Isiseko Sokwazisa Ngamalungelo

Abaphathi bemiGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. bakuphepha ngabom ukuchaza ilungelo lesizwe lokuvota, beshiya iimfaneleko zovoti kumazwe. Ngenxa yoko, kwiminyaka yokuqala yeRiphabliki, unyuso lwaye lungaphelelanga kwilizwe lonke kubaphathi bempahla yamadoda. Amazwe afana neNew York, iMassachusetts, neVirginia afuna ukuba abavoti babe nelizwe elibalulekileyo okanye bahlawule umlinganiselo othile werhafu, ngokunempumelelo besusa uninzi lwabemi belizwe. Esi sakhiwo somgaqo-siseko soluntu sewaka elingu1787 senze njalo, nokokuba amalungu eNdluni yabameli ayeza kukhethwa “ngabantu be-MassachuseMbini,” nokuba izimfaneleko zocwe zokuvota kuhla karhulumente ziyakuba njalo njengabo abavotiswa kwindlu esezantsi yendlu nganye. Oku kwanika ulwanoxandulo olungazizo, kwaneso lwemithetho yemithetho yoluntu nezo ezibonisa umanyano.

Ukungavisisani kweengcamango phakathi kwesidima soburiphabliki kunye nokufakwa kwedemokhrasi okubunjwe ekuqaleni kweengxoxo. Abaseki abaninzi babesoyika ukuba ukunwenwa kwedemokhrasi yephondo kukhokelela ekulawuleni kwamahlokondiba, ngoxa abanye, njengoThomas Jefferson, bethi, ukuba ukuthathi-nxaxheba okugqithisileyo kwakubalulekile kwiriphabliki esempilweni. Ukunyanzeleka kokuvota okungakumbi kwaqalisa ngokunyanisekileyo kuma-1820 kunye nama-1830, njengoko ukwanda kwedemokhrasi yaseJackson kwakuza kubangela ukuba kuwiselwe phantsi kweemfaneleko zempahla. Ngoo1850, phantse ukuba bonke abamhlophe babenokuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumhlaba ominikazi, ama-Afrika, amaMerika namaMerika ahlala enganconywanga kakhulu kwintetho yezopolitiko.

ISihlaziyo se-14 noTshaba loMgaqo-siseko

Imfazwe yamakhaya yabuguqula ngokusisiseko ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namalungelo okuvota. IsiHlanziso se-14, esagunyaziswa ngo-1868, sanika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States `kuquka abantu ababengamakhoboka') kunye nesiqinisekiso sokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi kwemithetho. Ngoxa ukubuyiselwa kwetyala kungalimiselanga ilungelo lokuvota, sasungula isigwebo esiqatha: nawuphi na urhulumente owakha wakha wakha wavota abemi bamadoda abangaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesine wayeya kuba nomelo lwawo kwiNgqungquthela. Eli lungiselelo (ukhupho 2) laliyisiqinisekiso sokuqala esicacileyo sokuba ukuvota komthetho kwakuyinkxasa, nangona kwakunganyanzelekanga kunyanzelekanga.

ISinyuso se-14 soMphengululo wakwabeka isiseko sokubekwa kwelungelo lovota kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ilifa le-antement alicacanga: nangona lathembisa ukulingana, lagcina amabhinqa (*) namazwe aseMerika (angaphandle kwendlela yokuwakhusela. Noko ke, ladala umgangatho womGaqo-siseko owenziwe kamva, apho kuthe kwafika ukurhoxiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni.

UMthetho - siseko We - 15 Wenziwe Ngezakhono: Isithembiso Nokungcatshwa

Ngo-1870, uMphetho we-15 wathintela oorhulumente besizwe norhulumente ukuba bangavumi ukuvota ummi ngesiseko “sohlanga, umbala, okanye isimo sobukhoboka.” Yayiyimpumelelo ebalaseleyo ye-Reconstation, eyayicetyelwe ukukhusela amadoda aseAfrika. Kwiminyaka nje elandelayo emva kokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, amadoda amnyama akhetha ngamanani amakhulu ngaphesheya koMzantsi, enyula amakhulu amagosa aseAfrika aseMelika kwingingqi, urhulumente, kunye neeofisi zikarhulumente. Kodwa, eso sithembiso sasisifutshane. Njengoko amajoni orhulumente ayerhoxanduva emva kokurhoxa konyaka ka18777, uMajengamanzi amazwe athengisele urhulumente oMnyama.

Ukususela ngo-1890, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zamisela uthotho lwemilinganiselo yokulawula irhafu , iirhafu zobuhlanga, iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, amacandelo oomatato, kunye nazo zonke ii-lungu-iii-primprimes . ezo zathi ngokunempumelelo zasusa phantse zonke ii-Blackvota kummandla. Ugonyamelo kunye nesoyikiso, kuquka uhlolo lwe-lynchings kunye neKu Klux Klan, lwaqinisa le miqobo esemthethweni. Inkundla ephakamileyo, ngokweemeko ezifana Pyv..[1866] [186] kunye nomthetho woburhulumente wakhuthaza ngamandla.[FLT] ukhuseleko.[flight:3] [1898], ixhasa-iphalgrand-odvotion, imiqathango ye-15 yemigronsotion.

Ityala Lamabhinqa: UMthetho - siseko We - 19 Wokuhlaziywa

Umlo wamalungelo okuvota wamabhinqa wathabatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe, ukusuka kwiNkomfa yaseSeneca yeeFalls ngo1848 ukuya kuqiniswa kweMpanzi ye-193. Ukubhalisa kwangaphambili njengoElizabeth Cady Stanton noSusan B. Anthony waphikisa ukuba i-14 kunye ne-15th Reconsolementation, ngokukhankanya ngokucacileyo “abemi,” badala imfanelo yesondo-vota. Indlela yabo yatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha ukusuka ekucinezeleni impelesi yesizwe ukuya kwimibango yombuso. Ngonyaka we-1969, ingakumbi kumazwe angowe-11/11/11 eNtshona , yanika amabhinqa amalungelo okuvota. Wymong, njengomhlaba, wakhankanya amabhinqa atheliswe ngokonyaka ka-1969.

Isizwe sakhula ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, njengoko igalelo lamabhinqa kwimigudu yemfazwe kunye nokukhula kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke kwanyanzela uMongameli Woodrow Wilson ukuba akhuthaze ukupheliswa kwe-asensitimenti. UMthetho wokuHlaziya we-19th wadlulisa iKhontekoste ngo1919 kwaye wavunywa ngo-1920, wavakalisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota “alingasayi kukhanyelwa okanye ukuvalwa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States okanye nalo naliphi na iLizwe ngenxa yesondo.” Kodwa ukupheliswa kwempembelelo ye-amerika namadoda, amaMelika, ama-America, kunye namabhinqa amaninzi amnyama kuMzantsi , ahlala ekhutshwe ngokuneyo ngenxa yeminye imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ulwamkelo lwe-19 lwalulinye inyathelo elinzima, kodwa lwalusebenza kwinkqubo ekwanemincubango yeentlanga namazwe.

ISixeko samaLungelo aBantwana noMthetho wokuNika iNgxelo

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu woo1950 nawowee 1960 wenza amalungelo okuvota aphambili, ingakumbi kuMzantsi onzulu, apho uMthetho wamaLungelo kaNovemba ka-1946 waqhubeka. UMthetho waMalungelo oLuntu, ngoxa ngokuyintloko wawujolise ityala kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye nomsebenzi, wawuquka iSihloko I, esasichaza iimfuno zobhaliso lombhaliso kunye nokumisela imigaqo efanayo yokubhalisa ukuvota. Noko ke, owona mthetho utshintshayo weza ngonyaka olandelayo. Umthetho we-Voting Rights Act of fault, wasayinwa nguMongameli uLyn B.Johnson, wahlasela ngqo izixhobo zokususa iimvoteko: yayekelela iimvavanyo zobugqalise, igunya eligunyazwe ngumthetho wobuvoti, kunye nolawulo olufuna ukufumana ulwanonelo lwasemthethweni oluntu “ngonyaka ongaphambili.[8]

Isenzo saba neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo neziphawulekayo. Kwisithuba sonyaka, ubhaliso olumnyama eMississippi lwanyuka ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe 7% ukuya kufutshane kuma-60%. Inkundla Ephakamileyo, kwi South Carolina v. Katzenbach, yaxhasa ukurhoxiswa komgaqo-siseko wendlela yokuvota. Kamva ukubuyiselwa komthetho kumthetho wamalungelo osemthethweni kumthetho osemthethweni owenziwe ngokulandelelana nomthetho osemthethweni [FLT:] kuwe-19795] kwaye yongezwa imiqathango echasene novoti esetyenziswayo nge-gerrymantering. Isenzo saphinda sagunyaziswa ngenkxaso enamandla, eyona ndlela iphambili kunyaka yangokuka 2006. Umthetho obhaliweyo wesigqeba wajongana nomthetho ongundoqo kunyaka ka-2013, xa iNkl'ukt.[3] Ug.[3] Umba-omatime: Inyathelo lokurhoxina lokusebenza phantsi kweminyango olusetyenziswayokurhoxina lwemi kumthetho olusetyenziswayo olutsha.

Uhlaziyo lwama-24 nolwelama-26

Izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko ezisongezelelweyo zongezeleleka zandisa iparancise ephakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ukuhlaziywa kwama-24, okwaqinisekiswa ngo-1964, kwalela ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yokuvota kunyulo lwamazwelo. Iirhafu bezisisixhobo esiphambili sokususa irhafu e-Mnyama engekho ntle kunye nevoti emhlophe eMazantsini ukususela ekupheleni koo1800. Ukupheliswa kwavala enye yezona zingenelo zichuliweyo ekuvoteleni, nangona amanye amazwe aqhubeka esebenzisa irhafuthelo yovota kunyulo lwamazwe de kube yiNkuvolulo ePhakamileyo, [[FLT]] Harper v. Virginia Board of EFlct:1] [19981], yavakalisa ukungangenelwa kwe-mgalelo phantsi koKhuselo lwe-Cal Classiclas.

ISichibiyelo se-26, esagunyaziswa ngo-1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kwi-21 ukuya ku-18. Saqhutywa yimfazwe yaseVietnam.Ingxoxo yokuba indala ngokwaneleyo, indala ngokwaneleyo ukulwa, ikwazi ukuvota ngamandla. Inguquko yaba yeyona ikhawulezileyo ukuba ivunywe e-U.S., ithatha iintsuku ezili-100 kuphela. Yadibanisa izigidi zabaselula base-Melika ukuya kunyuswa kwaye ihlala iyilungu elingundoqo lelizwe langoku lokuvota. Nangona ulutsha lurhoxile ngenyani luye lwaxhasa imikhosi emidala, ubukho be-andendment buye bakhuthaza ukubhaliswa kwemfundo yezezezentlalo-comps.

Ekupheleni Kwenkulungwane Yama - 20: Ukunyuka Kwemithetho YeVoter Id Nezithintelo Ezitsha

Ngaphandle kwempumelelo yoo-1960 kunye no-1970, ekupheleni kweenkulungwane zama-20 kunye nasekuqaleni kwama-21 kwavela imiqathango emitsha yokuvota, ngokufuthi ithethelelwa ngemfuneko yokulwa noqhaqho. Inkxalabo ngokuqhatha kovoti, ngoxa iboniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba inqabile kunyulo lukarhulumente, inyanzele iindlu zowiso-mthetho-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuba zidlulise imithetho efuna ukuba zivote. Ukuqalisa ngomthetho we-ID ye-Indiana engqongqo ngo-20059, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha se-U.S. Amazwe axhasayo aphikisa ukuba imithetho enjalo ikhusela ukuthembeka konyulo, ngoxa abagxeki bebonisa ukuba ichaphazela ngokugqithisileyo, ukuvota okusezantsi, nokungenayo i-votioki, kunye nama-vpotoaces ezibonakala zingenamkelelwa phantsi kwendlela eyamkeleyo ye-ID.

[Umthetho] weCrawford v. Marion County Board yokhetho (2008), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umthetho ka-Indiana, ilawula ukuba umdla karhulumente wokuthintela ukuqhatha ungaphezu komthwalo kumavoti. Ukulandelela iimfazwe zomthetho kuqhubeke kulungisa umhlaba. Okwangoku, ukutsala imimandla ekhethekileyo ekhethekileyo i-Formander", ukuxhasa iqela elinye, kwaye igxininisa ityala elikwinkundla, nangona iNkukhosi ePhakamileyo v. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo [2010])) sathi sisithi, ngoku sithetha ukuba i-Gergergergerderman ikholiending ngaphaya kokufikelela kweenkundla ze-ogrona. Ezi ziphuhlisamngeni ezi zibala ingcunga oluqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo nomthetho-gqeqeqele.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku: Ukufikelela, Unqabiseko, Nokulingana

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ingxoxo emalunga namalungelo okuvota ikhule ukuquka uludwe olubanzi lwemiba. Ukufumaneka kwiindawo zokuvota kusahlala kungalingani, kunye namanye amaqela ajongene nemigca emide kunye neeyure ezisikelwe umda. Ukuvalwa kweendawo zokuvota kungena mali ephantsi kwemali nemimandla emincinane, ngokufunyanisiweyo kugwetyelwe ngokusika-----andleko kutsale imingeni esemthethweni phantsi koMthetho weVoting Rights. Ukongeza koko, ukunyuka kokuvota kwasekuqaleni kunye ne-i-i-e-e-i-traloot, okukhawulezwe yi-COVOVID-19 kade, kushe impikiswano yokuthatha inxaxheba, kodwa ikwabangela ukuxambulisana okunganisayo nemiqatha yemiqatha nemithetho efuna ukutyikityaniweyo.

Imithetho edityanisiweyo yokungaguquki kwemeko yesizwe, ethintela izigidi zamaMelika ezineenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ekuvotelweni, iye yahlolwa ngokukhula. Le mithetho, esekelwe kwixesha lasemva kokwenziwa kweReconfration kwaye ngokuchaphazelekayo kuluntu olumnyama, ngoku ingumbandela wemigudu yotshintsho yomgangatho karhulumente. Ngowama-2024, malunga nezigidi ezi-4,6 zamaMelika akhutshiswe ngenxa yokukholelwa kwityala lefelony, nangona amazwe aliqela (89 Florida) kunyaka wama-20182018 kudlula kuMbetho-4, aye athatha amanyathelo okubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kwabo ngaphambili ababevalelwe. Idabiwakuhlenga amalungelo okubuyisela amalungelo okuvota abantu ngabanye.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, ukuthembeka kokhetho, kunye nendlela ephambili

Ubugcisa buye bavelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni kumalungelo okuvota. Oomatshini bovota bekhompyutha, abavoti be-intanethi, kunye nokukhusela i-posi ekulandeleni irekhodi bayakwazi ukunyusa ukufikelela nokusebenza kakuhle. Kodwa, ukuxhalabela ukukhutshelwa kwekhompyutha, ukuqhekezwa, kunye nokungachananga kuye kwakhula. Unyulo lwabona uphando oluphangaleleyo lobugcisa bokuvota kunye nokuphazamisa koomatiloshe bangaphandle, ukukhuthaza iBhunga ukuba lahlule imali yokhuseleko lonyuselo. Kodwa ukurhoxisana kwe-Rhoversethi kuyenze kwaba nzima ukufikelela kwimigaqo efanayo yokhetho lwe-votivel exhasa kunye nolungelelaniso.

Kwangaxeshanye, ukunyanzelisa ukubhaliswa kwevoti ngokwayo (AVR) kufumene ulwamkelo kumgangatho wombuso. Kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2025, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa i-AVR, ebhalisa abemi abafanelekileyo ngokuzenzekelayo xa besebenzisana namasebe karhulumente afana neSebe le-Mor Vehicles. Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-AVR inyusa kakhulu isantya sokubhalisa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabancinane nabavoti abancinane. Abaxhasi baphikisayo baphikisa ukuba utshintsho olunjalo lwezinkqubo yokubhalisa kwaye lunciphise imiqobo, ngelixabisi engathi kukho iimpazamo nokrwelo lomntu ngamnye kwinkqubo yokuvota.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Abantu Namhlanje

Ukunika amalungelo kusenesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, kodwa kusoloko kuphikiswana. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ngothotho lweenkqubo zokulungisa kunye neenkcazelo zomthetho, ngokuthe ngcembe wandisa isalathisi (* kodwa ulwando olo lwande aluzange lube yindawo egudileyo okanye epheleleyo yesazinge. Namhlanje, ukufikelela kwibhola yomnye kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimeko apho umntu ephila khona, ukufumaneka kwamaphepha achazayo, ukucaca kwemigaqo yokubhalisa, nokungabikho kwemimiselo yokubhalisa. Brenan Center yeJastial ilandela le miba, hayi ukuba phakathi kowama-201 kunye nama-2024, nokokubandakanywa kwemithetho yokuvota, njengoko ingekho kwemithetho yokubhalisa.

Imfundo ye-COVIC idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota. Uhlolisiso lwama-2023 lweZiko lophando lwe-Pew lufumanise ukuba malunga nomntu omnye kwabahlanu abafanelekayo wayengaqinisekanga ngeemfuno ezisisiseko zokubhalisa kwilizwe labo. Lo msantsa wolwazi ungathintela ukurhoxa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti bexesha lokuqala kunye nabo bakwingingqi ezikwimbali ezikwelixa eliphantsi. i-Nonparantisan, amathala eencwadi, nezikolo ezinika ngokucacileyo, ulwazi oluchanileyo ngenkqubo yokuvota lunceda umsantsa kunye nobuchule babemi bokusebenzisa amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko.

Umsebenzi wamaqela e-advocation afana i-Melika e-Intelligin Libersion Union kunye iSigqibo seKhompathimente[ (egcina iingxelo zembali ezibanzi) ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izifundo zembali ziyazisa inkqubo yangoku. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda iziseko zomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo ovota − ukusuka kuMmiselo we 14 weSigqibo samaLungelo abami kunye nabenzi benkqubo baqaphela ukuba yintoni ekwimiqathango xa kucetyo okanye imiqathango ikhuselwa okanye ikhuselwa ikhuselwa.

Isiphelo

Indaleko yamalungelo okuvota eUnited States libali lokuhambela phambili nokuguquguquka kwazo zombini. Ukusuka ekususweni kwepropati yenkulungwane ye-18 ukuya kulwando olunzima lwenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, isizukulwana ngasinye sijongene nombuzo wokuba ngubani okwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukupheliswa kwemithetho ye-voti. Inkcazo yesiseko somthetho-siseko (angx), 15th, 19, ye-24, ye-24, kunye neye-26) kunye novavanyo olusemthethweni lwe-isiseko, kodwa ikhuseleka kanye njengokuba abemi beboli bebophelele bengenakuyinyanzela. Uhambo aluphelishwa. Njengokuba ingxube i-gxakiswe kwimithetho ye-overversity, i-gerleaderman, i-eventin, kunye nokurhoxa i-ocel eninzi, iyaqhubeka ityala elinguwongasayi kufumana igosa-ok-octralishol.