Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Amagosa Karhulumente Alawula Iingxaki Zamanzi Okusela

Ukufumana amanzi acocekileyo nakhuselekileyo okusela kuphawulwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo njengelungelo elisisiseko loluntu, ukanti izigidi zabantu ehlabathini lonke azikabi nawo amandla okuwafumana ngokuthembekileyo. EUnited States kuphela, izibonelelo ezaluphalayo, iimfuno zokuvela, kunye neengcinezelo zemozulu zibangela iingozi eziqhubekayo kumgangatho wamanzi. Indima karhulumente ekukhuseleni lo vimba woluntu oluhlukeneyo ayiyonto nje kuphela engundoqo wempilo kawonke-wonke kodwa ikwangulowo wendlela elungeleleneyo, ukuzinziwa kwezoqoqosho, kwaye ukugcinwa okunde ixesha elide. Eli nqaku liyanda kwiimbopheleleko ezingundoqo, izakhiwo zokulawula, ubuchule bokuqinisekisa, ukuveliswa kwengeniso, kunye nemigudu yemfundo ekufuneka oorhulumente kuzo zonke imigangatho izimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abami basempahleni batshintshe i-poptop notywala.

Ulawulo lwamanzi olunempumelelo lubandakanya unxulumano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwamaziko, oorhulumente belizwe, oomatshini abaluncedo, izazinzulu, kunye noluntu. Ngaphandle kokhokelo olunamandla nenkxaso enikezelweyo, kwanemigaqo engcono emiselwe isenokusilela. Ukuqonda le ndima kunceda abantu bagcine iinkokeli zabo zinokuphendula kunye nokuxhasa ubuncwane obufunekayo ukuze bakhusele amanzi abo.

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekileyo Kokucoca Amanzi Okusela

Amanzi okusela acocekileyo litye lempilo yomntu ngamnye nebutho labantu. Umzimba womntu umalunga nama-60% amanzi, kwaye zonke iiseli zixhomekeke kuwo ngenxa yomanzi emzimbeni, ukugalela, ukunqanda ubushushu, nokukhupha inkunkuma. Xa amanzi engcolisiwe, iziphumo zinokuba mandundu kwaye zibe mbi.

Iingozi Zempilo Ezivela Kumanzi Angcolileyo

I-World Health Organization iqikelela ukuba ubuncinane abantu abazizigidi ezibini emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa amanzi angcoliswe ngamalahle. EUnited States, kusekho izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, kunye nezifunxi-gazi ezibangela izifo ezifana nekholera, ityphoid, kunye nesisu.

  • Izigulo ezidityanisiweyo: Isirhubuluzi, ukuhlanza, nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kuqhelekile ngeentsuku zokuchanabeka kwimiphunga njenge Cryptoosporidium okanye [FLT]GIDA[[FLT:]]]
  • Iziphumo zeChronotic:[ Ukuchanabeka ixesha elide kwimichiza efana nelothe, iarsenic, okanye ukukhutshwa kwemichiza kunxulumene nomonakalo wezintso, ukulibaziseka kokukhula kwabantwana, kunye nomngcipheko womhlaza owengeziweyo.
  • Abemi abanokufumaneka: Iintsana, amabhinqa akhulelweyo, abakhulileyo, kunye nezixhobo zomzimba eziqinisekisiweyo abantu abasengozini enkulu yokungcoliswa kwangamanqanaba asezantsi.

Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Amanzi okusela angakhuselekanga abangela iindleko ezinkulu zezoqoqosho. Iindleko zonyango ezibangelwa zizifo ezibangelwa ngamanzi, ukuphelelwa kwemveliso, kunye nendleko yamanzi angxamisekileyo akhupha amanzi akhupha amanzi aluncedo ekufumaneni imithombo yoluntu. Ngaphezu koko, ubunjani bamanzi bunciphisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwaye bunokunciphisa amaxabiso empahla. Ukuveliswa kwamanzi acocekileyo licebo eliqinisekisiweyo lokunciphisa ubuhlwempu nokukhuthaza inkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente Ngapha nangapha

Ukufumana amanzi acocekileyo okusela yimbopheleleko eyahluleleneyo equka oorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente, borhulumente, nabo basekuhlaleni. Umgangatho ngamnye unemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, kodwa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabo kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele.

Ukhokelo lomanyano

Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano amisela imigangatho yesizwe, anika inkxaso-mali, kunye nophando. EUnited States, i-EPA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inyanzelisa ukuba kungenelwe uMthetho we-Desert Stectowater Water (SDWA), omisela amanqanaba apheleleyo anokusetyenziswa (MCL) kwaye ufuna ukujongwa ziinkqubo zamanzi zikawonke-wonke. Iziko loLawulo lwezifo nothintelo (CDC) ziphumele kwaye zinike ukhokelo kukhuseleko lwamanzi. Umanyano lwezibonelelo kunye nemali-mali-mali eboletwayo ngoncedo lwamazwe amaziko oncedo olufumana inkxaso-mali.

Urhulumente Noorhulumente Besizwe

Urhulumente ujongene nokunyanzeliswa kolawulo lweSDWA qha, indima eyaziwa njenge-aster. Bangamkela imilinganiselo engqongqo kuneyorhulumente, uhlolo, kunye nengxelo evumelayo. Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula iinkqubo zamanzi kwiimeko, ngokufuthi enocelomngeni oluthe chatha olunxulumene nokuxhasa imali kunye nobuchule bobugcisa.

ISebe loLawulo

Amanzi aluncedo angaphakathi akwindawo engaphambili. Asebenzisa amanzi aluhlaza, agcina iinethwekhi, avavanye ubunjani bamanzi, kwaye anxibelelane nabathengi. Izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo zilawulwa ekuhleni kwaye zilawulwa zibhodi okanye amabhunga esixeko, zizenza ziphendule ngqo kuluntu ezilukhonzayo. Kwakhona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamisela iinkqubo zokusebenzisa umhlaba ezikhusela ukuchithwa nokubuyiselwa kwamanzi kunye neendawo zokuvuselela.

Imizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe ibonisa iindlela ezifanayo ezixineneyo. Ku- European Union, i-Dawa Water Directive icwangcisa imigangatho edityanisiweyo, ngelixesha amalungu amazwe ephumeza imimiselo yesizwe. Kumazwe afana neIndiya, iJal Jeevan Mission ijolise ekunikezeleni amanzi afakwe ngemibhobho kwindlu yonke yasemaphandleni, kunye noorhulumente abalawula ukuphunyezwa kwemijelo yecanka kunye neenkqubo zomgangatho wedolophana.

Imisebenzi yokususa izinto ekhusela ubunjani bamanzi

Ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo lwasemthethweni lusisiseko sokhuseleko lwamanzi. Luguqulela ulwazi lwenzululwazi kwimida enyanzelekileyo kunye nenkqubo.

Amanzi Akhuselekileyo Okusela EUnited States

I-SDWA, egqithisiwe ngo-1997-79 kwaye yalungiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngo1986 nango1996, ngumthetho ophambili olawula ukuselwa kwamanzi kawonke-wonke. Ifuna i-EPA ukuba imisele imigangatho esekelwe kwimpilo yoomatshini abangaphezu kwama-90, kuquka iintsholongwane ezincinane, iintsholongwane, ukukhutshwa kwemichiza, imichiza ye-inorganic, imichiza yezityalo, kunye ne-radioccide. [FLT:] Ifunda ngakumbi malunga noMthetho we-Fite Dioter Water

Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba

  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuninzi bamanqanaba eNkcubeko (MCL): Imida enyanzelekileyo enyanzelekileyo ngokusemthethweni yokuba iinkqubo zamanzi zidibane.
  • [[UMTL:0] ubuchule bokwenza ingeniso: Iinkqubo ezifunekayo kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo ekunzima ukulinganisela (umz., isikhokelo kunye nemithetho yekop.).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufaka isibambi kunye nokunika ingxelo: Iinkqubo kufuneka zivavanye amanzi ngesiseko esicwangcisiweyo ze zithumele iingxelo ze Consumer Consure Consuer Consure Confidence Reports kubathengi.
  • Isaziso sePublic: Izilumkiso ezikhawulezileyo mazikhutshwe xa ukwaphula kuzisa ubungozi obubukhali.

Imithetho yesizwe nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe

IZiko lisoloko lidibanisa izibophelelo ezihambelana neemfuno zasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, zinendawo yalo engqongqo kakhulu yamanqanam athile emichiza efana ne-1,2,3-trichropane. Ngezizwe, iWHO ikhupha izikhokelo ze-Daip-Water Ubunjani, amazwe amaninzi ayamkela okanye ayaziqhelanisa. I-European Union’s readmist Water Direferective (202020) ibandakanya iipatroli ezihlaziweyo ze-Promitals namalungu e-DPromplate.

Ujongo lobulunga bamanzi: ukufunyaniswa nokubonakalisa ngaphaya

Kubalulekile ukujongwa rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zonyango ziyasebenza nokuba amanzi ashiya isityalo kwaye ahamba ngemibhobho ahlala ekhuselekile. Imiqathango karhulumente ifuna izinto eziluncedo ukuvavanya uludwe olubanzi lwezixhobo ezisebenzisa amayeza okubulala ngesantya esikhethekileyo.

Iintlobo zoHlololo

  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo lwemichiza kunye nemicrobial uvavanyo : Imilinganiselo iqokelelwa emthombo wamanzi, emva konyango, nakwiingongoma kwinkqubo yonikezelo. Uvavanyo lujolise kwi-chlorine residial, i-tribidity, coliform iintsholongwane, i-pH, kunye nento ezithile ezidibanisa amayeza.
  • Isantya sobhedu kunye nobhedu olulinganiswayo . Ngenxa yokuba ezi ntsimbi ziphuma kwimibhobho, isampuli kufuneka ziqhutywe kwiimpompo zabathengi, ngokufuthi emakhayeni anemigca yenkonzo yelothe.
  • [[NTL:0] Isihlomelo esingalawulwayo : Umthetho we-EPA ongongalawulwayo woHlomelo lweNkqutyana-mali ufuna imizekelo yemichiza yelizwe lonke ngamaxesha athile, enjengezinto ezingekalawulwa yi-polyfluoralkyl (PFAS) kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezithile.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka obuqhubela phambili

Izivo eziqhubekayo ze-intanethi, ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene, kunye nokuva okukude kuguqula umgangatho wamanzi wokuhlola. Izinto ezininzi eziluncedo ngoku zisebenzisa izitishi zokuhlola umgangatho wogcino-lwazi ezidlulisela ugcino-lwazi ngeyure kwibhodi yodwilo kumbindi. Oorhulumente basebenzisana noophandi bemfundo ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokulwa kwangoko ukwenzela ii-canotoxin, ukuchitheka kwemichiza, okanye ukungaphumelela konyango.

Ukufumaneka okucace gca kunye nokufikelela koluntu

Phantsi kwe SDWA, iNgxelo zoMqulu-mali kufuneka zisasazwe rhoqo ngonyaka. Iingxelo ezininzi kunye neziphakamisi- zinika ngoku iibhodi ezisebenzisanayo kwi Internet apho abahlali banokubona iziphumo zovavanyo olutsha. IEPA igcina ugcino-lwazi lobunjani [[FLT: 0] [[FLT]] Izixhobo zobunjani [ ukwenzela uluntu. Oku kubonakala kakuhle kwakha uthelekelelo kwaye kunika abantu ubuchule bokwazi ukuchonga imicimbi.

Ukuveliswa Kwemali Emanzini

Amanzi acocekileyo awaveli ngengozi empomponi ```'''''''''' ayifuni izibonelelo ezinkulu: izibonelelo zonyango, izitishi zokumpompa, iitanki zokugcina, kunye nezigidi zemayile zemibhobho. Ezininzi zezibonelelo eUnited States zakhiwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwaye ngoku zifikelela esiphelweni sobomi bazo.

Umsantsa Wezakhiwo

I-American Society of Civil Engineers inika umgangatho wamanzi okusela esizwe umlinganiselo weC. I-EPA iqikelela ukuba ii-R625 zezigidi zezigidi zifuneka kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo ukugcina nokuphucula iinkqubo. Imigca yenkonzo yelothe, emininzi efakwe phambi koo 1950, isasetyenziswa kumakhaya aqikelelwa kwizigidi ezi-6 ukuya kwezilishumi. Ukunkcinkca-mali kuthetha ukuba ulibaziseko oluninzi lwezingeni-mali lokulungisa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuzeni, ukuvuza okungundoqo, ukuqhekeza, kunye nokuphazamisa inkonzo.

Iimpendulo zikarhulumente Nokuxhasa Izixhobo

  • Ukusela iNgxowa-mali yeSizwe sokuVukela ngamanzi [DWSRF] : Inika imali-mboleko ephantsi enikwa inkxaso-mali kunye nemali-mali yemali yemali yemali enikwa umnini-yo, enikezela kuluntu. UMthetho we-Bpartisan Infrastrasystem yonyaka wama-2021 adityaniswe ama-50 amawaka ezigidi (ii-50 amawaka ezigidi ze-50, kuquka nemali yonikezelo logcino-mnxeba kunye nolungiso lwe-PFAS.
  • Isizwe kunye nemilinganiselo yomanyano lwasekuhlaleni: Oomasipala abaninzi bagqithisa iqhina lokunyusa izityalo zonyango bathabathe indawo yemibhobho eyakha yaluphala. Umzekelo, ngo-2018, abavoti baseKhalifoniya bavunyiwe 68, eyabizela i-$1,7 lamawaka ezigidi zezixhobo zamanzi.
  • Umanyano lwePublic (P3s): Olunye uluntu lusebenzisana neenkampani zabucala ukuze lusebenzise kwaye lugcine iinkqubo zamanzi, lungazisa impumelelo ngexesha lokugcina ulawulo lukawonke-wonke.

Izicombululo Ezintsha

Oorhulumente bahlola unyango olufanelekileyo, izibonelelo eziluhlaza zolawulo lwamanzi oqhwithela, kunye nobugcisa bonyango obuphucukileyo obufana nokubuyiselwa kwe-osmosis kunye nonyuselo logcino-manzi olukhuthazayo olusetyenziswa kwimiqathango yeqondo lomlinganiselo kwakhona kunciphisa uxinzelelo kwiinkqubo.

Imfundo Kawonke - wonke Nobandakanyeko Loluntu

Amaphulo emfundo anceda abemi balapho baqonde ukuba amanzi abo avela phi, bawakhusele njani yaye banokuwanceda njani.

Iinkqubo Zesikolo Nezasekuhlaleni

Izixeko ezininzi zinika imiboniso yomjikelo wegumbi lokufundela nomjikelo wamanzi kunye nolondolozo lwamanzi. Iphulo le- “FIC iVeki yeLeak” ekwenziwa yi-EPA likhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zikhangele ukuvuza nokulungisa. Ezinye izixhobo zokusebenza zithumela abafundisi-lwazi abaqeqeshiweyo kwimimandla eqeqeshiweyo ukuchaza indlela ilothe enokuthi ingeniswe ngayo amanzi okusela nendlela yokusebenzisa izihluzi ngokufanelekileyo.

Iphulo Lokutshintsha Ukuziphatha

Iphulo leNew York City “Indawo ehamba ngee Wheels” likhuthaza amanzi empompo ngaphezu kweziselo ezineswekile, linciphisa inkunkuma yeplastiki kunye nokwanda kokuthembana koluntu. Ngokufanayo, ngexesha lengxaki yeFlint, abafundisi-zonyango abasekelwe kuluntu bafundisa ngeminyango ukuya kwindlu engaphambili ngokusebenzisa izihluzi zamanzi kunye nemveliso yokuhlamba.

Icebo

Amanzi asetyenziswayo namhlanje asoloko enika ii-injini apho abathengi banokubona ugcino-lwazi olusetyenziswa ngexesha lokwenene, batyikitye ukuze bafumane izilumkiso, kwaye bafumane iimpendulo kwimibuzo esoloko ibuzwa. Izixhobo zokunxibelelana ngekhompyutha zikwasetyenziselwa ukwabelana ngechrine ebilisayo okanye imiqathango yembalela ngokukhawuleza.

Iingxaki Eziqhubekayo Oorhulumente Abajamelana Nazo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela, imiqobo emininzi iyaqhubeka ibangela urhulumente angakwazi ukugalela amanzi acocekileyo kubo bonke abahlali.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuhamba Kwamanzi

Ukutshintsha kwemvula, imbalela esoloko ikho, neziganeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo zibangela uxinezeleko kumphandle nakumthombo wamanzi asemhlabeni. Izikhukula zingazithwalisa izityalo zonyango ngokuhlamba inkunkuma nezinto ezingcolisayo eziza kungena emithomboni, ngoxa imbalela inciphisa ukufumaneka kwamanzi yaye ibangela ungcoliso olusemzimbeni.

Ukwaluphala Nezinto Ezingathandekiyo

Ukuthatha indawo yemibhobho kwiindawo eziminyeneyo zasezidolophini kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kuyaphazamisa. Iinkqubo ezincinci zasemaphandleni zisoloko zingenawo umkhamo wokufikelela intsebenziswano, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphulweni kwemithetho. I-DWSRF yengingqi inceda, kodwa abantu abaninzi bazama ukukhusela imali elungelelanisiweyo.

Izinto Ezingcolisayo Ezidityanisiweyo

Imichiza efana nePFAS (izinto ezijikwa ngepesenti kunye nepolyfluoralkyl), amayeza, kunye nemicroplastics zifumaneka ngokukhulayo kumaziko amanzi. Izazinzulu zisahlola iziphumo zempilo yazo, kunye nabalawuli basahamba ngobulumko ukuze bamisele imilinganiselo. Ngo-2024, iEPA igqibele imilinganiselo yokuqala ye-PFAS yokusela amanzi, kodwa ukuvelisa kuya kuba nexabiso eliphezulu kwaye kufuna ubugcisa obutsha.

Imigca yenkonzo yelothe kunye nokulingana

Ilothe ekuseleni amanzi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ichaphazela ingeniso ephantsi kunye nemimandla encinane. Ukuthatha indawo yemigca yesikhokelo kubiza ixabiso elininzi kwaye kudla ngokufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwabaphathi bempahla. Oorhulumente basebenzela ukubeka indawo yenye ngexesha lokusebenza kweendlela ezicwangcisiweyo nokunika uncedo lwemali.

Ubunzima bomsebenzi

Izixhobo ezininzi ezisebenzisa amanzi zijamelana nethuba lobuchule njengoko abasebenzi neenjineli beyeka ukusebenza. Ukufumana ingeniso ekuqeqesheni, iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa, nemivuzo yokhuphiswano kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe imisebenzi ihleli.

Uphando lwemeko: Izifundo ezivela kucelomngeni lwehlabathi lokwenene nezisombululo

Ukuhlolisisa iziganeko ezithile kunikela ingqiqo exabisekileyo ngoko kwenziwayo noko kungahambi kakuhle ekulawuleni kwamanzi.

Ingxaki Yamanzi Angenamanzi: Ukusilela Kokufuduswa Nokungathembani

Ukususela ngo-2014, isixeko saseFlint, eMichigan, satshintshela kumthombo waso wamanzi kuMlambo iFlint ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ulawulo lokudleka. Isiphumo samanzi esikhutshwa kwimibhobho eyaluphalayo, sichanaba amawaka abantwana kumgangatho ophezulu oyingozi wesikhokelo. Ukungaphumeleli kukarhulumente kumanqanaba amaninzi . /iiindlela ezininzi zokuvavanya, ukulibaziseka kwe-bretaus, kwaye ukuthoba iziphumo zobungozi obuqhubekayo. Umphungulo waquka i-$41 miliyoni, ufako olusasazekileyo lwemibhobho, kunye nokubelwa kwemibhobho. i-EPA] i-Epay ibala imfuno ye-Ft

IJackson, Ingxaki Yamanzi EMississippi: Ukutyeshelwa Kwezakhiwo

Ngonyaka wama-2022, isiphango sasebusika sabangela ukuba isikhukula esiphambili sikaJackson sonyango lwamanzi singabikho, sishiye abahlali abali- 150 000 bengenamanzi akhuselekileyo kangangeeveki. Ingxaki yayiyiminyaka eyenzekayo xa `ichronic' iphantsi kwemali, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi, nokugcinwa kwemali okungalawulekiyo kwaso konakala kwenkqubo. Urhulumente wangenelela ngemali yongxamiseko kwaye urhulumente watyunjwa ukuba ajonge imicimbi. Jackson ucacisa iziphumo zokungalibazisi.

INEWAter YaseSingapore: Ukubuyiselwa Ngokhokelo LukaRhulumente

Ngapha koko, i-PUB ka Public Utilities Board (PUB) yavelisa iNEWAter(amanzi ahlawulelweyo akhutshwayo akhutshwa lunyango oluphezulu. Ngokufumana utyalo-mali olunamandla lukarhulumente, amaphulo okhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokuvavanywa okunzima, iSingapore yaguqula amanzi amdaka aba ngumthombo othembekileyo wokusela amanzi afikelela ku-40% wemali efunwa luhlanga. Le ndlela yanciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumanzi angenisiweyo yazakhelwa eluntwini.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Ikamva Elifanelekileyo Lokusela Amanzi

Indima karhulumente ekuqinisekiseni amanzi okusela acocekileyo nakhuselekileyo iyasekelwe kwaye iyasuswa. Ukusuka ekumiseleni imigaqo enyanzelekileyo kunye nokugada ukuthotyelwa kwemali ekufakeni imali kwisiseko sogcino-mali nokufundisa uluntu, izenzo zikarhulumente zichaphazela impilo yezigidi. Kodwa iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuvela kwezingenisi-mali, kunye nezithuba zemali zifuna ulawulo oluxhaswe kwezobupolitika kunye nophuhliso.

Imizekelo ephumelelayo-ngokufana nokwanda kwe-DWSRF, imimiselo emitsha ye-PFAS, kunye neenkqubo zofako lwe-panethi yoluntu `i-demonstendist' ezithi inkqubela inokwenzeka xa onke amanqanaba omsebenzi karhulumente ngeziphazamiso, abaphandi, kunye nabemi. Ukholo lukawonke-wonke lwakhiwa ngokubona gca nenkonzo engenakuguqulwa. Njengokuba iimfuno kwiinkqubo zamanzi zikhula, ngokufanayo kufuneka ukuzimisela ukukhusela lo mthombo ubalulekileyo womntu ngamnye.

Ukuhambela phambili, oorhulumente kufuneka bamisele ingeniso ephambili baze banyanzelise imithetho eyomeleleyo. Izibonda azinakuba ngaphezulu: amanzi aphuma kwiimpompo zethu lumlinganiselo wendlela ibutho labantu eliyixabisa ngayo impilo kawonke wonke, ubugosa bokusingqongileyo, nekamva lengingqi yethu.