Uhlaziyo lwama-26 kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, olwagunyaziswa ngoJulayi 1971, lumela enye yezona mpikiswano zikhawulezileyo nezigqugqisileyo kwimbali yamaMelika. Ngokuhlisa iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18 kulo lonke urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, luthe lwanempumelelo malunga nezigidi ezili-11 zamaMelika aselula. Ukupheliswa kwemvelaphi ye-Melika. Kumele ukudibana kwento ekhawulezileyo ekhawulezileyo ephambili exanduvani ngetyala lesizwe, ukuhlwiswa kwemfazwe yaseVietnam, kunye nolutsha olunyanzelela ukunyanzeleka abalawuli bomthetho ukuba bamelane ukuguquguquka: ukuba iminyaka eli-18-18 inokuba banokubhaliswe kwaye bafe ngenxa yelizwe labo, kuthenikuba bengenakuvotela iinkokeli zabo ukuba benze umonakalo? Ukuqonda okupheleleyo kwengxelo yemicimbi yezomthetho, kufunekelelwa iingxaki ezinzulu zelizwe, kwaye kuvavanywe i-Radmian, i-Dramagementmentmentmental, inguant, ingunday.

Imbali Neenkqubo Zolutsha Zokuqala

Ukunyanzeliswa kokuthoba isizukulwana sokuvota akuzange kuqale ngemfazwe yaseVietnam. Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19, isizukulwana sokuvota sasimiselwe phantse yonke indawo ngeminyaka engama-21 — isithethe esazuzwa njengefa le-English, esasithatha iminyaka engama-21 yokuba uninzi lufanele lufumane amalungelo empahla kunye nenkululeko esemthethweni. Kodwa ingcamango yokuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukulwa bafanele bakhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote ebudeni bayo yomlo wemfazwe yehlabathi II nemfazwe yase Korea. Ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, uMongameli uFrank D. Roosevelt wacinga ukuba ukuxhasa ukuncitshiswa komGaqonga wovoteko-mthetho weminyaka yokuvota, kodwa umgudu wemfazwe wathatha indawo.

Ngoo1940 kunye no1950, amazwe aliqela athathwa njengezigqibo zomfuziselo ezixhasa ukuthotywa kwexesha lokuvota, kodwa inkqubela encinci yekonkrithi iye yenziwa. Impikiswano yafumana ulwando olungakumbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, xa idrafti yaphinda yathumela kwakhona umkhosi oweshumi elinesibhozo neleshumi elinethoba leminyaka emfazweni. IGeorgia yaba lizwe lokuqala ukuthoba iminyaka yayo yokuvota likwi 18 — kodwa kuphela kumazwe ovotelwayo nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni — ngo1939. Ezi zenzo zodwa zabonisa ukuba le ngcamango ayizange ibe yinto engenakwenzeka, kodwa imfuneko yezopoliti yenzelo inguqulelo yomthetho wolawulo — ingasakuba yimeko ephantsi kakhulu — yayingekho.

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu obanzi woo1950 nawoo 1960 waphembelela ngokungangqalanga ukutyhalela ulutsha ukhuthuzo. Njengoko abaxhasi befuna amalungelo alinganayo kumaMelika aseAfrika, abantu abaselula abaninzi baba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika, baba nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yokuhlala phantsi, kwinkululeko yokuchola, kunye nentsebenziswayo yokuvota. Ingcamango yokuba abantu abaselula bafanele babe nelizwi kwizigqibo ezabumba ubomi babo — inkonzo yasemkhosini, inkqubo yezezoqoqosho — yaqalisa ukukhuthaza isizukulwana esaya siziva sidityalwa ngokwandiswa yikhethelo lobuhlanga kuphela kodwa nayiyo ngokwayo.

Imfazwe YaseVietnam Njengomkhosi WobuKatalympi

Ukuba iimfazwe zangaphambili zazinika isindululo sokuphendula ngokutshayelela uthotho lwexesha lokuvota, imfazwe yaseVietnam yalungiselela ipetroli yezobupolitika. Olu ngquzulwano lwakhula kakhulu emva kokuba iGulf of Tonkin Resolution i1964, yaye ngowe-1968 iUnited States yayinemikhosi engaphezu kwama-500 000 kuMzantsi mpuma Asia. Inkqubo yokulwa — ngokusemthethweni inkqubo yokukhetha inkonzo — yaqokelela amakhulu amawaka abafana, abaninzi babo ababeneminyaka eli-18 okanye eli-19 ubudala. La majoni ayedla ngokuthunyelwa emfazweni ngaphambi kokuba akhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba avote.

Isiqubulo esithi “Omdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba alwe, amdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba avote” saba sibongozo esikhuthazayo sentshukumo eyavala imfazwe yasekhohlo nengokwesithethe. Kwabaninzi, le mbambano yayingabhekiseli nje ekulinganani kwento engekhoyo, kodwa ngokusemthethweni kwenjongo yokulwa. Ukuba abafana babenokunyanzeleka ukuba babeke ubomi babo esichengeni kwimfazwe abangazange bayikhethe, ngoko babefanele ukunikwa ilizwi kwinkqubo yokunyulwa eyagqiba iimfazwe ezinjalo. Uhanahaniso lwalungalula: iminyaka eli-18 ubudala lungabhaliswa, lungasayi kutyikityalwa, lungatyiki, lungazanywa njengendoda enkulu kwinkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho — kodwa ke ibingenakumvotela umongameli onokuthi afe.

Imikhosi elwa imfazwe, kuquka ukuqhankqalaza konyaka ka1967 ePentagon kunye neMithendeleko yeSizwe sika-1996, yayisoloko ikhokelwa ngabafundi basekholejini ababeziva bengenamandla okuguqula inkqubo karhulumente ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokukhetha. Ngo1970, ukuqhankqalaza kokuhlasela kweKhambodiya yase-U.S. kunye nokudubula kwabafundi abaqhankqalazi kwiYunivesithi yaseKent State naseKhalallege State College College kwazisa izigidi zabase. Imfuno yeminyaka yokuvota yaba lilungu eliphambili leqela labafundi, ingazange ibe yindawo yokulwa kodwa njengelungu lesiseko lesizwe.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo. IiPopuss ngasekupheleni koo1960 zabonisa ukuba uninzi lwamaMelika lwaxhasa ukuthotywa kwexesha lokuvota — kungekhona ngenxa yokuba luthembe abantu abaselula, kodwa ngenxa yokuba lwalukholelwa ukuba ukubotshwa kwezicelo kwadala ukungangqinelani ngokokuziphatha. KwanoMongameli Richard Nixon, owayengabathembi abafundi, watsho ngo-1970 ukuba “abantu abasebenza kwimikhosi exhobileyo bafanele babe nelungelo lokuvotela abantu ababathuma ukuba balwe.” Umgaqo wezobupolitika wawulungele ukulwa nomthetho.

Iimfazwe Zomthetho Nendlela Eya Kuhlaziyo Lwama-26

IMithetho yoMgaqo-nkqubo we-1970 eLawula amaLungelo

Ilinge lokuqala eliphambili lesizwe lokuthoba ixesha lokuvota alizange lifike ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, kodwa njengomkhweli onamathele kuMthetho wamaLungelo weVoting Act ka-1965 xa wawunyuswa ngo-1970. IBhunga lakhupha ilungiselelo — elaziwa ngokuba yiSihloko III — elanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ibe ngu18 kurhulumente, kurhulumente, nakukhetho lwasekuhlaleni. Ukufuduka kwabanobuqili ngokwezobupolitika: ukuyidibanisa kuMthetho odumileyo we-Voting Rights kwayinika ithuba elinamandla lokudlula. Umongameli uNixon wasayina ulwando lomthetho ngoJuni 22, 1970, nangona wavakalisa amathandabucala ngelungiselelo lomthetho omthetho njengoko kusenziwa kwiphondo nokhetho lwendawo.

Ityala elinzima lokuvavanya umthetho omtsha. INkundla, kwisigqibo esingu-594, yaqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga eliPhezulu lamisela ixesha lokhetho kuMgaqo-siseko I, iCandelo lesi-4 loMgaqo-siseko weminyaka eli-18 . UMitchell , lityala elinzima, elicelw'ucelomngeni kumthetho omtsha. INkundla, kwingulo, elinomthetho oqhawukayo, lathi igunya lokumisela uPhondo lwexesha lokuvota lwexesha lonyulo phantsi kwamazwe agciniweyo, iCandelo lomthetho-ovel-oceral, i-Gawulayo, kodwa ingulo linokuvotela umongameli basekuhlaleni, okanye i-Rhulumente, apho ingu engazange imisele i-gegosa-gobo ngenxa yemeko ye-odola. Kodwa i-glogosagosa i-odksi yemeko yesikolo, kodwa ingenagunya elingekho ngqini.

Kucetyiswa Ukuba Kuhlaziywe

Ijongene nolo khetho lungalawulekiyo kunye nokungalungi kolawulo lobuhlanga ohlukeneyo, ngokukhawuleza iKhomishini yacela ukumiswa kwesivumelwano esiza kumisela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko oza kumisela iminyaka yokuvota ekwiminyaka engu-18 zonke izinyuko. Ingqiqo yayicacile: umgangatho olinganayo worhulumente wawuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukudideka nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abaselula, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yabo yokuhlala, babenamalungelo afanayo. USenter Birch Bayh of Indiana, isekeli yobutsha ekudala i-Intilan, yakhokela isimangaliso kwiNsungulo. I-Antettenet comment 7 — Court comment 7 — Councilte ngoMatshi 10, 1971, ngokuvota yomhla wama-949. Indlu kaMatshi 23, 1971, kunye nevoti ye-1979, kunye nevoti ye-1964.

Iphulo Lokwenza Iinqwelo - moya Zibe Yingxubakaxaka

Ngexesha iBhunga lakha lacebisa ukulungiswa, ukudityaniswa kwakufuna imvume yamazwana amathathu anesine — ngelo xesha, 38 kwangama-50. Isantya senkqubo yokwahlula izilwanyana sasingazange sibonwe. Abaxhasi — kuquka amaqela abafundi basezikolweni eziphakamileyo nakokholeji, imibutho yamalungelo abantu, kunye namaqela amavadlwana — aqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezininzi ezazisele zithobe ixesha lokuvota kunyulo lwawo ngokwazo, zazizimisele ukusombulula isiphithiphithiphithi esenziwe

Kwiveki enye yokudlula kwengqungquthela, amazwe asixhenxe aye agunyazisa. Ekupheleni kuka-Aprili, ama-77 amaphondo aye enze njalo. NgoJulayi 1, 1971, uMntla Carolina waba lizwana lama-38 lokufumana i-ravince, kwiinyanga ezimbini nje emva kokuthunyelwa kwetyala. UMongameli Nixon uhlala eqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukulungiswa kwemibhiyozo kwiNdlu enguWhite ngoJulayi 5, 1971, eyibiza ngokuba “yindawo ekwidemokhrasi” eMelika. Ixesha lokulungisa i-Rhek-demorali leentsuku ezili-100 — ukususela ngoMatshi 23 ukuya kuJulayi 1 — uhlala uthengise ngokukhawuleza nayiphi nayiphi na i-Ampemperament yomthetho eU.S.

Izizathu zale santya zazininzi. Okokuqala, ulungiso lwathetha ngengxaki ecacileyo nekhawulezileyo eyayichaphazela phantse lonke iphondo. Okwesibini, ingcinezelo yezobupolitika yabavoti abaselula — ababelungiselela, beqhankqalaza, besenza ingqwalasela zobupolitika ezinyuliweyo — zazingenakungahoywa. Okwesithathu, ukutshintsha kwathathwa njengokusesikweni kwanamandla kwanangabo babethandabuza ukuphikisana kolutsha. Isiphumo yaba sisihlandlo esinqabileyo sokwamvoti we-bipartarian eyathi yayahlula imimandla eqhelekileyo yezobupolitika zaseMelika.

Impembelelo Kulawulo - melo LwaseMerika

Imilinganiselo Emitsha Yolwimi nomfanekiso Ofihlakeleyo

UHlaziyo lweMimiselo yama-26 longezelela ngoko nangoko malunga nezigidi ezili-11 zabavoti abafanelekileyo abaneminyaka eli-18 ukuya kuma-20, kunye nezigidi ezingakumbi ezazineminyaka engama-18 ukuya kwengama-24 ubudala. Kunyulo lomongameli lwangowe 1972, uqikelelwa kwi-55% ku-18 ukuya ku-24-19-19-19-akudala lwaye lwaphumela ekuvoteni — inani elingakhange lalinganangangoko likhululekekanga ukususela ngo-2018, 202020, kunye no-202222, lithembisa, ukurhoxa phakathi kovoteko lwabantwana abakwiminyaka engama-18 ukuya kwi-24 ubudala, ukujika okuqhelekileyo kusoloko kukwizii-25 eziqikelelekileyo, i-26% kunyulo olubalulekileyo lweziko lwezopolitiko olulungele ukumiswa kwabantu abatsha.

Iinguqu Ezinde Zexesha Elide Kulawulo Lwezobupolitika

ISichibiyelo sama-26 asizange sitshintshe nje kuphela ukuba ngubani onokuvota — saguqula indlela amaphulo kunye namaqela asebenza ngayo. Abaququzeleli baqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kwimiba enxulumene nemfundo, kuquka inkxaso-mali ekhoyo kubantu abaselula, iimali-mali zokufundisa, iimali-mali zomfundi, iinkonzo zesizwe, kunye nemigaqo yomkhosi. Iikholeji zaba ziindawo ezibalulekileyo ekulweleni ukuvota kunye nokufumana ihlomelo lokuzinzisa. Ukupheka kwakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwemibutho efana neStuden Public Intsective Grouts (PIRGS), Rock the Vote (eququlunds) (ethanywe ngo-19909), kwaye kamva i-Sun Transvition Movement, konke okunenjongo yokuqululisa igunya lobupolitiko lolutsha.

Ngaphezu koko, uMmiselo wama-26 wamisela umzekelo wokwanda kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kwixa elizayo. Umgaqo ofanayo — wokuba ilungelo lokuvota alifanele likhatyelwe ngokweminyaka yobudala — kamva wacatshulwa kwiimpikiswano zokuhlisa iminyaka yokuvota ukuya kwishumi elinesi-16 kwezinye iindidi zonyulo (njengoko kuye kwenziwa kwizixeko ezimbalwa). Ngoxa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kwabaneminyaka eli-16 ubudala kukude nokuqwalaselwa nzulu kumgangatho wesizwe, uBukho bowe-26 bunika umzekelo kunye nokwakhiwa okusemthethweni kwencoko enjalo.

Ukuqhubeka Uphakanyiswa Nezifundo Zanamhlanje

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 emva kokuhlaliswa kwayo, uMmiselo wama-26 usoloko ungumqondiso onamandla wendlela intsebenziswano yentlalo, imfazwe, nokufuna ubulungisa okunokuthi kubangele ngayo ukutshintsha komGaqo-siseko. Kodwa ilifa lawo aliyombali nje kuphela — likwasisiko kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo zamalungelo okuvota. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo aye amisela kwaye adlulisela imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo ethintela ukuvota kwabafundi, njengokufuna iintlobo ezithile ze-ID abafundi abasenokuswela kuzo, okanye ukuzenza kube nzima ukuba abafundi basekhole kholeji bavote kwiidolophu zabo zasekholeji.

ISindululo se-26 ngokwaso siye sacelwa ekuvavanyeni le miqathango evavanyweyo, ezinye iinkundla ziwisa umthetho wokuba imithetho yombuso ethwele umthwalo ongalinganiyo kubavoti babafundi isenokulwaphula uqinisekiso lokuvota olulinganayo lweminyaka eli-18 ukuya kweye-1 ubudala. Isindululo sombhalo silula — “Ilungelo labemi baseUnited States, abaneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala okanye abadala, ukuvota akuyi kukhanyelwa okanye kukhutshwe okanye kuphinde kwahlulwe yi-United States okanye yiyo nayiphi na iRhulumente ngenxa yobudala” — kodwa singqiniwe ukuba nentsingiselo ebanzi yendlela amazwe anokulawula ngayo ukuvota kunye nokufikelela.

Omnye umba wexeshana ngumbuzo wokunciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ukuya kwi-16 kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Abaxhasi babonisa umzekelo woluntu eMaryland, eKhalifoniya, naseVermont abavumele abali-16 neshumi elinesixhenxe leminyaka ukuba bavote kwibhodi yesikolo okanye kukhetho lukamasipala. Baphikisa ukuba iminyaka eli-16 emalunga neshumi elinesithandathu ubudala okanye umphetho wamawaka onyaka awufundiswanga okanye ukhuphiswanga. Abathathi-nxaxheba ekuvoti banokuyila idemokhrasi yedemokhrasi ehlala ihleli. Abachasi basoloko besithi iminyaka eli-16-16-yo-yonkela amava ayimfuneko ekuvoteni okanye kuvoteko lukamasipalapala. Ulungiso lwe-26 aluyisombululo oluzi olusukangasombululo lungasombululi njengomgangatho we-18 worhulumente, ngoxa kushiya iimeko zihlawulwa kumgangatho wokuvota ophezulu. Oko kuhlala kuyinxalenye esinguwo somthetho.

Ekugqibeleni, ibali loMphetho-mda wama-26 linikela isifundo esibanzi malunga namandla edemokhrasi yaseMerika okuvumelana neemeko. Yayingeyonguquko enyanzelekileyo okanye enyanzeliswe ngabantu abancinane okanye abaphezulu. Yayiyimveliso yokuhamba okuqhubekayo kwengcambu — ngabantu abaselula ngokwabo — abangazange bavume ukwamkela inkqubo eyayifuna ubomi babo kodwa ikhanyele ilizwi labo. Impumelelo yabo ibonisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko uyakwazi ukwenza uhlanga lube nolawulo-demokhrasi olungakumbi, kwanaxa kujongene neendidi ezinzulu zezobupolitika. Njengoko ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kuqhubeka ngenkulungwane yama-21 — enoba ngabahlali abambalwa, abemi abangabantu abaqhelekileyo, okanye abo baneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqhelekileyo — umzekelo wenkqubo yama-26 uMbethombelelo uhlala ukho ungumthombo okhuthaza yaye ukhumbuza ukuba utshintsho olunokwenzeka.

[[UMTLL:0] Umahluko nofundo Oluthe Chuzu[[UMTL:1]