Imvelaphi Yobandakanyeka Kwidemokhrasi Kwihlabathi Lamandulo

Ingcamango yokuvota njengendlela yokwenza izigqibo ezidibeneyo emva kwamawaka eminyaka, ngaphambili kokuba kuvele ulawulo lwamazwe angoku. E-Athene yamandulo, malunga no-508 BCE, abemi bakhona bahlanganisene kwi Ekklesia, indibano kawonke-wonke apho bonke abami bamadoda abakhululekileyo babenokuthetha nokuvota ngqo kwimithetho kunye nezigqibo zesebe eliphetheyo. Le nkqubo yedemokhrasi ethe ngqo, ngoxa ilinganiselwe kwisiqingatha esincinane sabemi, imisela umgaqo wesiseko omele ulandelwe kwimvume yabalawulwa. Abahlali basebenzisa i-osta [FLT] [FLD] [FOLT] [3] kunye ne-omati].[omati] [3] .[ipoyhartissscrotis, ithenjiswe kwimo yolwaphulo-mthetho, i-ogroti yesizwe, ichazwa kwimotene.

[[FLT: 0] i-demokhrasi yobuhlanga yayingeyoyodwa. KwiRiphabliki yamaRoma, abemi baba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo engakumbi yabameli kwiindibano ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iNdibano yeNgqungquthela [ kunye neNdlela yeNgqungquthela] yeQutha yeNgqumi [FLT]]. AmaRoma avota ngokufaka amacwecwe kwibhasiki, indlela evunyelweyo ukuba ikwazi ukubhaceka emva kotshintsho kwinkulungwane yesibini yeBCE. IiRiphabliki &rcusquo; inkqubo enzima yokuhlola kunye nokulungelela, kunye nee-asethi, kunye nee-prementene ezimelelweyo, eziphenjelelwa kamva, zolawulo lwamabini lwaseYurophu, kunye nokuqulukulwa kwe-Rome, ukukhuselwa kwecandelo, kunye nokubhalwa kwecandelo kamva.

Olu vavanyo lwangaphambili lwalungaphumi gwenxa. Abafazi, amakhoboka, nabaninimzi babengangenelwanga. Kwaye ingcamango yesebe lengingqi lendalo yayingekho. Kodwa umgaqo wokuba izigqibo ezimanyeneyo zinokwenziwa ngokucwangcisiweyo, iinkqubo ezibonisayo zasinda ekuweni kwezi mpucuko kwaye zaphinda zavela ngokwahlukeneyo kumaxesha aphakathi nasekuqaleni kwale mihla.

Ukuguquka Kwelizwi Elingalawulekiyo Nokudodobala Kwelizwi Lezobupolitika

Ngokuwa koBukhosi baseRoma baseNtshona, ulawulo lwezopolitiko lwaseYurophu lwahlukana lwaba lulawulo oludityanisiweyo lwezikumkani, i-duchies, kunye nemimandla yephondo. Ulawulo lwaba ngumbandela wokunyaniseka kobuqu kunokuba luthabathe inxaxheba kwezentlalo yoluntu. Amandla akhuselwa kwimfuyo yomhlaba kunye neziqu zamafa, kunye nengcamango yokuvota yaphelela kummandla wemali ephezulu. [FLT: 0] IMagnum Concilium[ [IBhunga Elikhulu) lamaNgilani aphakathi, umzekelo, yayiquka oobhishophu, oobhishophu, iibhishophu, kunye nabanye abaphezulu ababecebisa ukumkani kunye nerhafuthelo. Abantu abaqhelekileyo babengenalizwi kwezi ndibano zembutho. Ngaphandle kokuba babenelo.

Inkqubo yelifa lesibini yamisa iqumrhu leqela lecawa apho umbutho wezopolitiko wawulilungelo lokuzalwa. uMagna Carta ka1215, ngexesha elisoloko libhiyozelwa njengomthetho-siseko wenkululeko, yayiyisivumelwano esisisiseko phakathi koKumkani John kunye namaqumrhu akhe okukhusela amalungelo omgangatho ophezulu. Ayizange inike amalungelo okuvota kubalimi. Noko ke, uxwebhu lwamisela umzekelo wokuba imonarch ’ ulawulo lwalungadityalwanga ngokupheleleyo kwaye kwakufuneka imvume yezenzo ezithile. Le mbewu yokuphendula ityala yayiza kusetyenziswa kamva ukuphikisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

EScandinavia namalungu oBukhosi obungcwele baseRoma, iindibano zasekuhlaleni ezibizwa izinto okanye unik'izithuba zokuzinzisa abantu abakhululekileyo ukusombulula iimpikiswano, ukudlulisela imithetho, kunye neenkokeli ezinyuliweyo. La macandelo agcina uqheliselo lokuvota luphila, nangona kukwimida elinganiselweyo yengingqi. Babonisa ukuba naphantsi kwemida ye-i-intellinalis, uluntu lungagcina izigqibo ezimanyeneyo. Uxanduva phakathi kwegunya lolawulo lolawulo olusembindingqi kunye noziququzelelo lwasekuhlaleni lungaqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane, ekugqibeleni anikezelo lwemimeli.

Isiseko Sokukhanyiselwa Nokuzalwa Kolawulo - melo Lwale Mihla

Inkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 zaphawula ukucinga okuphawulekayo ngegunya lezobupolitika. Iingcinga ezifana ne- uJohn Locke, .Jean-Jacques Rouss Rousseau[, kunye ama-Monteuski iingcamango ezicacisiweyo zamalungelo emvelo, izivumelwano zentlalo, kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Urhulumente waphikisa ukuba ulwelo olusemthethweni luxhomekeke kwimvume yokulawulwa, ukushiya okungalungisi kolawulo olusekunene kobuthixo. URostorsquod &quo; ingqiqo yokuphuhlisa isiseko solawulo lwendalo.Montequiesquo; uhlalutyo lwendlela yemithetho elungiselelwe ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lweBritane.

Ezi ngcamango zafumana intetho ecacileyo kwiMvukelo yaseMelika kunye ne IMguquko yaseFransi. UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States wewaka linabameli abanyuliweyo, isakhiwo esilungeleleneyo sombuso kunye namandla karhulumente. ISimiselo samalungelo siqinisekisa inkululeko ebalulekileyo kuluntu, kuquka ukuthetha, ingqungquthela, kunye nesicelo. Noko ke, ilungelo lokuvota lahlala limiselwe kubaphathi bempahla abamhlophe. [[FLT] Isindululo samalungelo aphezulu soluntu kunye nesoluntu [[FLT] [Foct:4] Isindululo samalungelo abantu kunye namandla asekuhlaleni [[Foct:5]] [78]) savakalisa ukuba bonke abemi babe nelungelo lokungenelela kwimithetho yemithetho yemithetho, sekunjalo i-frentshi ye-frensi ye-magendstiki phakathi kwe-17 yemi.

Ulingelo lwaseMerika lwabonisa ukusebenziseka kwedemokhrasi ethwala abameli besikali esikhulu, ngeli xesha amaFrentshi agxininisa i-SEPGP enokuthi ikhankanye ulwando lwezopolitiko ngequbuliso. Zombini intshukumisa eziphembelela ukunqumla iYurophu kunye neMerika, zidala isikhokelo sokulawula umGaqo-siseko ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo. Ingcamango yokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi yendalo yonke, nangona ingekaqondwa, yangena kwingcinga yezo zezobupolitika eziphambili.

Imfazwe Yenkulungwane Ye - 19 Yokufuna Ukuxinwa Kwehlabathi Lonke

Inkulungwane ye-19 yalubona uthotho lwezindululo ezayandisa ngokuthe ngcembe unyulo. Kulo Bukumkani, uMthetho we-Reform ka-1832 wathetha ngobuninzi bobuchule obugqithisiweyo obuvela kumelo lwezihlalo ezisuka ezibini ezithe tyaba [[[FLT:]] [[FLT3]]] u-&mtash]; uquluzelelo olulawulwa ngabaxhasi abatyebileyo abalawulwa yi-— ukuya kukwanda kwamadolobha eshishino. Oku kuhlisa izihlalo zempahla, ukongezelela malunga nama-30 000 amadoda ekuvoteni. [FLD:] [FLD] [FT] [FFF:]] [5] [1830]

EUnited States, ulwandiso lwamalungelo okuvota lwalandela ulwahlulo oluninzi. Ngoo1820, uninzi lwamazwe lwasusa iimfaneleko zezinto zamadoda amhlophe. Uhlaziyo lwe-Fententh (170]) lwalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amazwe aseMazantsi aqalisa irhafuno yonyulo, iimvo zobufundisi, kunye noloyikiso olunogonyamelo lokususa abemi base-Afrika. Umthetho womanyano woburhulumente wahlala ubuthathaka, yaye ukuthathi nxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwakunokubhadula kanga ngamashumi eminyaka.

Umzabalazo wamabhinqa i’ ii-suffley waba ngomnye wemibutho yezopolitiko echazayo yenkulungwane. Oovulindlela abanjengo- SUSAN B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, kwaye i-Emline Pancur iphulo, izibongozo, kunye nezenzo zokungathobeki kwemilo yamakhaya. INew Zealand yanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota ngo1893, yalandelwa ngu-19903, kunye ne-Finland. Umbutho wafumana ukhuthulo lwazweni lwamazwe, ukuphikisana okungagqibekanga koburhulumente ngaphandle kokungenelela kwesiqingatha sabemi. I-19% ye-19% yazibotshele ngoonke, kodwa i-sccet, kodwa i-s.

Lo mgca wexesha wentshukumo yamabhinqa i’ unyuso ubonakalisa ukuzingisa okufunekayo ukwandisa imvumelo yoluntu xa kujongwa inkcaso eqinileyo.

Utshintsho lobugcisa nengqibelelo yobuchule benkulungwane yama-20

Inkulungwane yama-20 yazisa utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela onyulo olwaluqhutywa ngayo kwaye lwabakho ngayo. Ulwandiso lwe-media ye-— unomathotholo wokuqala, ngoko umabonwakude —transformed unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko. Ngoku abenzi bezixhobo bangathetha nezigidi zabavoti ngqo, bagqitha imibutho yesithethe. Ingxoxo yokuqala yomongameli phakathi kukaJohn F. Kennedy noRichard Nixon ngo1960 yabonisa amandla omfanekiso kunye nomsebenzi ekulungiseni iimbono zabavoti. Amaqela abasebenzi abasebenzi bemivoti, abaqhubi, oomatiloshe, nabacebisi bemidipo bamaziko eendaba ukuba bafumane imiyalezo yabaphulaphuli abajoli.

Ubugcisa obunemiba buye batshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Oomatshini bokuxhathisa abasebenzisa i-mechanical, abaziswa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, baba baninzi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, benika ubalo olukhawulezileyo noluncitshisiweyo oluthelekisa nee-papapal blatts. Amakhadi ePunch[ kunye [[FLT:]] kunye [FLT]] kunye [FLT]] iinkqubo zovavanyo zovavanyo [[FLT:] ezithenjiweyo] ezithenjiweyo, nganye ithembisa ukuphumelela nokulunga. Kodwa ubugcisa obutsha buye baveza izinto ezintsha ezikhoyo. [iUMphathi we-U.S. unyulo lwabala i-palcetting , kuquka ii-cetting transte , kodwa i-ultractivet.[5]

Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ulwandiso olukhulu lwe-france. [[FLT:] I-Nintenteth Amendment (20) iqinisekisa amabhinqa i’ i-suffice eUnited States. [ Ukubhalisa Amalungelo [ii-OFLT]] Asemthethweni ka-1965 ekugqibeleni imikhwa yokuvala amacwecwe e-CD-mda e-opentrin e-oversity eyaye yacima ubhaliso olumnyama ukususela kwi-consoleon. I-indiya, kwaye inqumla i-Europe i-macard syndrone ness, ukufikelela kufutshane nomntu omdala kwi-demokhrasi yonyaka ka 1970. Kodwa [FLT.4] iyaqhubeka nokutshintsha kwemiqatha ye-mali ephakathi koluhlu lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko sobuzwezwezwezwezwe, i-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke

Ukwanda kwemfundo yejelo leenqwelo-moya nolawulo oluzimeleyo

Njengoko abacholi-zincwadi benyuka, ngokufanayo nemfuneko yemfundo yovoti. Oorhulumente kunye nemibutho yoluntu basungula amaphulo okuzisa abemi ngeenkqubo zokubhalisa, iimilinganiselo zomlolo, kunye namaqonga okuthatha inxaxheba. I-League of Women Voters, esungulwe ngowe-1920, abalungiseleli abangengovoti-voti kunye nabaququzeleli be-mali. Ikhomishini yonyulo-lo-edentiyo, njengeKhomishini yonyulo, e-FUFLT] e-Ederal Comment [ (1975] kwi-U.S. i-E commentation of Indian [[FFFFFF:5]] [1950]), imigangatho yenk, inklayelelo yemivhosam, i-evoluethi yenk, i-evoluethi, inceda ekuphumel, kunye

21 Iingxaki Nethuba Lokuqalisa Ikhabhathi

Isizukulwana samanani siye salungisa kwakhona ezobupolitiki ezithembisayo neziyingozi. Amaqonga oluntu olunobucukubhede anjenge Facebook, iTwitter, kunye neYouTube enza abavoti bafikelele ngqo, bahlanganise abaxhasi, banikele ngesilinganiso esingazange sibonwe. Izibhengezo zamanani zivumela ukuboniswa kwemicropu ekhoyo. Ubhaliso lwe Voter kunye neenkonzo zolwazi zifudukile kwi-intanethi, zenza ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bafikeleleke ngakumbi kwizigidi. Imibutho efana [[FLT: 0] i Vote kunye [FLT:] ne. org

Noko ke, ubugcisa obufanayo buye banceda ukusasazeka kwe imisformation kunye disformation. Ukungenelela kobupolisa obungaphandle kwi-2016 U.S. unyulo lomongameli, kuquka amaphulo alungelelanisiweyo oluntu kunye nee-imeyili ezicatshuliweyo zedemo-demokhrasi, kwabonisa ukuchanabeka kwenkqubo yolwazi kwimfazwe yolwazi. Ii-algorictures ezinyusela ukudiza okuqulathwethwa kokuditya okuqule, ezifak'unika ukurhola kwezobupolitika nokungathemba emaluntwini. AURD] AUMMGUMZANXOM, kunye nee-omatiwa-omatilo-omatshini abasebenzisa i-ase-adiyodwa, ziveza izisongelo ezisuka kwiimeko zoombo ezikhethiweyo [FLT.

IVoter ihlala iyinkxalabo eqhubekayo kulawulo-melo oluninzi. Ngelinye ilizwe, njenge Belgium ne-Australia, ukugunyazisa ukuvota nokuphumelela amaqondo okujika ngaphezulu kwama-80%, i-United States ibona ukuba i-50% kunye nama-60% iyazijika kunyulo lomongameli kunye nothotho olungaphantsi kakhulu kwixesha lobupolisa. Imigudu yokwandisa ukuthabatha inxaxheba iquka [[FLT: 0] ubhaliso-vota-auto-octratic [[ oluzenzekelayo oluvotayo, ubhaliso olufanayo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye novoti-posi. Oregon&quo; ukwamkela ivoti ye-posi ngo-1998 ikhokelela ekunyuseni okubalulekileyo ekujikeni okuqhubekayo, kwaye uqheliselo olunwe ngokubanzileyo ngexesha lomonakalo lwe-COVDE19. Uphando lwazingcelele kule miqatha.

Ukwenziwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika kunika olunye ucelomngeni. EUnited States, i-grivsion icuthe inani lesithili sokhuphiswano, ngelinye ixesha unyulo oluphambili lunyusa ukugqithisa kwendlela yokukhetha. Uvotelo olukhutshiweyo-onke-okanye olunento yokwenza i-[ lufumene ulwahlulo njengotshintsho lokukhuthaza isibheno somkhuphiswano obanzi kwaye lunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwephulwa kwephulo elingalunganga. IMaine ne-Alaska iye yamkela i-choce ebekelwe ngokwezigaba zovo zikarhulumente, kwaye izixeko ezininzi ziyalusebenzisa kwinkxaso kamasipala. Imikhosi efuna inkxaso yesibini neyesithathu, inciphisa izikhuthazo zeendawo ezigqithisileyo.

Ubandakanyeko Lolutsha Nekamva Lolawulo - melo

Abavoti abaselula ngokuqhubekayo babonisa amaqondo aphantsi eeNtsapho zemikhosi yakudala, kodwa unyulo lwakutshanje lubonisa utshintsho. Unyulo lwangonyaka wama-2018 nowama-2020 e-U.Ulutsha lwaguquka, luqhutywa yimibandela enjenge inguqulelo yemozulu, amatyala abafundi, kunye nokusesikweni kwezentlalo. Izikolo ezifana zeMisebenzi Yethu kunye [FLT]] ne[FLT] ISA Imodeli yokhetho [ ikhuthaza abantu abaselula ngokulungelelaniso nangezenzo ezingqalileyo. Izikolo neeyunivesithi zinikela iinkqubo zemfundo ezingokwezezezentengo, kwaye amanye amazwe ahlise ukuvota ukuya kunyaka 16 ubudala bonyulo-volo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolwanophuhlisohlando lwe-demokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lobandakanyeka KwiCBIG

Indaleko yonyulo ayilobali eligqityiweyo. Ixesha ngalinye liye landisa ingcaciso yokuba ngubani ozakuvota, indlela abavota ngayo, kwaye zeziphi imibandela ezigqitywe kwibhokisi yebhola. Ukusuka kuwonke-wonke wase-Athene yamandulo ukuya kumaqonga amanani enkulungwane yama-21, isenzo esisisiseko sokuvota sishiyeka siyindlela enamandla yokubonisa umbutho ngamnye ekusebenzeni izigqibo. Isazinge sembali sigobe kwicala elikuqukumbela, kodwa inkqubela ayiqiniseki. Uphembelelo, ukudilika kwezobugcisa, kunye nokungakhathaleli kwezobupolitika kuphinda-phinde kufune ukuqalwa nokutshintsha okuqhubekayo.

Ukukhusela nokuqinisa amaziko edemokhrasi, abemi kufuneka babe nenxaxheba ngaphaya koSuku loNnyulo. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ukusebenza kwiibhodi nakwiikhomishini, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiintlangano zoluntu ziluhlobo zonke zokubotshwa okuxhasa impucuko yedemokhrasi. Ukubhalisa sisiseko, kodwa idemokhrasi ephilileyo ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokuqhubekayo kwiskwele esinguwonke wonke. Imfundo isesona sixhobo sinamandla sokulwa nokurhoxisa nokuphelisa imicimbi. Ukuqonda imbali yokuba amalungelo okuvota awiswa njani i— kwaye indlela abanokuphulukana ngayo lula ne-— i-insss ingumsebenzi wokuzibongela ukukhusela.

I-IDE&rsquo yehlabathi jikelele; isebenza kwingqibelelo yonyulo inika ubuncwane obubalulekileyo bokuqonda intsingiselo yehlabathi ekungeneleni kwebutho loluntu. Njengokuba izizukulwana ezitsha zithatha isambatho sobuphathi bedemokhrasi, izifundo zexesha elidlulileyo zisebenza njengezilumkiso neziphembelela: unyulo luyinkqubo, kodwa ukubophelela koluntu kungundoqo wokuzilawula. Olu hambo luyaqhubeka, kwaye bonke abami banendima ekulungiseni isahluko esilandelayo.