Table of Contents
Ingcamango yokubonakala okunzulu kukarhulumente iguquke kakhulu kwixesha lamanani. Xa ichazwa ngoovimba bephepha kunye neengxelo ezishicilelweyo, ngoku ukuvela kokukhanya kubandakanya ugcino-lwazi lokwenene oluqukuqela lwenkqubo yokumiselwa kwenkqubo (API), kunye nokuzibophelela ngqo kommi ngezixhobo zentlalo-ntle. Njengoko amaqumrhu anxulumene ngakumbi, amathemba abami aye asuka kulwazi oluqhubekayo, uphuhliso lwezinto ezisebenzayo. Le ndaleko ayiyo inkqubo yobugcisa kuphela yezobugcisa − imela ukuphinda kusebenze ngamandla phakathi koorhulumente nabantu abakhonzayo. Uhambo olusuka kwisigqibo esivaliweyo sokwenziwa kwemibutho yeenkqubo zolawulo loluntu ukuya kuphendula, ulawulo logcino-data oluphawulwezincopho lwezincopho lwezi, uphuhlisolwazi, imingeniselo eqhubekayo, imingeniselo eqhubekayo, kunye nesixhobo sokulwandisa ulawulo loburhulumente.
Imvelaphi Engokwembali Yokubonisa Ingqiqo Kurhulumente
Ukusukela urhulumente ovulekileyo kusekelwe kwimbali enzulu, kudala ukulwa nokufihla imfihlo yookumkani nokusekwa kwezithethe zedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngaphambi kwexesha lobugcisa, ukubonakala kwabonakala kakhulu: abemi babenokucela amaxwebhu athile, kodwa ubunzima bobungqina nexabiso basoloko bungafikeleleki.
Ngaphambili: Ukufihla Imfihlo Nokuzama Utshintsho
Kangangeenkulungwane, oorhulumente ababesebenza phantsi kwentelekelelo yokungagqibekanga yokufihla imfihlo. Iingxelo zikarhulumente zazithathwa njengempahla yabalawuli abaphezulu abalawulayo, ezazifumaneka kuphela kwabambalwa abanelungelo. Izazi-bulumko zokukhanyiselwa (John Locke, Jean ācques Rousseau, kwaye kamva uJames Madison/argue wachaza ukuba urhulumente ongazange aphendulwe kuluntu wayenobungendawo obungokwemvelo. Kodwa ubuchule obusemthethweni bokuvela ngokucothayo. Inkululeko yePress Act yaseSweden (766) isoloko ichazwe njengomthetho wokuqala wokukhanyisa wehlabathi, kodwa yahlala ingumthetho ocacileyo phantse kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini.
Inkululeko yoMthetho woLwazi (FOIA) kunye noMthetho wayo wehlabathi lonke
Ngonyaka ka-1966 kwafika uMthetho woKhuseleko loLwazi ( FOIA). IFOIA yamisela umgaqo wokuba nawuphi na umntu onelungelo lokucela ukufikelela kwiingxelo zesebe lesizwe, ukutshintshela umthwalo kurhulumente ukuze uthethelele ukufihla ulwazi. Lo mthetho uphefumlele imithetho efanayo emhlabeni wonke: I-Canada’s Access to Information Act (1992), i-Free of Australia’s Information Act (1992), kunye ne-UK’s Freedom of Information Act 2000). Ekuqaleni kowama 2000, ngaphezu kwamazwe angamashumi asithoba-9 amkele uhlobo oluthile lokufikelela ku-APregroot yale.
Imigangatho nemigaqo-nkqubo yocace yehlabathi lonke
Ngoku kubandakanya amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe angamalungu azimiseleyo ukuvula utshintsho lukarhulumente. Izivumelwano ezifana nenkcubeko esesikweni yokubonisa ngaphaya kokukhanya. I-Open Government Primeship (] ), indululwe ngo-20, ibandakanya ulawulo lwehlabathi oluphezulu lwe-data yexabiso le-12 kaRhulumente. Izivumelwano ezifana ne-Promptive Instries Irefixection (ETI) igunyaziswe ngengeniso evela kubuncwane bendalo, ngexa iWorld Bank’s Open Chater ikhuthaza oorhulumente ukuba bapapashe ngemithetho yexabiso eliphezulu ye-1962 yemilie.
Imvukelo YeInternet: Ukusuka Ekuchaseni Ukuya Kubonakala
I-intanethi yatshintsha indlela yokubona ngaphaya. Oorhulumente bangasusa “kukulinde izicelo” ukuya“kukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili.” I-web iguqule ii-catalog ze-PDF ezikhoyo zaphila, ezinokuphengululwa.
Ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo kunye nolwazi olufundwayo
Ekubeni i-United States inguvulindlela .gov ngo-2009, ii-portals zogcino-lwazi zaba ngumgangatho wegolide wokubonisa okuqhubekayo. La maqonga apapasha ii-data kwimatshini-preferenceformat (CSV, JSON, XML), ivumela iintatheli, abaphandi, nabaphuhlisi bomcimbi bagocici, ukuhlalutya uqingqo lwemali, i-milingo yemekobume, kunye namanani empilo. Ii-ccoals zilandela nyaka wonke-ngo-iiiiiiii-`Data'.gov. uk ku-Uk, u-U.gov.fr eFransi, kunye no-Malickie-Preskins, ukutshintsha ii-data ze-SCPDSCPPicPiter, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwe-octivecrialbar, kunye noographictimes oltivetion.
I-E93 Icala lomphandle kunye nokubonakala koncedo
Iinkonzo zolawulo lwamanani zikwanyusa ukubonakala. Abami ngoku bangasilandela isimo sezicelo zemvume, izicelo zokubonelela, nokujonga iirekhodi zokuvota zabameli babo kwi-intanethi. Isiseko solawulo sase-Estonia sivumela wonke ummi ukuba abone ukuba ngubani oye wafumana iingxelo zakhe zempilo ne-data yerhafu, edala umzila ocace gca. Olu hlobo lokubonakala okuthengiselwayo. Ukukwazi kakuhle, kutheni, kwaye ngayiphi na into ethatyathwe ngurhulumente enokuthi ingabi nako kwinkathi yokuvota.
Ukubandakanyeka koMmi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuqingqo-mali
I-intanethi ikwanentsebenziswano yedemokhrasi. I-platform efana ne- icandelo loqingqo-mali lokuncedisa ukwenziwa kwemithetho yezomthetho ivumela abemi ukuba bavote indlela yokwabelana ngemali kawonke-wonke. Izihlwele ezilawulayo zibona umthetho we-Rodegi yoMgaqo-siseko we-Iceland ka-2011 neqonga leTawan.
Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Kumhlaba Obonisa Amanani Athe Tye
Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela engenakuphikwa, isizukulwana samanani siye savelisa imiqobo emitsha nesele sikhulile. Ukufumana imbonakalo yokwenene kufuna ungquzulwano phakathi kokungafihlisi nokungafihlisi, ukungakwazi nokukwazi ukufikelela, namabhongo nokhuseleko.
Ingxaki Yokubonisa Imbonakalo
Ugcino-lwazi lokupapasha lungabhenca ngokukhululekileyo ulwazi lobuqu, ukusuka kumanani oKhuseleko loluntu ukuya kwiindawo ezikhoyo. Iingingqi zeDemocratic zenza ulungelelwaniso lwelungelo labemi lokwazi ilungelo labemi lokuba bodwa. I-General Data Protection Regration (GDPR) ibonakalisa olu xinezeleko: ngelixa iqinisa ulawulo lomntu ngamnye kugcino-lwazi lobuqu, maxa wambi inyanzela oorhulumente ukuba batshintshe okanye bakhuphe iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ngendlela enciphisa ukuphendula. Imigaqo ye-Proscopedia iyamkela indlela edityanisiweyo yokusetyenziswa kwe--anymistructionumgatection, i-data esetyenziswa ngokubanziswa ngokubanziswa ngabantu xa kukhuselwa abantu ngabanye. Kodwa ukulingana kuhlala kungenamdlalo.
Ukwahlula kwamanani: Ukuzikisa ngokuyila
Uvula idata kuphela akuqinisekisi ukuba abemi abakwazi ukufikelela kwi-inthanethi. I- ehlala ibhabhakile: uluntu lwasemaphandleni, amakhaya angenazingeniso zincinane, abantu abalupheleyo, kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo ngokufuthi abanazo ii-syntactive, izixhobo, okanye ukufunda ngemivo yamanani yokuya kwi-intanethi. E-United States, malunga ne 7% yeentsapho ayinakho ukufikelela kwi-intanethi, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi asakhulayo, umsantsa kufuneka unyuke kakhulu. Oorhulumente kufuneka bongeze ukukhanya kwamanani ngemijelo ye-intanethi-$/ooomatilaric, iibhodi zesaziso sikawonke, izibhengezonomathotholo, izibhengezo zonxibelelwano kumaziko okufakwa ngoluvo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye umntu oshiywe kumnyama.
I-Burearacratic Resistance nesithi “Open Data Paradox”
Kwanaxa imithetho igunyazisa ukuvuleka, impucuko yoluntu ingasilela ekuzalisekisweni. Amagosa oluntu angaluyeka ugcino-lwazi ngenxa yokoyika ukuxilongwa, ukunqongophala kobuchule, okanye ukungabi nabuchule obulula. “ukungaqondani okukhoyo kogcino-lwazi” kuchaza iimeko apho oorhulumente bapapasha khona intabalala yogcino-lwazi kodwa belwenza lungasebenzi ngezantsi (_ukungaqiniseki) kwiifomati ezingacacanga, ezibhalwe kakubi, okanye ezikhululwe kancinane kakhulu. Ngaphandle kolwazi olucacileyo kunye nobuncwane obaneleyo bokusetyenziswa kolwazi, imithetho ecacileyo ixhomekeke kuphela ephepheni. Utshintsho olunempumelelo lufuna uqeqesho, izikhuthazo, kunye nokhokelo olunoxandumiso olunelo oluphezulu ekulawuleni.
Ukwaziswa Okuphosakeleyo Nendlela Ebonisa Ngakumbi Esetyenziswa Zizixhobo
Okudidayo kukuba, ukufumaneka kakhulu kugcino-lwazi kungabangela uphazamiso. Abadlali abanobungozi bangayitshintsha ingqokelela yeengxelo, ukuyila ii-data, okanye basebenzise iingxelo ezingaphelelanga ukuphelisa ukuthembana kumaqumrhu kawonke-wonke. Ngexesha lesifo esihlaselayo, esisetyenziswayo namanani asusiweyo kunye namaxwebhu avuzayo asetyenziswa ukuhlwayela ukudideka. Oorhulumente abamele bapapashe ulwazi oluchanekileyo kuphela kodwa baphinde bafakelele kwiinkqubano zogcino-lwazi, intelekiso yokukhangela unxulumano, kunye nomongo olucacileyo kwi-data nganye ecwangcisiweyo. Ukubonakala ngaphandle kokuzinza nokuqonda nabaphula kolwazi kungabangela iziphumo.
Uphando lwetyala: Ukubonakala Kwangaphandle koRhulumente kuyasebenza
Imizekelo yehlabathi ye nyani ibonisa ukuba umngcipheko unokwenzeka, kunye nemingeni yokubona ngaphaya kwemivo. Olu hlolisiso lubalaselisa iindlela ezintsha nezifundo ezibalulekileyo.
EUnited States: Ugcino-lwazi.gov noMyalelo kaRhulumente Ovulekileyo
Iqaliswe ngo-2009, ugcino-lwazi.gov yayilitye lembombo loMongameli we-Obama kaRhulumente Ovulekileyo. Ifakelwe kumbindi we-data ye-data `suka kwiingxelo zemozulu ukuya kwimigangatho yobunjani bezibhedlele(" kwaye ikhuthaza abaphuhlisi ukuba bakhe izicelo. I-U.S. yakwamisela iOPEN data yoRhulumente yoLawulo lwe-OPU. InguMthetho (209), eyafaka isiseko sokwenza ucocelo kwaye ifuna abameli ukuba bapapashe ugcino-lwazi olukwi-data eqengqeshweni ngomatshini (ifomfo-ifo-mfono ngokungagqibekanga. Ngoxa inyathelo lokuqululisa i-mali liseneemele ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye ne-ocealbacreal. Impumelelo engenakubalwayo iquka i-USAScrientation.
Estonia: URhulumente Wamanani Obonisa ngaphaya
I-Estonia isoloko inconywa njengeyona ntlangano iphambili yelizwe yamanani. Iqonga layo iXÚRoad linxibelelana noluntu kunye nee-data zogcino-lwazi zabucala, inika abemi ithuba lokufikelela kwiingxelo zabo zempilo, imbali yokuvota, ishefu yerhafu, kunye nemibhalo-rekhodi yemfundo ebhaliweyo nge-ID enye. Imodeli yelizwe elikubonakala ngokucacileyo ihambela phambili: nyaka ngamnye karhulumente, kuquka nababe bajonga ulwazi lwezonyango lomguli, "llushicimo olungenayo kwaye lungaphindwa. Impumelelo ye-Estonia isuka ekufumaneni impumelelo yotshintsho lwemiculo, ugcino-data olubanzi, kunye nolwakhiyo olusemthethweni oluqinisekisa abemi ukuba balawule idata babo. Noko ke, abagxeki abacuphi baphawula ukuba abantu abancinane, ababhiki-Atlani banokuwufumana lula lo mzekelo wokusebenza kunezizwe ezininzi.
Urhulumente waseUnited Kingdom: ugcino - lwazi.gov.uk neOpen Data Institute
I-UK yakhupha ugcino-lwazi.gov.uk ngo-2010 phantsi kokhokelo lukaMnu Tim Bernes baamurn baamu noNjingalwazi Nigel Shadbolt. Izibuko linika amawaka ee-data ezisemgangathweni kulwaphulo-mthetho, ezothutho, ezemfundo, nezemali zikawonke-wonke. Igalelo elikhethekileyo yayikukudala iZiko logcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo olungelona 2016 (]] I-OD[[[FLTLD ], ekwakukhonjwa kooooooo oorhulumente kunye namashishini kulwazi oluselubala ukupapashwa kogcino-data. I-data ye-UK yaququququze ngemigaqo-lwazi-lwazi olusemthethweni. Imigaqo-mthetho-mthetho-enziwe ngexesha elimisiweyo, efikelelekayo, esetyenziswayo, esetyenziswayomkhethekayo, esetyenziswayo.[[FLT][L:]USC.IISSC.IIIIS, i-selight ,
EKenya: IFrailblazer YaseAfrika Evulekileyo YeData
IKenya yakhupha ugcino-lwazi lokuqala oluvulekileyo lwaseAfrika ngo-2011, ipapasha uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, ingqokelela yamanani empilo, kunye ne-data yokubala. Inyathelo laba yinxalenye yotshintsho olubanzi olulawulayo emva kohlaselo lonyulo lonyaka wama-20092008, nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo olubonwa njengesixhobo sokwakha kwakhona uluntu. Iziko le-Huduma/oneprojekti zeenkonzo zikarhulumente . Ukufumana umgangatho wokufumana izicelo kunye nemvume. Nangona kukho imiqobo yezobugcisa kunye neengxaki zezobupolitika, iKenya ibonise ukuba amazwe asakhasakhasayo anokukhutshwa ekuboneni okusemdlaleni. Isifundo esingundoqo: impumelelo ixhomekeke ekuqhubekeni kokuthanda kobupolitiki kunye nezivumelwano zezentlalo olufana nolweSpecievety International International.
Indima etshintshayo yamajelo oluntu ekuboniseni Urhulumente
Amaqonga eenkqubo zonxibelelwano aye aba ngamajelo abalulekileyo okubonisa ixesha elifanelekileyo (66) kodwa akwazisa iingozi eziphawulekayo.
Unxibelelwano Olungqalileyo nohlaziyo lwexesha likaxakeka
Ngoku izikhululo zezentlalo zisebenzisa i-twitter (X), i-Facebook, ne-WhatsApp ukwabelana ngolwahlulo lweendaba, izilumkiso zemozulu, kunye nezibhengezo zenkqubo. Ngexesha leentlekele zendalo, iqonga livumela ukusasazwa ngokukhawuleza kwemiyalelo yokufuduka kunye neendawo zoovimba. Izixhobo zezentlalo-ntle zivumela abemi ukuba bagqithe abagcini-sango bezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye namagosa abuza imibuzo ngokuthe ngqo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphenduleni ngokukhawulezileyo, ngokomzekelo, xa ingxelo yomlungiseleli ikhangelwe ngokukhawuleza ngaphaya kwamawakawaka emehlo.
Ukulawula Nokuvuthuza Kwesihlwele
Iinguqu ezifana ne-Reddit kunye namaqela ajongeneyo anika abemi ithuba lokuhlola ugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente ngokusebenzisana. “ingxaki edibeneyo"" yenzekayo." apho amatsha - ntliziyo adityaniswe kunye iingxelo zokuchitha iingxelo ezitsha-tshonayo/eziye zabhenca izivumelwano zobuqhetseba kumazwe amaninzi. Izixhobo zezentlalo-ntle zinika abavuli-zimfono ingxulukelo ukuze babe nobungqina kunye neentatheli, njengoko kubonwa kwiPanamaPanama Pepas kunye nophelo olulandelayo. Noko ke, izixhobo ezifanayo zinokusetyenziswa ukuhlupha abasebenzi basekuhlaleni okanye ukusasaza izityholo ezingadibanisekiyo, ezifuna imigaqo ecacileyo nemigaqo ecacileyo yenkolo.
Iingozi zeeNkcukacha zeZitshixo kunye nokuHlalaniswa kwemithetho-siseko
Ngeli xesha i-media yonxibelelwano isanda ukubonakala, ikwanokugqwetha. Ii-algorics zityekele ekukhuliseni umxholo wesandi oshukumayo okanye olahlekisayo, zidala amagumbi apho abemi be-evoy ebona kuphela ulwazi olukhoyo. Iingxelo zezentlalo-ntle yoorhulumente zinokuqhathwa nge-trolls okanye zisetyenziswe ngokukhetha ugcino-lwazi olulungileyo. Ukulwa nezi mpawu, ii-akhawunti ezisemthethweni kufuneka zimisele umongo wogcino-lwazi, zinxulumane nemvelaphi yogcino-lwazi, kwaye zibendakanyeke kwizibango ezisebenzayo. Abanye oorhulumente baye bafaka “kwimibutho yokukhankanyo yemi.” ebona iinkcazelo zoluntu ezibonisa ukuba ziyafumaneka ukuze zifumane inkcazelo ephosakeleyo kwaye zilungise irekhodi ngexesha lokwenene.
Uluvo loluvo lwexesha elizayo: Ubugcisa kunye notyekelo olubonisa ngaphaya
Ishumi leminyaka elizayo liza kuzisa izixhobo ezintsha ezinokuyiguqula ngokubhekele phaya indlela oorhulumente ababelana ngayo ngolwazi, kunye nendlela abemi abalusebenzisa ngayo.
Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya okuzenzekelayo
I-AI ingayiqhuba imiqulu emikhulu yedata engalungiswanga ```ii-data', ii-imeyili, iingxelo ze-bureaucrates'', kwaye iipateni zomphandle zabantu zinokuphoswa. Imithetho-mthetho ingayilawula iflegi yokufumana inkxaso-mali, ihlalutya iimvakalelo kumagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo ulwazi lobuqu oluzinzileyo phambi kokupapashwa. Noko ke, i-IIII inokuba yingozi ekuveliseni ikhethelo: ukuba uqeqesho lubonisa ucalulo oludlulileyo, izixhobo zokubonisa ukukhanya. Ulawulo kufuneka luvelise ulawulo oluvulekileyo, iinkqubo eziphicokisekileyo ze-AIP zenziwe ukuze lubonise ukubalayikelwe kwaye lubandakanya uluntu ekumiseleni imigaqo yemithetho.
Isithinteli-sixhobo sokushicilela iingxelo ezinokufumaneka
Ubugcisa beblockchain bunika uphando olucacileyo lokufakwa kwemisebenzi karhulumente. Ilizwe lokubhalisa (umz. eGeorgia nase Sweden), ibonelela ngemixokelelwano yokuthenga izinto zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota zisetyenziswa kwangethuba. Ngokudala i-immutabtable, irekhodi eshintshwe ixesha elide, iiblockchain zinganciphisa amathuba okunganyaniseki. //* umntu angatshintsha ikontini yesivumelwano okanye isiqu selizwe emva kwemeko. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla nobuchule bokuvota kuhlala kubalulekile.
Ubugcisa bePhondo kunye noLawulo oluneeNkcukacha
Unyuko lobugcisa bezentlalo-ntle .apps kunye namaqonga akhiwe ngabemi, hayi oorhulumente . Zidala umaleko wesibini wokubonakala. Izixhobo ezifana nezo Zokusebenza Kuwe (UK), iGovTrack (US), kunye nokuvula i-open Infice (global) yedata esemthethweni ekwifomati ekwaziyo ukugaya. Oorhulumente abaxhasa ngenkuthalo ubugcisa obusuka kwi-APIs, amachaphathon, kunye neziphiwo zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo zibonakala zinyuse phambili kwaye zibone izixhobo zokuphendula ngokutsha. Ikamva linokubona “zintlungela njengenkonzo,” apho izinikezelo zesithathu kwicandelo elinokuqinisekisa oko kuthethwa ngurhulumente kwaye zinika abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-Genearces.
Isiphelo: Ukwakha Inkqubo Yokubonisa Ngokucace Ngamanani Ethembekileyo
Indaleko yokubonakala korhulumente kwisizukulwana samanani libali lenkqubela ephawulekayo nexanduva oluqhubekayo. Ukusuka kwi inktóstain amaphepha angaphambili eFOIA izicelo zokoqobo ezithi zifane neziqu ezibini ezithi zifane namhla, icebo licacile: abemi balindele ukukhululeka, kwaye ubugcisa benza kubenako. Kodwa uhambo aluphelelanga. Ulwahlulo lweziko, uxanduva lwezobuqu, uxinzelelo lwe-intelligethi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zedata kusongela ukuthoba impumelelo. Ukuya phambili, oorhulumente abamele bamkele izixhobo zokukhanya kodwa umoya wayo: ukuzinikela kokuzinzo, ukusetyenziswa, nokukhutshelwa kwento elungileyo. Ngokufaka ulwazi, ukukhusela ii-flishriver, ukudibanisa ii-mathematilo, kunye nokuyila, ukujika kweqonga, ukujika kwe-othe-thel-the , banokujika kwimbopheleleko esemthethweni ye-octive. Kwiinjini yolawulo olulungileyo, i-e.[4]