Oorhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho benza iintsika ezimbini zebutho labantu lanamhlanje, benika izakhiwo ezigcina uluntu lulungelelene, lulungelelene, lusebenza kwaye lusebenza. Zimisela imithetho, zikhusela amalungelo abantu, zicombulule neengxabano xa kuvela iingxaki. Ukuqonda indlela ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngayo akuyonto nje efunwa ngabantu.

Indima Karhulumente

Urhulumente ungundoqo, umisela kwaye unyanzelisa izigqibo zebutho labantu. Linegunya lokuyila iinkqubo, ukulawula ubuncwane, nokulungiselela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko abantu abangenakukwazi ukuzibonelela ngokulula. Imbopheleleko ephambili karhulumente kukulondoloza ucwangco, ukukhusela abemi ekusongelwani, nokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle yabantu ngokubanzi.

Imisebenzi yeCore kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente benza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo echaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umsebenzi ongundoqo – ukwenza imithetho ngonyulo okanye ngokutyunjwa kwamaqumrhu (njengepalamente okanye iingqungquthela) ezichaza ukuziphatha okwamkelekileyo kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke.
  • Umsebenzi osebenzayo [ - - Ukuyiphumeza nokumisa loo mithetho ngoomeli, amasebe neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kuquka ukugcinwa komthetho kunye nemibutho elawulayo.
  • [[NT.0] Umsebenzi we-judicial – ukutolika imithetho nokucombulula iimpikiswano kwiinkundla, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo nangokungagwetyelwanga.
  • [[Ulwahlulo:0] Ulwahlulo lweempahla zikawonke-wonke – ukunikezela ngeenkonzo ezinceda wonke umntu, njengokhuselo lwesizwe, izibonelelo (iiindlela, iibhulorho), imfundo kawonke-wonke, unyango kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko.
  • Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho – ulawulo lwemarike, ukuqokelela irhafu, ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kawonke-wonke, nokusebenzela ukugcina unyuko lwezoqoqosho nokungabikho komsebenzi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Unikezelo kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba[ – Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, oorhulumente bamela izilangazelelo zabemi kwaye banika iindlela zokubandakanyeka kuwonke wonke ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Urhulumente usebenza kumanqanaba amaninzi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo:

  • URhulumente wasekuhlaleni - Imicimbi ecacileyo yoluntu enjengendawo, amapolisa asekuhlaleni, amasebe omlilo, ezothutho zikawonke-wonke, kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma. Imizekelo iquka amabhunga esixeko neebhodi zamaphondo.
  • Isizwe okanye uRhulumente wengingqi – Amanyathelo okulawula ummandla omkhulu womhlaba, njengombuso, iphondo, okanye ummandla. Iimbopheleleko zisoloko ziquka iinkqubo zemfundo, oohola benqanawa, kunye neenkundla zezomthetho.
  • URhulumente wesizwe - Ijonga kwimicimbi yelizwe ngokubanzi njengemithetho yamazwe angaphandle, ukhuselo lwesizwe, imali, kunye nokufuduka. Imisela imithetho esebenza kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • Intlangano zesizwe - Kwezinye iimeko, oorhulumente basebenzisana ngemizimba njenge iZizwe ezimanyeneyo okanye iEuropean Union ukucombulula imiba enqamleza imida, efana notshintsho nentengiso yemozulu.

Iintlobo zikarhulumente

Abalawulwa ngoorhulumente bonke ngendlela efanayo.

  • I-Democracy – Amandla axhomekeke kubantu, abawasebenzisayo ngqo okanye ngoomeli abanyuliweyo. Oorhulumente bedemokhrasi bagxininisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye, unyulo olukhululekileyo, kunye nomthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] .Aquotornational Regimes - Amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye kwiqela elincinane, enenkululeko elinganiselweyo yezopolitiko kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba encinane kwabemi. Ukwenza izigqibo kuphezulu.
  • Monarchy – Umlawuli olifa (ukumkani okanye ukumkanikazi) unegunya, nangona ulawulo lwemonarchy lwale mihla lungumGaqo-siseko, nokumkani esebenza njengomlawuli wokomfuziselo worhulumente ngeli lixa urhulumente onyuliweyo elawula ilizwe.
  • uwonke-wonke - luhlobo lukarhulumente apho intloko yorhulumente ingumphathi onyuliweyo (njengomongameli), hayi umlawuli. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lwale mihla lukwayie-Riphabliki.
  • I-Federal vs. Umanyano – Kwinkqubo yorhulumente (njenge-United States okanye iJamani), igunya labelana phakathi korhulumente osembindini noorhulumente bengingqi. Kwinkqubo yeyunithi (njengeFransi okanye iJapan), urhulumente osembindini unegunya elininzi, nangona enokuphathisa imisebenzi kumaqela asekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho yindlela ibutho labantu eliyila ngayo, litolike, lize linyanzelise imithetho yalo. Ngoxa urhulumente esenza imithetho, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuba loo mithetho isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo esemthethweni esebenzayo, imithetho ibingayi kuba nantsingiselo, kwaye iimpikiswano zinokuba yingxwabangxwabangxwaba.

Amalungu Enkqubo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho nganye ixhomekeke kwiinkonzo neendima ezingundoqo eziliqela:

  • IiNkundla – Indawo apho iimpikiswano zomthetho ziviwa zize zisombululwe. Iinkundla zomthetho zisuka kwiinkundla zamatyala zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo kumgangatho wesizwe.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Abagwebi – amagosa angathathi-nxaxheba ajonge ukuthethwa kwenkundla, atolika imithetho, adlulisele imimiselo okanye izigwebo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Unyanzeliso lwasemthethweni – Ingxamiseko efana namasebe amapolisa aphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho, abambe abarhanelayo, kwaye agcine ucwangco lukawonke-wonke.
  • Artneys kunye namaGcisa angokwasemthethweni – abaphathi-mthetho abamela abaxhasi enkundleni, bacebise ngemicimbi engokwasemthethweni, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abantu bayawaqonda amalungelo abo neemfuno zabo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho nemithetho – Imithetho ebhaliweyo nemithetho echaza ulwaphulo-mthetho, izivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, kunye neenkqubo zabemi.
  • Inkqubo yolwahlulo [[FULT:0] [[[FLT]] – iintolongo, uvavanyo, kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela umva eziphatha abantu abagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Iintlobo ezinkulu zeenkqubo zomthetho

Iinkqubo zomthetho ziyahluka kakhulu ehlabathini lonke, zisekelwe kwimbali, izithethe nezithethe zobupolitika.

  • Umthetho weCummon -Owuvela eNgilani, umthetho oqhelekileyo uxhomekeke kakhulu kwimizekelo", izigqibo zenkundla yangaphambili zikhokela ulawulo lwexesha elizayo. Usetyenziswa eUnited States, eKhanada, eUnited Kingdom, eAustralia, nakwamanye amathanga aseBritane.
  • I-Civil Law----Esekelwe kwimithetho ebanzi (njengemithetho kaNapoleon), iinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni azigxininisi kakhulu kwimo yokugweba kwaye zigxininisa kakhulu kwimimiselo ebhaliweyo. Iqhelekile kwilizwekazi le-Europe, i-Latin America, kunye neendawo ze-Asia kunye ne-Afrika.
  • Umthetho wonqulo – iinkqubo zomthetho ezithathwe kwiincwadi nemigaqo yonqulo. Imizekelo iquka i-Sharia umthetho kumazwe athile amaSilamsi kunye ne-halakha (umthetho wamaYuda) kwaSirayeli kwimicimbi ethile yobuqu.
  • [[Umthetho oqhelekileyo:0] - Imithetho engabhalwanga esekelwe kwizithethe namasiko akudala, asoloko efumaneka kuluntu lomthonyama nakumazwe athile aseAfrika. Umthetho wesiko uhlala kunye nomthetho karhulumente kwiindawo ezininzi.
  • Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo--amazwe amaninzi adibanisa amalungu kwiinkqubo ezininzi. Umzekelo, uMzantsi Afrika udibanisa umthetho oqhelekileyo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni, kunye nomthetho wesithethe; iIndiya isebenzisa umthetho oqhelekileyo kodwa ikwanomthetho wonqulo wobuqu kwimicimbi yentsapho.

Umgaqo Womthetho

Imbombo yesiseko yaso nasiphi na inkqubo esesikweni ngumthetho womthetho. Lo mgaqo umi ukuba akukho mntu, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, ongaphezulu komthetho. Imithetho kufuneka icace, ityhilwe esidlangalaleni, ingazinzi, isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi. Umthetho ukhusela abantu kumandla angekho ngqiqweni kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa ngaphandle kocalucalucalulo okanye kucalucalulo. Imibutho efana neprojects yehlabathi yeJaji [

Indlela Iinkundla Eziwutolika Zize Zisebenzise Ngayo Umthetho

Iinkundla zenza okungaphezulu kunokumohlwaya nje abenzi bobubi. Zitolika imimiselo, zicombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, zihlola izenzo zikarhulumente, zimisele imizekelo engokwasemthethweni. Xa umthetho udida, iinkundla zicacisa intsingiselo yawo ngokuhlalutya iinjongo zemithetho, imigaqo-siseko, kunye nemigaqo yangaphambili. Lo msebenzi wokucacisa unamandla ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, apho isigqibo esiphakamileyo sinokubumba indawo esemthethweni kangangeminyaka ezayo.

Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zikwamisela iinkqubo zokusingatha iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamatyala:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho – Luziswa ngurhulumente nxamnye nomntu okanye iqumrhu elityholwe ukwaphula umthetho. Injongo kukugqiba ukuba unetyala kwaye unyanzelise isohlwayo ukuba kuvumelekile.
  • Ityala leCUIIi- – Ukungavisisani phakathi kwabantu okanye imibutho engaphezulu kwemiba efana nezivumelwano, impahla, okanye ingozi yobuqu. Inkundla inika imbuyekezo okanye iyalela izenzo ezithile kunokubeka inkontsho okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni.
  • Ityala lolawulo – Impinda zezigqibo ezenziwa ngabameli bakarhulumente, ezifana neempikiswano ngemvume, amalayisensi, okanye ulawulo.
  • Ityala lomthetho-mthetho - ucelomngeni kwimithetho okanye izenzo zikarhulumente ezithi zaphula umgaqo-siseko welizwe.

Ukungenelela phakathi korhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho

Urhulumente kunye nenkqubo engokwasemthethweni zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimithetho kunye nemali ebekwe kwiinkundla, kodwa inkqubo yomthetho ihlola amandla karhulumente ize iqinisekise ukuba usebenza phantsi kwemida esemthethweni. Olu lwalamano lunempembelelo lubalulekile ekulinganiseni igunya nokuziphendulela.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

Uninzi lwamandla olawulo-moya angoku ahlula amasebe orhulumente ahlukeneyo amathathu: owiso-mthetho, onegunya, kunye nolwahlulo. Oku kwahlula kuthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Inkqubo yomthetho (iiinkundla) isebenza njengovavanyo kuwo omabini amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya ngokuhlola izenzo zawo zomgaqo-siseko okanye ukulawulwa ngumthetho. Ngokuchasene noko, isebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho lingayitshintsha imithetho okanye litshintshe izakhiwo zenkundla, ngelixa isebe elilawulayo limisela abagwebi lize linyanze imiyalelo yenkundla. Le nkqubo ye-gnomente, enkcukacha ngoovimba bomthetho kunye noovimba bemali .USA.

Indlela Eyenziwe Ngayo Imithetho Yaye Isetyenziswa Ngayo

Inkqubo yokuguqula ingcamango yomthetho ibe ngumthetho onyanzelisayo ibandakanya amaziko karhulumente nawasemthethweni:

  1. Ijenali elinyuliweyo lendlu yowiso-mthetho nevoti kwityala.
  2. Isikhulu (umongameli, umphathi - mandla, okanye irhuluneli) siyayibhala ngomthetho okanye siyikhuphele phantsi.
  3. Amasebe karhulumente ayila imithetho yokuzalisekisa umthetho ngokweenkcukacha.
  4. Iinkundla ziyawuchaza umthetho xa kuvela iimbambano, yaye amagosa agunyazisa imithetho anyanzelisa ukuba kuthotyelwe umthetho.
  5. Ukuba umthetho ucelw ’ umngeni, abagwebi bawuhlola ngokuchasene nomGaqo-siseko okanye imigaqo yomthetho.

Kuwo wonke lo mjikelo, inkqubo esemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ulandela imithetho neenkqubo zakhe. Umzekelo, umthetho ochasene namalungelo omGaqo-siseko unokuthi upheliswe yinkundla ephakamileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkxaso engakanani yezopolitiko.

Izigqibo Zempikiswano Nokufikelela Kokusesikweni

Xa abantu okanye amaqumrhu engavumelaniyo — ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, ingozi, umngeni-mali, okanye inkqubo karhulumente yezomthetho — ibonelela indlela yokusombulula loo ngxabano. IiNkundla, iinkonzo zoluvo, kunye namacandelo okulungisa izinto asebenza njengee-odentili. Indima karhulumente kukuseka ezi ngxaki nokuqinisekisa ukuba basebenza kakuhle, ngeli lixa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ishwankathelana ngemithetho ekhoyo.

Ukufikelela kokusesikweni − ukukwazi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa inkqubo yomthetho ngokunempumelelo. Kumazwe amaninzi, iindleko eziphezulu zomthetho, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, nemiqobo yolwimi zinokuthintela abantu ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo. Oorhulumente kunye nemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni isebenza ngokuvala lo msantsa kwiinkqubo ezifana nabakhuseli bakarhulumente, iikliniki ezikhululekileyo ezisemthethweni, kunye neenkundla ezincinane ezichazayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokusesikweni Nokulunga

Okusesikweni lusukelo olupheleleyo lwenkqubo yorhulumente neyomthetho. Okusesikweni kuthetha ukuba amalungelo akhuselwe, amatyala alungiswe, kwaye isohlwayo sifanele ulwaphulo-mthetho. Akuyomfuneko nje kuphela ukuba kubekho imithetho kodwa kwaneenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Ingcamango yokusesikweni yesithethe igxininisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe njani nanjengoko izigqibo zinjalo. Abantu badla ngokwamkela ulawulo abaphikisanayo ukuba bakholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ikhanyaza gca kwaye ingakhethi cala.

Kumaqela anenkqubo yobulungisa eqinileyo, abemi banandipha ukuthembana okungakumbi kumaziko abo, imigangatho esezantsi yembambano, kunye namathuba angakumbi ezoqoqosho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa inkqubo yomthetho yonakele okanye ibekekna ityala, iphelisa ukuthembana kwaye isenokukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi sentlalo. Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe njengeKhomishoni yamaJURT exhasa inkululeko yokugweba nokukhusela amalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke.

Ucelomngeni Kurhulumente Wanamhlanje Nakwiinkqubo Ezingokwasemthethweni

Ayikho inkqubo egqibeleleyo, yaye oorhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho bajamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo notshintsho.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Ukunganyaniseki korhulumente okanye kwezejaji kululaza umthetho. Xa amagosa enokuthi anyotywe, xa iinkundla zixhasa igunya, okanye xa imithetho isetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo, inkqubo yonke iyaphulukana ngokomthetho. Amaziko alwa nokunganyaniseki, amagosa azimeleyo ejaji, kunye nezenzo zolawulo olucacileyo zibalulekile ekucombululeni le ngxaki.

Ukucotha Nokungabi Nampumelelo

Iziko lenkundla kunye nolibaziseko lweziko lobundlobongela lungathetha ukuba amatyala athatha iminyaka ukusombulula. Oku kuphazamisa ukufika okusezantsi kwabantu abangakwaziyo ukulinda. Izindululo ezifana ne-e-fil-fil, iinkqubo zolawulo lwetyala, kunye neenkundla ezikhethekileyo (umz., iinkundla zeziyobisi okanye iinkundla ezincinane) zinceda ukukhawulezisa iinkqubo, kodwa izithintelo zezibonelelo zihlala zingumqobo omkhulu.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Njengoko kukhankanywe ngaphambili, abantu abaninzi abanamali yokufumana imvume esemthethweni okanye yokuqhuba inkundla entsonkothileyo. Iinkonzo zeprobono, imali yoncedo olusemthethweni nemithetho eyenziwe lula zizinto ezinokucombulula, kodwa umsantsa phakathi kwentswelo esemthethweni nefumanekayo usabakho nakumazwe amaninzi.

Ukuqhelana Neenguqu Entlalweni

Imithetho nemigaqo karhulumente kufuneka iguquke ukuze ihambisane nobugcisa obutsha, imilinganiselo yentlalo, kunye neengxaki zomhlaba wonke. Iimpikiswano ezifana nokuzimela ugcino-lwazi, ubuchule bokuzenzela, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye ne-intanethi yokuthetha ifuna ukuba oorhulumente benze imithetho emitsha kunye neenkqubo zomthetho zokuyichaza. Ukulungelelanisa phakathi kokukhusela amalungelo nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kucekeceke kwaye kusoloko kukhuphiswana.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente kunye nenkqubo yomthetho azizizinto ezingabonakaliyo . zibumba zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kukhuseleko lweendlela ukuya kukhuselwa kwezivumelwano zokhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Oorhulumente badala imithetho kunye nemibutho elungelelanisa ibutho labantu, kwaye iinkqubo zomthetho ziqinisekisa ukuba loo mithetho isetyenziswa ngokusesikweni kwaye isoloko ihleli. Unxulumano lwabo, olusekelwe kwimigaqo efana nomthetho kunye nokwahlulwa kwamandla, ludala isiseko sozinzo, okusesikweni, kunye nenkqubela. Ngoxa iingxaki ezifana nokonakala, ukuphumelela, kunye nokufikelela kwimidathangathathi-nxaxheba, ezi nkqubo zinika abemi amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba enenjongo, zigcina iinkokeli zinokuphendula, kwaye zifuna ukuba kubekho ubulungisa obufanele uluntu lonke.