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Ukuqonda Indima Yomongameli Kurhulumente Wanamhlanje

Umongameli usebenza njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo kwaye uphethe enye yezikhundla ezinamandla nezintsonkothileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko yorhulumente waseUnited States, kunye noMphathi-Mphathi-mikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli ujongene nokuphunyezwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho enziwe yiBhunga. Le ndima idibanise imisebenzi yezomGaqo-siseko, izinto zezobupolitika, izinto ezilindelwe nguwonke wonke, kunye nezilangazelelo zesizwe ngesiseko semihla ngemihla.

IGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. limisela iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lorhulumente wesizwe, liphethe iSigqeba esinguMphathiswa esinika igunya lokuba igunya elilawulayo lesizwe linikwe uMongameli. Esi siseko somGaqo-siseko siye savela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ngokuvela komongameli njengesikhundla esiyintloko solawulo kurhulumente waseMerika. Ukuqonda indlela oomongameli abazenza ngayo izigqibo baze basebenzise igunya labo kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wabo nendlela izigqibo zemigaqo echaphazela ngayo ubomi babo.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko neembopheleleko

Amandla olawulo lwekhorali

UMgaqo-siseko umisela umongameli igunya lokutyobela okanye lokukhupha umthetho, ukuyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, ukucela uluvo olubhaliweyo lweKhabhinethi yabo, ukuhlanganisa okanye iNgqungquthela yabo, ukunikezela nokuxolela, nokufumana iinkonzo. La mandla adwelisweyo abumba isiseko segunya lomongameli, kodwa amela inxalenye yezona mbopheleleko zikamongameli ekusebenzeni kwakhe.

Amandla alawulayo aqulethwe ligunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho nokumisela abameli ababekwe ityala lomsebenzi onjalo. Lo mthwalo wonyanzeliso uquka wonke urhulumente wesizwe, uquka yonke into ukusuka kwingqokelela yerhafu ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume ukuya kwimisebenzi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Umongameli kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba amaqumrhu alawulayo aphumeze umthetho wengqungquthela ngokunempumelelo ngoxa egcina nokungaguquguquki kwezinto ezibekwa phambili kwisebe elilawulayo.

Intsebenziswano yoMthetho kunye namandla eVeto

UMongameli unamandla okutyikitya umthetho okanye amatyala adluliswe yiKhonkxare, nangona iNkomfa ingawulawula ngokugqitha umvotelo wee-3 ezimbini zezindlu zombini. Eli gunya leveto lisebenza njengenye yezona ngqikelelo zibalulekileyo zesebe elilawulayo elibambe isebe lewiso-mthetho. Xa umongameli enika umthetho umthetho, uthumela uphawu olucacileyo malunga nezinto eziphambili zesebe eliphetheyo kwaye unyanze iBhunga ukuba lihlolisise enoba linomxhasi owaneleyo kusini na ukuphelisa loo ndawo.

Ukukhutshwa kwe-veto ephumeleleyo kwe-presidentia ayiqhelekanga. Oku kunika oomongameli amandla abalulekileyo ekuthetheni noMbutho ngokubhekiselele kwingxelo yomthetho kunye nolwalathiso lomthetho. Oomongameli badla ngokusebenzisa isisongelo seveto ukubumba amatyala ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, bakhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukulungisa amalungiselelo amatsha afunyanwa lisebe eliphethe isebe eliwafumana engamkelekanga phambi kokuba lifikelele kwidesika-desika-mongameli.

Umgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe Angaphandle kunye noMgaqo-siseko wokuKhuthaza

Phantsi koMgaqo-siseko, umongameli ligosa lesizwe elinoxanduva oluyintloko lolwalamano lweUnited States namazwe asemzini, elijongene nokukhuselwa kwamaMelika aphesheya namazwe asemzini eUnited States, ligqibe ukuba aya kuzazi iintlanga ezintsha noorhulumente abatsha kusini na, lize liququzelele izivumelwano nezinye iintlanga, eziya kubophelela iUnited States xa zivunywa ziiNdlu ezimbini zesithathu zeBhunga.

Umongameli unganenye izivumelwano ezilawulayo namagunya angaphandle angenagunya lokuqinisekiswa. Ezi zivumelwano ziphetheyo ziye zaba zizixhobo ezibaluleke ngakumbi zokuqhuba inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, njengoko bevumela oomongameli ukuba benze izibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kokuqhuba inkqubo enzima yokukhusela iNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Nangona izivumelwano zolawulo zingenako ukubekwa kwemvume esesikweni, zinokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kulwalamano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nenkqubo yasekhaya.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe kunye namagunya omkhosi ziinkalo ezimbini zoxanduva ezihlala phantsi kolawulo lwakhe kwaye zimnika amandla angakumbi okuphuhlisa iinkqubo kwimicimbi yolwalamano lwangaphandle. Olu gxininiso lwegunya kwimicimbi yangaphandle lubonakalisa imfuneko yokumanyana kwesizwe kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemfuneko yokwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zobugqeba nomkhosi.

Imbopheleleko yomyaleli

Indima kamongameli njengoMthetheli-Mphathi-equlunqweni imele enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zamandla olawulo. Nangona evakalisa imfazwe inguxanduva yeBhunga, uMongameli angasebenzisa indima yakhe njengoMphathi kwiNtloko ukuyalela amajoni kwilizwe elithile okanye ummandla othile ukuze aphumeze injongo yomkhosi. Eli gunya liye lakhokelela kungenelelo lomkhosi oluninzi kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kozimiselo olusemthethweni lwemfazwe kwiBhunga.

Ukusebenzisa amandla oMlawuli kwiNtloko ukufikelela injongo yomkhosi kudala uxanduva neBhunga, eligcina amandla oqingqo-mali kunye nokusebenzisa imali kwaye ngokufuthi ligxeka uMongameli ngenxa yokungakhange kungqamaniswe kakuhle nokunyanzeliswa kwemikhosi nezixhobo. Oku kuxinezeleka kubonisa indlela eyandisiweyo yomgaqo-siseko wamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye noxilongo, apho kungekho sebe linokuzenza ngokwalo ngokwalo ngokupheleleyo kwimicimbi yemfazwe nemisebenzi yomkhosi.

Amandla Edinga

Umongameli unamandla, ngeSiluleko nangeSivumelwano seNkundla yeNtlanganiso, ukwenza iNgxelo, ibonelela isibini sesithathu samaZiko akhoyo; kwaye aza kugunyazisa, kwaye ngeSiluleko kunye neSivumelwano seNdlu yeNtlanganiso, aza kumisela amaGaqonga, abanye abaPhathiswa noorhulumente, aBagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, nabo bonke abaphathi-mikhosi baseUnited States. La mandla amisela oomongameli ukuba babumbe umgaqo karhulumente karhulumente kangangeminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka emva kokuba begqibile.

UMongameli ukwamisela iintloko zeeKhomishini ezizimeleyo zoManyano ezingama-50, ezifana neBhunga leSiqinganiso neKhomishini yeSizwe ne-Exchange, kunye nabagwebi bamaFederal, ii-arhente, namanye amagosa oMasipala. Ngolu lungiselelo, oomongameli baphembelela ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomsebenzi karhulumente, ukusuka kumgaqo wezoqoqosho ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume ukuya kumthetho wamalungelo abantu.

Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo soMongameli

AmaBhunga oMbutho kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo

Lonke umsebenzi wendlu emhlophe wenzelwe ukwenza izinto ezimbini: ukulungiselela umongameli iziganeko, nokuphakamisa imibuzo ukuze umongameli agqibe, kunye neziganeko eziphethwe lunxibelelwano, inkqubela phambili, uwonke-wonke, kunye namaqela okubhala, ngelixa icala lesigqibo liphethwe ngamabhunga aziwa ngokuba ngamabhunga emithetho. Eli qumrhu libonakalisa umlinganiselo omkhulu wobungameli kunye nemfuneko yokucoca nokucwangcisa ulwazi phambi kokuba lifike kwidesika sikamongameli.

Inkqubo ilawulwa ngamabhunga enkqubo eWhite House, kunye neyokuqala yaba yiBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe (NSC), emiselwe ngoJulayi 1947 nguMthetho weSizwe woKhuseleko. I-NSC iye yaba lilungiselelo eliyintloko lokumisela inkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe kumaziko amaninzi karhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umongameli ufumana icebiso elibanzi kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle nangemibandela yokuzikhusela.

Izigqibo ezilucelomngeni zifumaneka ngeKomiti yePhondo yoLawulo, eyenziwe ngabancedi abakhethekileyo kumongameli kunye nabameli abangengobameli abaqinisekisiweyo; umgangatho wabaphathi, olawulwa lisekela lomongameli kwaye uquka isekela loonobhala besebe abalawulayo; kunye nomgangatho wentloko, olawulwa yiWhite Houseer umphathi wabasebenzi kwaye uquka oonobhala-mabhala kunye nabameli abakhulu abaphezulu bendlu emhlophe. Le nkqubo ithwethwethwele iqinisekisa ukuba imibandela ikhawuleze ifikelele umongameli, ngeengxaki ezininzi ezisombululwe kumgangatho osezantsi.

Indima Yabamhlophe Abasebenzi Neenqwelo - moya

Malunga ne-1 800 abantu basebenza kwisakhiwo seWhite House, kodwa inkoliso yabo ingamagosa omsebenzi kumasebe afana ne-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlawulo-mali (OM) okanye i-Ofisi yoMmeli woTradem, engamakhulu ambalwa kuphela, ekwi "abasebenzi beNdlu Emhlophe" abasetyenziswa yingcinga ethandwayo. Aba basebenzi basebenza njengamehlo neendlebe zikamongameli kurhulumente worhulumente, beqokelela ulwazi, behlanganisa uphuhliso lwenkqubo, kwaye beqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zomongameli ziphunyezwe ngokufezekileyo.

Oomongameli abahlukeneyo baye balungiselela imisebenzi yabo yendlu emhlophe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, bebonisa iindlela zabo zolawulo zobuqu kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zokwenza izigqibo. UMongameli uFord wayefuna ukuba yinxalenye engakumbi yenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kwaye enyanisweni wayefuna ukwenza izigqibo ezingakumbi kwimigaqo engundoqo yomahluko phakathi kwamalungu ekhabhathi-mikhosi kunye naphakathi kwabasebenzi. Le ndlela yezandla iyaphikisana nabanye oomongameli abanika igunya elingakumbi amalungu abasebenzi abakhulu.

Izinto Ezibangela Izigqibo Zobuongameli

Ubunjani kunye nomahluko wamacebiso ungayiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zomongameli, ngoluvo lukawonke-wonke lokwenza izigqibo zomongameli njengoMongameli ngokufuthi ufuna ukulondoloza inkxaso ethandwayo kwaye uphephe izenzo ezinokukhokelela ekuthotyweni kwemigangatho evunyiweyo. Noko ke, oomongameli kufuneka balungelelanise uluvo lukawonke wonke nxamnye nezinye izicalulo, kuquka izilangazelelo zelizwe ezinde, izibophelelo zemithetho-siseko, kunye neenkolelo zabo.

Izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kufuneka zenziwe ngokwembono kamongameli kunye nabasebenzi bakhe abanyanzelelwa ukuba basebenze bengenalwazi lugqibeleleyo okanye bengenalo uncedo lwexesha elizayo. Le nkcazelo ingafezekiyo isebenza phantse kwizigqibo zonke zomongameli, enoba zikwinkqubo yangaphandle, inkqubo yasekhaya, okanye ulawulo lweengxaki. Oomongameli kufuneka basoloko benza ukhetho olulandelayo olusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olungaphelelanga, icebiso eliphikisanayo, kunye neziphumo ezingaqinisekanga.

Kukho ukungavumelani enoba umgwebo uvela kubuchule bomntu ngamnye okanye kwinkqubo yokwenza isigqibo. Abanye oomongameli baye baxhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo nakwizicwangciso ezicwangcisiweyo, ngoxa abanye bekholose ngethuku lomntu nenkcazo yabo engacwangciswanga. Indlela ephumelelayo yokusebenza ixhomekeke kubuntu bukamongameli, kuhlobo lwesigqibo, nakwimeko ezithile ezijongene nohlanga.

Ulawulo lweziphene Namandla exesha likaxakeka

Ulawulo lwemeko yamanqam olunempumelelo lufuna ukuthatha inyathelo elicacileyo, unxibelelwano olucacileyo, kunye nokulungelelana namagunya asekuhlaleni, abalawuli begunya elinomlinganiselo wamandla ongxamiseko. Ngexesha longxamiseko lwamazwe, oomongameli bajamelana nengcinezelo enzima yokuba bathathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza ngoxa begcina ukuxanduva kolawulo lwedemokhrasi nokuhlonela imiqathango yegunya elilawulayo.

UMgaqo-siseko awuwaniki ngokuphandle umongameli amagunya awongezelelekileyo ngamaxesha ongxamiseko yesizwe, nangona abanye abaphengululi becinga ukuba abalawuli bawachaza la mandla ngenxa yokuba ukwakhiwa kweSebe elilawulayo kuwenza akwazi ukwenza ngokukhawuleza kuneSebe loMgaqo-siseko. Oku kudida oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelele umgangatho wegunya lomongameli ngexesha leengxaki, kunye nolawulo olwahlukeneyo oluthabatha iindlela zokufikelela kumagunya ongxamiseko.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Indalo Nomlinganiselo Wemiyalelo Elawulayo

EUnited States, umyalelo olawulayo ngumlawuli waseUnited States olawula imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente, onemiyalelo yegunya kuphela ebophelele isebe eliphetheyo likarhulumente. Le miyalelo iye yaba zizixhobo ezibaluleke ngakumbi kulawulo lomongameli, ivumela abalawuli abaphezulu ukuba baphumeze iinguqu zenkqubo ngaphandle kokuba bafuna imvume yequmrhu elilawulayo.

IGatya Lesibini lomGaqo-siseko linika umongameli isiseko esisemthethweni sokukhupha imiyalelo elawulayo yokunikela ukhokelo kwabo basebenza naye, ngemiyalelo emininzi ejoliswe kumagosa asebenza ngovuyo lukamongameli ukucacisa imigaqo afuna ukuyibeka kwaye ancede ekumiseleni izinto eziza kuqala. Esi siseko somGaqo-siseko sinika oomongameli ubugocigosa obuphawulekayo ekulawuleni isebe eliphetheyo, nangona oko kulungelelanisa kungenasiphelo.

Imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho

Imiyalelo elawulayo ityikitywa ngumongameli, ngokuyintloko ukwalathisa amagosa kwisebe eliphetheyo, kodwa akanawo amandla afanayo omthetho, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umongameli akanakuyiyalela inkcitho yemali engakafanelanga ngenjongo ethile, yaye ngoxa kungekho miqathango isesikweni koko umongameli anokukwenza ngomyalelo olawulayo, kufuneka ibekwe kuMgaqo-siseko okanye kumthetho othile owiswe yiBhunga.

Njengayo yomibini imithetho kunye nemimiselo ebhengezwa ngabasemagunyeni bakarhulumente, imiyalelo yabalawuli iphantsi kokuhlolisiswa kwemigwebo egwebayo kwaye ingapheliswa ukuba imiyalelo ayinankxaso ngommiselo okanye ngomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuvelela kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola amandla omongameli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiyalelo yezolawulo ihlala ihleli kwimida yomgaqo-siseko nemithetho.

UMongameli uHarry Truman uLungelelwano oluPhezulu luka-1040 lwabeka zonke izigalo zentsimbi zelizwe phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente, ezafunyanwa zingasebenzi kwiYoungstown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawyer kuba izama ukwenza umthetho, kunokuba icacise okanye iqhube umthetho obekwe yiBhunga okanye umGaqo-siseko. Lo mcimbi wesithintelo wamisa imiqathango ebalulekileyo yegunya lolawulo kwaye uyaqhubeka ukuphembelela indlela iinkundla ezivavanya ngayo izenzo zomongameli.

Iimpendulo zoMbutho kwiMithetho yeGunya

IKhomishini ingakhupha umthetho omtsha wokungawusebenzisi umyalelo olawulayo, kodwa kuphela loo miyalelo inikwe amandla anikwe uMongameli yiNgqungquthela, ngoxa iKhomishini ingenakuwaguqula ngqo okanye itshitshise umyalelo wegunya eliphetheyo onikwe umongameli kuphela nguMgaqo-siseko. Lo mahluko ubonisa ukudityaniswa okuntsonkothileyo phakathi kwemithetho-siseko yombutho kunye negunya lomongameli kwinkqubo yemithetho-siseko yaseMelika.

IBhunga lisebenzise ezinye iindlela eziliqela zokuthintela imiyalelo yabalawuli; umzekelo, ngokuzama ukungasebenzisi iinkqubo ezenziwe ngumyalelo olawulayo. Ezi ndlela zingachazwanga zibonisa indlela ukwahlula amagunya okudala ngayo amathuba amaninzi okuhlola igunya elilawulayo, kwanaxa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ngqo kungenakubakho.

Iingqiniphotho Nokulungelelana Kwamandla Omongameli

Ulawulo Oluseluxongweni Nesithintelo

Imida yegunya lomongameli ixhomekeke kukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kwamasebe olawulo, owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe orhulumente, ngengqibelelo yamagosa anyuliweyo kwiBhunga kunye nabo bamiselwe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuhlonela umGaqo-siseko, ulawulo lomthetho kunye namaxabiso edemokhrasi ayimfuneko ekuhloleni amandla omongameli. Le nkqubo yokuzibamba ithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekufumaneni amandla agqithisileyo.

IBhunga linembopheleleko yokuzichasa nokuncoma iintloko zamasebe karhulumente amiselwe ngumongameli, inkqubo efanele iqinisekise ukuba amagosa afanelekayo akhethelwe umsebenzi obalulekileyo karhulumente ochaphazela thina sonke. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa inika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiBhunga kuqanjwa nakulwalathiso lwesebe eliphetheyo, nangona ukuphumelela kwalo vavanyo kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwabaququzeleli ukwenza umgwebo ozimeleyo.

Oomongameli kufuneka babe nobuchule ngokwezobupolitika njengoko besabela kwiimfuno zesakhiwo esineenxalenye ezimbini kunye nendima yomGaqo-siseko weenkundla, kwaye kufuneka babe nobuchule bokwandisela uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngeendlela ezixhasa ucwangciso lwabo lomthetho. Oomongameli abaphumeleleyo bayaqonda ukuba amandla abo asemthethweni asesikweni kufuneka ongezelelwe ngobuchule bezobupolitika, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nekhono lokwakha imibutho enqamlezayo.

Ingqwalaselo yoMongameli yezenzo zomgwebo

Iinkundla zinegunya lokumisela enoba imiqathango eLawulayo ayivisisani na nokuthanda kweBhunga nokuqinisekisa ukuba izindululo ziyavisisana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko nokuba uMongameli akaligqithi igunya lakhe lomthetho. Oku kuvelela kudlulela kuzo zonke izenzo zomongameli ezineziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni, ezinika inkxaso ebalulekileyo nxamnye nesiphambeko sokulawula.

Imiyalelo yabalawuli iphantsi kohlolo olulawulayo njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yamasebe amathathu karhulumente, nemiyalelo yomongameli ophetheyo ephantsi kokuhlola okugweba njengenye indlela isebe eligwebayo elinokuhlola ngayo amandla esebe elilawulayo. Iinkundla ziye zagawula imiyalelo emininzi yezolawulo oluphezulu kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ibonisa ukuba uhlolo-mthetho lusebenza njengegunya elinentsingiselo kwigunya lomongameli.

Indima Yeembono Zoluntu Nokuphendula Kolawulo - melo

Uluvo lukawonke wonke lusebenza njengengqwalasela engacwangciswanga kodwa enamandla kwigunya lomongameli. Oomongameli abaphulukana nenkxaso kawonke-wonke basoloko bekufumanisa kunzima ngakumbi ukuqhubekisela phambili imigaqo yabo, njengoko amalungu eBhunga engakuthandi ukuxhasa amanyathelo angoomongameli angathandwayo. Amajelo eendaba enza indima ebalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni imbono kawonke-wonke yendlela abasebenza ngayo oomongameli nokubeka oomongameli abamele baphendule ngezigqibo nangezenzo zabo.

Ukuvavanya amandla kamongameli okufeza iimbopheleleko zeofisi, kufuneka siqonde indima neembopheleleko, amandla kunye nemiqathango egunya, kunye neenkqubo zokuziphendulela, ngoxa sinyanzelisa ukuba abameli besizwe sethu kwiBhunga nabo bonke oorhulumente, ngokuhlala saziswe ngeziganeko zangoku, ukuvota, nokubandakanyeka kuluntu lwakho ukuze kuviwe ilizwi lakho.

Izixhobo kunye nezibonelelo zokwenziwa kwesigqibo soMongameli

Ubuntlola nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Abalawuli bafumana ushwankathelo lobulumko bemihla ngemihla olunika inkcazelo ecacileyo malunga nezisongelo kukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubela-phambili yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye neemeko eziqhambukayo. Ezi nkcazelo zishwankathela inkcazelo eqokelelwe libutho lobuntlola, kuquka iCIA, iNSA, iFBI, kunye namaqumrhu obuchule bobuntlola. Ubunjani nokuchaneka kwenkcazelo yobulumko bungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukwenza izigqibo zomongameli, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yenkqubo yamazwe angaphandle nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Iingxelo zobuntlola kufuneka zivavanywe ngocoselelo, njengokuba zinokuthi zibe nokungaqiniseki, uhlolo olungqubanayo, okanye amasuntswana kulwazi. Oomongameli kufuneka bafunde ukwahlula phakathi kohlolo lobuntlola lobuntlola obuphezulu kunye nohlalutyo oluqikeleli, ngeli xesha beqonda ukuba kwanobona bakrelekrele baphezulu abanakuphelisa konke ukungaqiniseki ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Amasebe eKhabinethi kunye neZicwangciso ezinoLawulo oluPhezulu

IKhabhinethi kunye namasebe azimeleyo oManyano lwemini nolawulo lwemithetho yamaFederal, kunye nala masebe kunye namasebe aneentlanganiso neembopheleleko zokulwa nolwahlulo olubanzi njengalawo eSebe loKhuselo kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNtlalobume, kunye neSebe elilawulayo eliqesha amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezine. Eli sebe likhulu linika oomongameli izinto ezininzi zokusebenzisa inkqubo kunye nokuqokelela ulwazi ngeemeko kulo lonke ilizwe.

Oonobhala beKhabhinethi basebenza njengabameli abaphambili bomongameli kwimimandla yabo yezomgaqo-nkqubo, bezisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo nolwazi lweziko kwisigqibo somongameli. Noko ke, amalungu ekhabhinethi asenokuba nezinto azithandayo zenkqubo kunye nokunyaniseka koburhulumente okungasoloko kuhambelana ngokupheleleyo nezinto eziphambili zomongameli, ezifuna ukuba oomongameli balawule ngocoselelo olu lwalamano.

Abaququzeleli Abasemthethweni NeOfisi Yesiluleko Sezomthetho

I-Ofisi yeSebe lezeMicimbi yeSebe leMithetho ePhathiswayo inika umongameli kunye namasebe aphetheyo icebiso elingokwasemthethweni ngemibuzo entsonkothileyo engomGaqo-siseko neyomthetho. Le ofisi inendima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni imida esemthethweni yegunya lomongameli nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba izenzo ezilawulayo zihambelana nomthetho osebenzayo. Abaququzeleli abasemthethweni banceda oomongameli balawule kwiimeko ezimanyeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni, nangona icebiso labo lingasoloko libophelele kwaye lingaba linokuba likukucel

Oomongameli kufuneka baqwalasele imingeni enokwenzeka engokwasemthethweni kwizenzo zabo, balindele indlela iinkundla ezinokulichaza ngayo igunya labo nokuba amanyathelo athile anokumelana nokuvavanywa kwetyala. Lo mqathango womthetho wongeza olunye ulwaleko oluntsonkothileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zomongameli, olufuna abalawuli abaphezulu ukuba balungelelanise iinjongo zenkqubo nxamnye nezithintelo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Uphando Lweembono Zoluntu Nohlalutyo Lwezobupolitika

Oomongameli bale mihla bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke ezintsonkothileyo kunye nohlalutyo lwezopolitiko olubanceda baqonde indlela izigqibo zabo eziza kufunyanwa ngayo ngee-constices ezahlukeneyo. Le nkcazelo ingaphembelela kwisigqibo somongameli kunye nexesha nendlela yokubhengeza kwabo. Noko ke, oomongameli kufuneka balumke bangavumeli uphando ukuba luthotho logcino-lwazi lungaluvumeli ukuba lugqithi umgwebo wabo malunga noko kuyingenelo kwisizwe.

Abaxhasi bezobupolitika banceda oomongameli balawule indlela entsonkothileyo yezobupolitika, bachaze amathuba okwakha imibutho ezobupolitika, alindele inkcaso, namaqhinga okuphuhlisa izinto eziphambili kumongameli. Obona balawuli baphumelelayo badibanisa ingqalelo kwiinyaniso zezobupolitika ngengqiqo ecacileyo yenjongo nemilinganiselo yabo, besebenzisa uhlalutyo lwezobupolitika njengesixhobo kunokuba bavumele lulawule izigqibo zabo.

Iindlela Zokhokelo Nokwethulwa Koomongameli

Iinkqubo zobuchule nokwenza iingqumrhu ngokwethutyana

I-Dwight Eisenhower yasebenzisa inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, ecwangcisiweyo kwiBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yamanye amazwe, igwebo lungakwazi ukwahlulwa kwinkqubo esetyenziselwa ukufika kwizigqibo, kunye noqeqesho lolawulo lwe-Eisenhower kunye nengqalelo kulwazi olukhokelela kwicebo elicacileyo nelinogcino-lwazi. Le nkqubo yokulungelelaniswa kwale nkqubo yagxininisa uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo, uxwebhu olunenkathalo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kocwangciso-nkqubo lwezikhombiso.

Abanye oomongameli baye bakhetha iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezingacwangciswanga, zixhomekeke kumaqela amancinane abaxhasi abathembekileyo kunye nengcinga ebhetyebhetye. Ezi ndlela zonyango zomahluko zibonisa ubuntu bomongameli kunye neentanda-bulumko zolawulo, kungekho ndlela inye yokuba ngabona baphezulu emhlabeni wonke. Ukusebenza kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kuxhomekeke kwindlela elungelene ngayo nendlela esebenza ngayo umongameli nendlela yobume yeengxaki ezithe zaxoxwa ngayo.

Impembelelo Yeenkolelo Namava Obuqu

Iinkolelo zoomongameli, amava, kunye neengcamango zezobupolitika zingayibumba inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo, umongameli okholelwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba urhulumente olinganiselweyo akanakukwazi ukuxhasa iinkqubo zesebe elikhulu. Ezi nkolelo zobuqu zinika oomongameli isiseko sokuqwalasela iinketho zenkqubo zenkqubo kwaye benze ukhetho phakathi kolunye ukhetho olukhuphisanayo.

UGeorge Bush wabonisa ithuku elikhethekileyo lenkqubo yamanye amazwe njengomongameli owabunjwa ngamava akhe aphezulu kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe ngaphambi kokuthatha ubungangamsha. Ngaphambi kokuba abe namava kurhulumente, kushishino, okanye kwezinye iindawo anokuyiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo indlela oomongameli abafikelela ngayo iimbopheleleko zabo baze benze izigqibo. Oomongameli abaye basebenza kwiBhunga basenokuba neembono ezahlukileyo kulwalamano lowiso-mthetho kunabo bavela kwimvelaphi yezoshishino.

Ukwakha Izivumelwano Nokusebenza Nengqungquthela

Oomongameli abaphumelelayo kufuneka babe nobuchule ekwakheni imibutho nokusebenza neNgqungquthela ukuhambisela phambili iinjongo zabo zowiso-mthetho. Oku kufuna ukuba baqonde izilangazelelo nenkxalabo yabantu ngabanye beKhonkxale, bachaze iindawo ekunokwenzeka ukuba kuvumelane ngazo, kwaye bakulungele ukulalanisa xa kuyimfuneko. Oomongameli abathatha indlela yokungquzulana ngokugqithisileyo bafumanisa kunzima ukufikelela iinjongo zabo zenkqubo.

Ulwalamano lomongameli neBhunga lubaluleke kakhulu xa iqela lenkcaso lilawula indlu enye okanye zombini. Kwezi meko, oomongameli kufuneka babe nobuchule ekufumaneni isiseko esifanayo kunye nenkxaso yokwakha i-bipartarian kwinyathelo labo. Ukukwazi ukusebenza kwiintambo zamaqela kuye kwaba lucelomngeni olukhulayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje njengoko ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika kuye kwakhula.

Ucelomngeni lwangoku ekumisweni kwesigqibo sobuMongameli

Ukwenziwa Kwemida Yezobupolitika Nendawo Ethe Tye

Utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo ngolawulo lomongameli olulandelelanayo luye lwatshintsha kakhulu kweli xesha lobuzwe bezobupolitika obugqithisileyo. Xa ulawulo lweziguqu-guqu zobumongameli phakathi kwamaqela, ulawulo olutsha lusoloko luhamba ngokukhawuleza luhlengahlengisa inkqubo yabanduleli, ludala ukungaguquguquki nokungaqiniseki kwimimandla emininzi yemigaqo. Le ndlela yokutshintsha nokuphinda umva ingenza ucwangciso olude lwexesha kwaye inciphise ukusebenza kweenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kwamacandelo azimeleyo aphezulu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngoomongameli ukwakha iminqophiso emide efunekayo ukucombulula iingxaki ezinkulu zesizwe. Xa amalungu eBhunga elijongene nengcinezelo evela kwisiseko sezobupolitika ukuchasa umongameli ngalo lonke ixesha, amathuba entsebenziswano ye-bipartisan anciphe. Oku kunamandla kunganyanzela oomongameli ukuba baxhomekeke kakhulu kwimiyalelo yezolawulo nezinye izenzo ezingakhange zilandelwe, ezinokuba sengozini ngakumbi yokutshintshana nolawulo lwexesha elizayo.

I-24-Hour News umqokozo kunye nokhuphiswano lwentlalo

Oomongameli bale mihla basebenza kwimeko-bume esoloko isetyenziswa ngolwazi lwe-media kunye nonxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo kwimigangatho yezentlalo-ntle. Le meko ibangela amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lobunkokeli bomongameli. Kwesinye isandla, oomongameli banganxibelelana ngqo noluntu ngaphandle kokuxolelwa ngamajelo eendaba angokwesithethe. Kwelinye icala, ukufunwa kwempendulo ekhawulezileyo yokuphula iindaba kunganyanzela oomongameli ukuba benze izigqibo ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokucinga ngokwaneleyo.

Isantya sonxibelelwano lwale mihla sikwathetha ukuba iintetho zomongameli kunye nezenzo ziphantsi kohlalutyo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokugxekwa okuvela kumacala amaninzi. Oomongameli kufuneka balumke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili ngonxibelelwano lwabo lukawonke-wonke, njengokuba kwaneentetho ezingezo zincinci zinokuba ziimpikiswano ezinkulu ngokukhawuleza. Oku kubeka uxinezeleko olungakumbi kwiinkqubo zokwenziwa komongameli kwaye kufuna iindlela zonxibelelwano ezintsonkothileyo.

Iingxaki Ezintsonkothileyo Zasehlabathini Lonke

Abalawuli beli xesha bajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi lwehlabathi olufuna ukulungelelana namaqabane amaninzi amazwe ngamazwe nokulungelelaniswa ngocoselelo kwiinjongo ezithelekelelwayo. Iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ubugrogrisi behlabathi lonke, kunye nezifo ezihlasela ihlabathi lonke azinakuchazwa lilizwe elinye elisebenza lodwa. Oomongameli kufuneka balungelelanise ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngelinye ngoxa besamkela iingcinezelo zezobupolitika kunye neengxaki.

Umanyano loqoqosho lwehlabathi lithetha ukuba izigqibo zomongameli kurhwebo, kwizemali, kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho zingaba neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nezifikelela kude zezizwe ngezizwe. Oomongameli kufuneka baqwalasele indlela izenzo zabo eziya kuchaphazela ngayo kungekuphela nje iUnited States kodwa kwanamazwe ngamazwe amatsha kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho yomhlaba wonke. Oku kufuna ubuchule bolwazi lwezoqoqosho lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nolungelelwano olululo nenkokeli zamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukurhoxiswa koMphathiswa weNkxaso kunye nokwenziwa kweZigqibo

Indlela yokukhetha yokuvavanya

Umsebenzi wobumongameli owehlayo kufuneka uqwalasele imilinganiso emininzi yokhokelo nokwenza izigqibo. Oomongameli abanempumelelo kufuneka babonise umgwebo osengqiqweni ekwenzeni ukhetho olunzima, amandla okwakha iminqoqo kunye nokusebenza nabaxhasi beemathiriyeli abahlukeneyo, ubuchule bonxibelelwano olucacileyo, nokunamathela kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemigangatho yedemokhrasi. Kufuneka babonise ubuchule bokufunda kwiimpazamo nokulungisa iindlela zabo xa iimeko ziguquka.

Iziphumo zezigqibo zomongameli zinika ubungqina obubalulekileyo bokuxilonga, nangona kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba oothunywashe abaninzi abangaphaya kweziphumo zempembelelo yolawulo lwenkqubo. Oomongameli bangenza izigqibo zengqiqo ezivelisa iziphumo ezidanisayo ngenxa yeemeko ezingabonwa kwangaphambili, okanye basenokungenelwa kwiimeko ezintle ezenza izigqibo zabo zibonakale ziphumelela ngakumbi kunazo. Uhlalutyo locoselelo kufuneka lwahlule phakathi kokwenziwa komongameli kunye noothunywa bangaphandle.

Indima Yembono Yembali

Imbono yembali ibalulekile ekuhlolisiseni kakuhle ukwenza isigqibo somongameli. Izigqibo ezibonakala ziphikisana okanye ziphosakele kwixesha elifutshane zingathethelelwa ziziganeko ezilandelayo, ngelixesha izenzo ezibonakala ziphumelela ekuqaleni zisenokungqina ukuba zithandabuzeka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ababhali-mbali kunye nezazinzulu zezobupolitika ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana ngokusebenza koomongameli emva kwexesha elide bephumile kwisikhundla, njengoko ulwazi olutsha lufumaneka kwaye iziphumo zexesha elide zezigqibo zabo zicaca.

Owona mongameli uhlala ehleli ubandakanya izigqibo ezazinzima ngokwezobupolitika ngelo xesha kodwa wangqineka ziyingenelo kuhlanga ekuhambeni kwexesha. Oomongameli abakulungeleyo ukwenza ukhetho olungathandwayo xa bekholelwa ukuba ezo zinto zifeza umdla wesizwe zinokuthathwa njengezo zilungileyo ngokwembali kunabantu bexesha labo. Olu ngquzulwano phakathi koluvo lwezopolitiko lwexeshana elifutshane kunye nezilangazelelo zesizwe ezinde zimela olunye locelomngeni olungundoqo lokhokelo lomongameli.

Ikamva lamandla obuMongameli nokwenziwa kwesigqibo

Iinkcazelo eziguqukayo zomGaqo-siseko

Umlinganiselo kunye nobume begunya lomongameli uyaqhubeka uguquka njengoko iinkundla zichaza amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ngokuqwalasela iimeko zale mihla. Iingxoxo ngegunya eliphakamileyo, imida efanelekileyo yamandla kamongameli, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente luhlala lusebenza kwaye lunengxabano. Izigqibo zenkundla zexesha elizayo ziza kubumba indlela oomongameli abasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo kunye nezithintelo abajamelana nazo ekuphumezeni iinjongo zabo zenkqubo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye neemeko ezitshintshayo zentlalo zidala imibuzo emitsha mayelana namandla omongameli abangenakuyilindela abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko. Impikiswano efana nokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ubuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, kunye nokuzimela kwamanani kuphakamisa imibuzo encinane ngegunya elilawulayo kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wesenzo somongameli. Indlela le mibuzo ephelisiweyo ngayo iza kuyichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indima yolawulo lobumongameli eMelika.

Utshintsho Nenkqubela Ekhoyo

Ukuqhubekeka nokuzinza kwenkqubo kuyimfuneko ukuze ulawulo lube nempumelelo, ngenkqubo yegunya elilawulayo efuna uzinzo nentlonelo ende yesiqhelo esimisiweyo. Ukuqinisa iinkqubo zolawulo kunye nezithethe zobungameli kunganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza izigqibo zomongameli kuhlala kusebenza nokuba ubani uhlala ekwiyiphi iofisi. Oku kuquka ukulondoloza iinkqubo zenkonzo yengingqi, ukugcina inkumbulo yamaqumrhu, nokukhusela ukuzimela kwabahloli jikelele kunye nezinye iindlela zolawulo.

Utshintsho lokuphucula isigqibo somongameli lungaquka iimfuno zokubona ngaphaya, ubuchule bolawulo lombutho obunamandla, kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamiseko. Noko ke, naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka lulungelelanise imfuneko yokuphendula ityala nokunyanzeliswa kwemfuneko esemthethweni kamongameli yokuzivumelanisa kunye namandla okuthatha amanyathelo ngokusisigxina xa iimeko zifuna. Ukufumana olu lungelelwano kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMelika.

Ubandakanyeko Lomsebenzi Nokwenza Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela igunya lomongameli ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke ekuzibopheleleni okuphambili kwezentlalo-ntle nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi efundileyo. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo indlela esebenza ngayo umongameli kunye nezithintelo ezikhoyo kwigunya lomongameli zixhotyiselwe bhetele ukuba zigcine iinkokeli zazo zinokuphendula. Oku kufuna imfundo yezentlalo-ntle, ukugxeka ukubhalwa kwezixhobo ze-media, nokukulungela ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuvota nje kunyulo lomongameli.

Ukuphendula ngedemokhrasi kusebenza kakuhle xa abemi benikela ingqalelo kwizenzo zomongameli, befuna ukucaciswa nokuchazwa kwezigqibo ezingundoqo, kunye nokuxhaswa kwequmrhu elilawulayo kwanaxa bevumelana neenjongo zolawulo-siseko somongameli. Ukukhusela amaziko olawulo-demokhrasi nemigaqo-siseko kufuna ukuqwalaselwa kwabemi, iintatheli, amalungu eBhungane, nabagwebi abakulungeleyo ukuxhasa imigaqo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaphi na.

Amaqhosha Okuthatha Ulwazi Lokwenziwa Kwesigqibo Sobuongameli

Indima kamongameli kurhulumente waseMerika inamandla kwaye inyanzelekile, inegunya elithatyathwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, izibonelelo ezingomthetho-siseko, kunye nemizekelo engokwembali. Ukwenza kwesigqibo sikaMongameli kubandakanya iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya ulwazi oluhluzayo, ukudibana koothunywashe abaninzi, kunye nokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo kunye namaxabiso. Oomongameli abasebenzayo kufuneka badibanise umgwebo ovakalayo kunye nobuchule bezobupolitika, ubuchule bokusebenza nabagcini-matyala abahlukeneyo, kunye nokuzinikela kwimigaqo yesiseko.

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela imiqathango yamandla omongameli ngokuvelela ingqungquthela, ukuqwalasela ikomiti yowiso-mthetho, nokuziphendulela koluntu. Le miqathango ibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuphangwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu nasekulondolozeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, nangona inokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba oomongameli bacombulule iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo zesizwe. Ukuxinezeleka phakathi kwamandla omongameli kunye nokuziphendulela kolawulo-demokhrasi kuseyinkamfa kurhulumente waseMerika.

Ukuqonda indlela oomongameli abazenza ngayo izigqibo baze basebenzise igunya labo kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ngokufunda ngemimiselo, iinkqubo, kunye nemiqathango ebumba inkqubo yomongameli, abemi bangakuvavanya kakuhle ukusebenza komongameli baze bagcine iinkokeli zabo ziphendulwe. Oku kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba ukhokelo lomongameli lungaphumelela okanye lunganikwa nxaxheba ekucombululeni iingxaki zelizwe.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngomongameli kunye norhulumente waseMelika, tyelela i-website yendlu emhlophe ye-, ubuchule bobugocigoci belizwe , okanye jonga izinto zemfundo kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe . Ezi zixhobo zinika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwindlela esebenza ngayo i-Phondo nendlela izigqibo zomongameli ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bamaMelika.