe kruye lungamele ukunqanda ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa" ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwetyala lomntu ongondiswa kwetyala. Umthetho omkhulu phambi kokuba ugwebo.

ISiko seHabeas Corpus soMgaqo wama-1679 ohlaziyiweyo, ofuna ukuba amabanjwa abekwe kwityala kwimigaqo emibini yenkundla emva kombophelelo wawo. Njengoko umbhali-mbali ongokwasemthethweni uWilliam Blackstone wabhalayo kwi yakhe [u-'S] ```Apawirs's of England[ (1765), "ukufuna ukuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza" kwakungu"isikhalazo esikhulu" esijoliswe nguMthetho ojoliswe ekucombululeni. Umbhalo opheleleyo weHabseCorpus Act ufumaneka kwiAvaton Project eYalects School of Yal [FLct:].

IBhili yamaNgesi yaMalungelo 1689

IGlorious Revolution yowe-1688-89 yavelisa iBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo, eyayilungisa ngqo ingxaki yokulibaziseka kwetyala. Inqaku lesi-8 leBhili lavakalisa ukuba "ibheyili yebheyile yemali engamele ifuneke, okanye ihlawulwe kakhulu, okanye ingxeba ebekweyo engekho ngqiqweni, okanye isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga nengaqhelekanga. Okubaluleke ngakumbi kwityala lamalungelo afanelekileyo ekhawulezileyo yayiyiyo ukuba ityala lingabi "litshatyala okanye lilibazise. IBhili livele kwizikhalazo ezichasene noKumkani James II, owasebenzisa iinkundla zezopolitiki kwaye wabamba amabanjwa kwiPlatedo. IPalamente yesamente yaqinisekisa ukuba "amalungelo akudala kunye nenkululeko" yabahlali bemi baquke nelungelo lokungena kwi-"i-R.[10]

Abathathi - nxaxheba Bamathanga BaseMerika

Abathathi-nxaxheba baseMerika bazisa izithethe zomthetho zamaNgesi kubo ngaphaya kwe-Atlantiki, kodwa baphinda balungisa ukusabela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zobomi bemida kunye nomgama okhulayo ukusuka kwigunya lobukumkani. Umthetho-siseko wolawulo lwamaRhosanti kunye nomgaqo-siseko karhulumente wamandulo wavumela umgaqo wokuvavanya okhawulezayo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, ukudala umsebenzi osisiqendu ofana noweSithandathu soMphetho-mda.

Iqumrhu LaseMassachusetts Lerpies (1641)

IMassachusetts Body of Libertes, eyayalelwa ngumthetho oziwayo we-Reverend Nathaniel Ward yaza yamkelwa yiNkundla Jikelele ngo-1641, isoloko ithathwa njengekhowudi yokuqala ebhaliweyo yamalungelo asisiseko kwihlabathi elithetha isiNgesi. ILiberty 42 yathi: "Akukho mntu oya kunyanzelelwa ukuba avume nayiphi na imilingo, kodwa ngomthetho owaziwayo welo lizwe, kwaye ngokulinganayo, kwaye okusesikweni okukhawulezayo kuya kunikwa bonke. Oku kuqinisekisiswa ngokungqalileyo "ubulungisa obusisiseko" kwakusophula umhlaba. Iqumrhu le Liberties lakwalela ukuvuleka ingozi ephindwe kabini kwaye kufuna ukuba iimvavanyo ziqhutywe kwindawo kawonke. [[FLT] Umbhalo opheleleyo weMassachusetts of Liber College [Fl] [F1] uxwebhu olubonisa iimfuno zobuchule obucacileyo, i-Pucity.

Eminye Imiqeshwa Nemithetho Yamarhamente

Amanye amathanga alandela. IPennsylvania Frame of Government (1682), eyabhaliswa nguWilliam Penn, yaqinisekisa ukuba "lonke uvavanyo luya kuba ngamadoda alishumi elinambini, kwaye nanjengokuba lukufuphi, oontanga kunye nabalinganayo; kunye nommandla okufuphi apho ityala lenziwe khona, kunye nengingqi apho ityala libotshelelwe khona. ISicatshulwano sikaDelaware ka 1701 ngokufanayo sasikhusela ilungelo "lonke netyala likawonke wonke. ISindululo saseVirginia samalungelo abantu (7776), esibhalwe nguGeorge Mason, savakalisa ukuba "lo lonke ikomkhulu okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lunelungelo lokuvavanywa" kwaye sijamelene nabamangaleli bakhe. La maxwebhu ayengenanto i-enye, kodwa ayenento ephakathi: inkolelo yokuba urhulumente akavunyelwangavunyelwanga kumntu ngamnye kwi-Arie.

Izakhono nezindululo ezizizo

Kwiminyaka ekhokelela kwiNguquko yaseMerika, ukusebenzisa kweSindululo soMphathi-mikhosi wephondo kunye nokuxolelwa kwamatyala abagwebi kwaba ziindawo zokuhlanganisa iinkundla zejaji. IStamp Act Congress yowe-1765 yagqiba kwelokuba "ukuchophela ngejaji lilungelo elibalulekileyo kwaye linelungelo elixabisekileyo le-Britane nganye ephantsi kwamathanga." iCongress Congress's Declaration of Rights (1774) ikhalaza ukuba amarhamncwa ukuba amarhamncwa aye "akhuselwe uncedo lwetyala ngabacholi-mthetho" kwaye ulawulo lwetyala luyilwe "luququze lukhuselwe ngokusemthethweni". Ezi zizikhalalo zazenza ukuba ibe lilungelo eliphambili kwityala elilungileyo nelikhawulezayo lesizukulwana sobuThostsonson (17444). Xa uThoso lwabhala uGodensiso lweNstmentment (iist) phakathi kwetyala lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lobukumkani, uJutratratra, kunye nolu ngaphaya lweN.

Ukuhlaziywa Kohlaziyo Lwesithandathu: Ukusuka Ekuhlaziyweni Ukusa Kukuhluthwa

Amanqaku eKonsole yoMgaqo-siseko (1781) ayengenawo umthetho wamalungelo kwaye engazange alungiselele inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amazwe amatsha azimeleyo axhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko wawo kodwa ayiqonda imfuneko yokhuseleko olunamandla lwesizwe. INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, elawulwa ngabaququzeleli bamaFederali, yavelisa umGaqo-siseko owawungenalo wiso lwamalungelo ```a''.'Isiphene eso sathi sabanjwa ngoko nangoko yi Anti-Fedalersive.

Isivumelwano somGaqo-siseko neSivumelwano saMalungelo

KwiNdibano yePhiladelphia, ukunqongophala kwamalungelo esizwe, kuqinisekisa uGeorge Mason ukuba agqabaze ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawuya "kuba ngumtya nje wesikhumba" ngaphandle kwengxelo yamalungelo. Nangona indibano yala uxwebhu olusemthethweni lwamalungelo, iindwendwe ezininzi zacinga ukuba omnye uza kongezwa kamva. Umzabalazo wokwenza ungongezelelo olunjalo. Iindibano zephondo, ingakumbi eMassachusetts, eVirginia, nase-New York, zacebisa ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuvavanywa kwetyala okukhawulezileyo, ukuvavanywa ngabachobi, namanye amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuza, waba ngumyili weBhishobhi yamaLungelo kwiNgqungqu Yokuqala.

Iingxoxo zokutsalwa kwemijukujelwa yeRome

IConvention ye-Virginia Raiving yacebisa isindululo samalungelo awayequka: "Kulo lonke ikomkhulu kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, indoda inelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, ukujamelana nabamangaleli namangqina ayo, ukubiza ubungqina ngenkoliseko yayo, nokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-mthetho abangakhethiyo bamadoda alishumi elinababini."IConvention yaseNew York ngokufanayo yafuna "ukubekwa ityala limtyala ngabachopheleyo bengi bengiswa bephondo" kwaye ikhusela ekutheni "ukhuselweni kwetyala loMgaqo-mthetho... ubomi, okanye impahla kodwa ngendlela efanelekileyo yomthetho. Ezi zindululo zibunjwe ngokuthe ngqo zigwetywe yimpyulo kaMagxa ka-Magda. NgoJuni 8, 1789, uKinte, wazisa isicwangciso sokumangalelwa kwendlu yabameli, kuquka nokufumana kwakhe ingcwabongela ityala. Ukuvavanywa kwakhe kufunde "Ubomi, ityala, okanye ityala lomthetho lomthetho omthetho ongakhethi-mthetho ongenakugwebangesombuluko, kwaye agwetyelwe ngokungena uluntu, ukuze afumane ityala,

Umbhalo Wokugqibela Wohlaziyo Lwesithandathu

Indlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zaphikisana ngeenkcukacha ezininzi ````Ityala'' kufuneka zichazwe ngurhulumente okanye isithili, nokuba ilungelo lokucebisana lalinyanzelekile, nokuba kuqukwe ibinzana elithi "impempe kunye netyala likawonke-wonke." Inguqulelo yokugqibela, eyagunyaziswa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, ithi: "Kuzo zonke iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa uza kunandipha ilungelo lokufumana ityala elikhawulezayo neliqhelekileyo, ngejajijaji yeLizwe nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kuba luye lwabekwa khona, ... ukuze lufundiswe ngendalo kunye nesizathu sokumangalelwa; ukujamelana namangqina achasene naye; ukuze anyanzele inkqubo yokufumana amangqina ekholweni yakhe, kwaye abe nemithetho yokulungisa icebo ngenxa yedefcc'." Igama "interpped" elibekwa kuqala, elingumqondiso walo elingumzekelo wokuqala, kodwa lidityaniwe kunye namalungelo ahlukeneyo, kodwa adityaniswe kunye neemeko ezingekho simo.

Ukumangalelwa Ngokukhawulezileyo Kumatyala Angaphambili AseMerika

Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayinqabile ukutolika ityala leSithandathu loMphengululo ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeka kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Isigqibo sasebenza kuphela kwiinkundla zorhulumente de kube yinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Noko ke, amatyala karhulumente aqala ukumisela iqhinga lasekunene.

Ukutolikwa Kwangaphambili Nee - 1800

Ku Ex ex e Milligan (186), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi umkhosi awunakuzama abemi kwimimandla apho iinkundla zamakhaya zazisebenza khona, igxininisa ukubaluleka kwenkqubo yokuvavanya rhoqo, ngokukhawuleza. Iinkundla zelizwe zazifuna ukuba ummangalelwa afune ukunyanzeliswa ngokukhawuleza; kungenjalo, ilungelo lalithathwa njengelihliweyo. Beeching v. United States[FLT] [1865], inkundla esezantsi yaphawula ukuba injongo yetyala elikhawulezayo yayikukuthintela ukucinezelwa kwemilo yabami abagxeli betyala ngokungenasiphelo." Eli xesha lalahliswayo.

Imfundiso yempinda yeSakhelo yale Mihla: Barker v. Wingo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaguqula uhlalutyo olukhawulezileyo kuvavanyo Barker v. Wingo (1972]. INkundla yala imilinganiselo eqinileyo yexesha yaza yamkela uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokuqwalasela oothunywa abane: ubude bokulibaziseka, isizathu sokulibazisa, ukujolisa kommangalelwa ekunene, kunye nokucalucalula ummangalelwa. Uluvo loMmangaleli uPowell'ululo lwachaza ukuba ukulingwa okukhawulezayo "ngokubanzi kwahlukile" kwezinye iziqinisekiso zomtyalo zomtyalo oluqinileyo ngenxa yokuba ayikhuseleki iinjongo zomtyholo kodwa isomilo olupheleleyo kodwa isongelo lwento ephambili kunye nezinciphelo kulwaphulo-mthetho. [5] [5] Umbalelwanothiso .[5] ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluthe kruthi lwamanyulu, umbano oluthe , i-Acrofft .[5]

Uqikelelo Lwemithetho: Umthetho Owenziwe Ngokukhawuleza

IKhomishini yangenelela ngo-1974 ngoMthetho we-Purcey Trial Act, omisela amaxesha angqongqo emicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseluntwini: ityala kufuneka ligcinwe iintsuku ezingamashumi amathathu zokubanjwa, kwaye ityala kufuneka liqale phakathi kwiintsuku ezingamashumi asixhenxe zokumangalelwa (ngokunye). UMthetho ubonisa umgwebo wemithetho owenziwe ngokugweba ukulungelelaniswa kovavanyo lokulungisa ityala awunele ukuqinisekisa ukuba umangalelwa ngokukhawuleza. Amazwe aye asebenzisa amacebo afanayo. Umbhalo opheleleyo we-Prody Treary Tract ufumaneka ukusuka kwiSiko solwazi Sezomthetho somthetho saseCornell .

Isiqinisekiso Esifanelekileyo Setyala: Asiyosantya Nje

Ilungu leSithandathu "ukuvavanywa kweNkqutyana" liquka amalungelo amaninzi anxulumeneyo. Isantya sodwa asisebenzi ukuba ityala alilunganga. Abamangalelwa baqonda ukuba abamangalelwa babefuna izixhobo zokuzikhusela, ngaphandle kwendlela ekwenzeke ngayo ngokukhawuleza.

Imbono Engakhethi Buso, IVenue Nophawu

Ilungelo "leqela labachopheli-tyala elijongene netyala elicalucalulwe ngokungekho mthethweni" lalithetha ukuba inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ethathwe kwiphondo nakwisithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho belwenziwe khona, lungenalukhethe okanye luphenjelelwe ngaphandle. Imfuneko yesaziso (ukuthi "wazi ngendawo kunye nesizathu saso""ukubekwa ummangalelwa"ukuthi abamangalelwa banokulungiselela ukhuseleko. Ilungiselelo likawonke wonke lathintela ukuqulungela inkundla ngokufihlakeleyo kwaye labeka ityala kwinkundla. Ezi ziquququzelela ndawonye zidala inkqubo ekhanyayo, yokuphembelela ingcinezelo.

Ujongo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokunyanzelisa

UMngxuma u-Claus unika abamangalelwa ilungelo lokujongana nabamangaleli babo kunye namangqina anqamlezileyo. ICFekstal Proce Claus e-oce ibavumela ukuba babe ngamangqina alungileyo. La malungelo asekelwe kuqheliselo oluqhelekileyo lomthetho wokufuna amangqina ukuba anikele ubungqina esidlangalaleni kwaye afanele afunwe kwaye avavanywe.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

ISicelo seKhongoso uClaus eqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banokuba negqwetha ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwabo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ilitolike eli lungelo ukuba lisebenze kuwo onke amaqondo abalulekileyo etyala, kuquka ukuqukwa kwentlola nokugwetywa. Ilungelo loncedo lwesiluleko lafakwa nxamnye namaphondo Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]. Icebiso liqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bayakwazi ukuqhuba iimpazamo zenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho nokuqinisekisa amalungelo abo okuvavanya ngokukhawuleza.

Ukunyamezela Ilifa Nentsingiselo Yexesha Elizayo

Imvelaphi yembali yoMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weSithandathu iyaqhubeka iphembelela ukulawulwa kwemithetho yale mihla. Ukhuseleko olukhawulezileyo lunyanzeliswa kungekuphela nje ngomGaqo-siseko kodwa kwakhona ngemithetho karhulumente, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho yenkundla. ICHOVID-19 yawavavanya la malungelo njengoko iinkundla ziwamiselayo amatyala ukunqanda ukunwenwa kwentsholongwane, ziphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokulungelelanisa impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zikholelwa ukuba ukulibaziselwa kwesahlulo seSithandathu soLawulo lwezigwebo kwangesosahlulwanga lokwexeshana.

Utshintsho lobugcisa luchaphazele isiqinisekiso sobulungisa bokuvavanywa. Unyuko lobungqina bamanani, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili, nokuntsonkotha kwamatyala karhulumente kuye kwandisa ixesha eliphakathi lokuvavanywa. Umthetho okhawulezayo wokuvavanya unikezelo olukhawulezayo oluthe lwabekwa ngaphandle (ukuqhubeka, ukuhamba kwemiqathango, kunye nokukhuphisana nokuvavanywa kovavanyo olungaphambili) lungaxhatshazwa ukugqithisa intolongo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba inkqubo yangoku isavumela ukuba libazibaziswe ixesha elide, ingakumbi kubamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuthenga ibhetri.

Noko ke, umgaqo ongundoqo uhleli: ibutho elikhululekileyo alinakunyamezela ukuvalelwa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. UMthetho weSithandathu woHlaziyo, ozalwa ngenxa yokulwa kwemilo yamaNgesi kunye neendibano zamakoloni, ulukhuselo oluchasene nokusetyenziswa kolawulo olungenazintloni. Ibonisa ubulumko bokuba okusesikweni akuyeki nje kuphela ukuphelelwa kokusesikweni. Ngokuqhubeka kweenkundla zichaza nokusebenzisa la malungelo amandulo kwiimeko ezintsha, imvelaphi yobulungisa kunye nokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza kuya kuhlala kungumthombo wokhokelo nokhuthazo.