Inkqubo yomthetho ingaziva ithe nqo kwaye yoyikekile, ingakumbi kubaxhasi nakumalungu alwela ukutshintsha intlalo. Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo iinkqubo zomthetho, amagama, kunye nezakhiwo zoomasipala akuyomfuneko eluncedo yokusebenza kakuhle. Ngaphandle kolu lwazi, nawona maphulo anamandla anokupheliswa ngokuphoswa ziimpazamo okanye ukuphoswa ngamathuba akhoyo. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo oluphangaleleyo, lwezimo ezingundoqo zenkqubo yomthetho, ecetyiweyo ukuxhobisa abaxhasi nabaxhasi bezixhobo abafuna ukuqhuba iinkundla, ulawulo, umthetho, kunye neenkqubo ezisemthethweni zokusebenza ukuze bafumane iziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide.

Ukusuka kwimigangatho yeenkundla ukuya kwiinqobo zelishwa, siza kuhlolisisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo izicwangciso zomthetho, indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwinkqubo, nalapho abaxhasi bezonqulo benokufumana inkxaso ethembekileyo. Injongo kukususa oko kudla ngokubonakala njengethala leencwadi nokuguqula ulwazi olusemthethweni lube nguvimba onamandla womsebenzi wobulungisa.

Ukuqonda Isakhiwo Sasemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho yakhiwe kwimithetho, iinkundla, namaziko alawula ibutho labantu. Imithetho yenziwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho, itolikwa ziinkundla, kwaye inyanzeliswa ngamaqumrhu alawulayo. Kumntu ozimiseleyo, ukuqonda olu cwangciso lweenxalenye ezintathu linyathelo lokuqala ekubandakanyeni inkqubo ngokunempumelelo. Ngasezantsi siyawaphula amalungu angundoqo.

Iintlobo Zomthetho Ezichaphazela Ubuqhetseba

Umthetho asingowokusebenza nje. Udla ngokwahlulwa ube ziindidi, nganye inemithetho eyahlukeneyo neendawo zokuzonwabisa:

  • Umthetho wokwalathisa - Imithetho edluliswa ngamaqumrhu emithetho (iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, amabhunga esixeko). Ezi ziquka izenzo zamalungelo abantu, imithetho yemeko-bume, kunye nemimiselo yokuvota. Abameli basoloko besebenza ukuphembelela imimiselo emitsha okanye ukuvavanya leyo ikhoyo.
  • Umthetho weCummon – uMthetho waveliswa ngezigqibo zenkundla (ukuqalisa). Kwimimandla emininzi "ezifana nempahla, izivumelwano, kunye netorts" izigwebo zomthetho omile ngexesha elithile. Ukuqonda umzekelo kubalulekile xa kuthethwa ngetyala.
  • Umthetho wecansistigation – usekelwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe (umz. umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.). Oku kulawula amalungelo asisiseko, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, nemida yegunya likarhulumente. Imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko yisixhobo esiqhelekileyo kwiziphumo.
  • Umthetho wolawulo -Imithetho nezigqibo ezenziwa ngabameli bakarhulumente (umz., EPA, FCC). Abenzi-mthetho bangabandakanyeka ekwenzeni amagqabaza omthetho okanye ukuvavanya izenzo zoshishino enkundleni.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe – Izivumelwano, iindibano, kunye nomthetho wesithethe onokuthi ubhenelwe kumalungelo abantu nakumaphulo okusingqongileyo (umz., iSindululo soMhlaba saMalungelo oLuntu).

Abameli kufuneka baqonde ukuba ziziphi iintlobo zomthetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimbambano yabo baze baqonde indlela abasebenzisana ngayo. Umzekelo, iphulo lokuvota lingabandakanya umthetho (UMthetho wamaLungelo karhulumente weSizwe), umthetho womgaqo-siseko (umgaqo-siseko olinganayo wokhuseleko), nomthetho wolawulo (ibhodi yonyulo yasekuhlaleni).

Iinkundla Ezingalawulekiyo Nezityholo

Iinkundla zenziwe zalatha ithala, yaye kuyazi ukuba liphi ityala elibalulekileyo.

  • Iinkundla zezentengiso---apho kuthethwa khona amatyala kuqala. Ubungqina bunikwa, amatyala angagqiba izibakala, kwaye abagwebi bamisele umthetho kwiimbambano zomthetho. Kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S., ezi ziiNkundla zeSithili.
  • [[QUE:0] Iinkundla zeSibheno – Izigqibo zoHlaziyo zeenkundla zamatyala. Azibuva ubungqina obutsha; zigqiba ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zenzekile na. IiNkundla zesiphaluka zeQeqephu zeZibheno zingumgangatho ophakathi.
  • [[UMKCIT: 0] Inkundla ephezulu – Inkundla yeenguqu zokugqibela. Igqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala okuva (i-certiori). Imithetho yayo ibophelelekile kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi.

Ukongezelela, kukho iinkundla ezikhethekileyo (umz., inkundla yerhafu, inkundla ewiswa ngamali) kunye neenkqubo zenkundla ezinxulumeneyo. Jurision(igunya lenkundla) lokuphulaphula ityala(h) lixhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nemeko-bume, imibandela, kunye namaqela abandakanyekileyo. Umxhasi wezopolitiko kumazwe ngamazwe kufuneka aqwalasele iindlela zenkundla yorhulumente neyorhulumente.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho: Apho Unokuyifumana Khona Imithetho

Umthetho usuka kwimithombo emininzi, kwaye ukwazi ukufumana amaziko angundoqo asemthethweni bubuchule obusebenzisekayo. Imithombo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Staolies – Ipapashwe kwimithetho yentlanganiso kwaye iqukunjelwe kwikhowudi ecacileyo (umz., Ikhowudi ye-United States, iikhowudi zombuso).
  • Imithetho – Ipapashwe kwiirejista zikarhulumente (umz., iFederal Register) kwaye yaqulunqwa kwiKhowudi yeMiqathango yoManyano (CFR).
  • Umthetho we-Case – Opapashwa kwiincutshe zenkundla (umz., Iingxelo ze-U.S. zeNkundla ePhakamileyo). Ii-database ze-intanethi ezikhululekileyo ezifana noGoogle Umvuli kunye neewebsite zenkundla zinika ukufikelela.
  • Izithethe – Umthetho ophezulu; ufumaneka koovimba bakarhulumente okanye amanxuwa anjenge Iqumrhu lolwazi lobuLungu.

Akuyomfuneko ukuba abo bacebisi babe ngabaphengululi abasemthethweni, kodwa ukuqhelana nale mithombo kuyanceda xa kusetyenziswa amagqwetha okanye kulungiselelwa izinto zobugcisa.

Iinkqubo zomthetho

Iinkqubo zomthetho zilandela imithetho ecacileyo enokuntsonkotha kodwa ekwaziyo ukulungiselela. Ukuqonda isiphango sobomi jikelele setyala .ukusuka kukwenziwa kwesicelo /iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ukucwangcisa ixesha elililo, uqingqo-mali, nokuphepha imigibe eqhelekileyo.

Ukuqalisa Ityala: Izikhalazo, Izibongozo Nokuma

Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya aqala xa ummangalelwa (umbutho ozisa isikhalazo okanye isicelo) enkundla. Uxwebhu luchaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala kunye neso siphumo esifunwayo (umonakalo wemali, umyalelo, isindululo). Ukuzisa ityala, i-palitiff kufuneka ibe [ ime] umonakalo ocacileyo obangelwa yinkundla enokuthi inkundla ikwazi ukuyilungisa. Amaqela e-Actificity asoloko elungiselela iimfuno ezininzi zokuqinisekisa ukuba zihlangatyelwe, ingakumbi kumatyala okusingqongileyo okanye amalungelo abantu.

Emva kokubhala, ummangalelwa unikwa isikhalazo kwaye kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elimisiweyo. Ukungaphenduli kungaphumela kumgwebo ongagqibekanga. Eli nyathelo lenkqubo lidla ngokuba lithuba lokuqala lokugxothwa okanye ingxubusho yokuhlaliswa.

Intshukumo, Iindlebe Nokufunyanwa Kwazo

Xa ityala liqhubeka, iinguqu zefayile zamaqela ukucela inkundla ukuba ilawule kwimiba ethile. Izenzo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha [[UMTL: 1] – I-Argues ukuba nokuba izibakala ziyinyaniso, umthetho awuwuxhasi lo mba.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Motion yesigwebo sesishwankathelo [-Argees ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo kwaye iqela linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho ukunyanzela [ – ucela inkundla ukuba inyanzelise elinye icala ukuvelisa ubungqina ngexesha lokufunyanwa.

Ukufunyaniswa kwangaphambi kovavanyo kukwinqanaba apho amatheko atshintshisana khona ulwazi ngomcuphi, ngezicelo zoxwebhu, kunye neemfuno. Kubantu abafuna ukukhuthazwa kwenkonzo, ukufunyanwa kwento ekhoyo kusenokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokutyhila ubungqina bobubi, kodwa kwakhona kunyanzelisa iimbopheleleko zokutyhila amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo. Ukuqonda oko kufunyenweyo (kwanokukhuselwa lilungelo) kubalulekile.

Ukuvavanywa Kwalo Nangaphezulu

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokuhamba okanye ngokuhlaliswa, liqhubekeka licinezelwe. Kwikhasi elijongene netyala ijaji igqiba zonke inyani kunye nomthetho; kwityala labachopheli-tyala, limisa izibakala. Emva kwesigqibo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayifaka ifayile yeminxeba yasemva kwenkundla laza labhenela kwizibheno. Izibheno zijolise kwimposiso ezingokwasemthethweni, hayi kwizibakala eziphinda zabekwa.

Izakhono kufuneka ziqonde ukuba ukuhlahlela kuthatha iminyaka. Ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo malunga nexesha, ukupapashwa kwengxelo yejelo-nkqubo, kunye namaphulo afanayo okufumana inkxaso-mali (umz., ukubhenela kwimithetho, ukuphanda kwabantu) kuyacinezela. Imibutho emininzi ephumelelayo isebenzisa i-ligignign njengesixhobo esinye phakathi kwabaninzi.

Imigaqo engundoqo engokwasemthethweni yezokhuselo lwabaxhasi

Olu luhlu lwandisiweyo ludlulela ngaphaya kwesiseko ukuquka iingcamango ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ekubangeleni umdla woluntu.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umthetho ocacileyo – Iqela eliqala ukumangalelana.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Defantint – Iqela eligwetyiweyo okanye elichongiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iligalelo – Yonke inkqubo yokuthatha inyathelo elisemthethweni kwiinkundla.
  • I-Injuct – Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza isenzo esithile. imiyalelo yeProtalianiss ifunwa kwangoko ukugcina ubume bemeko elindele ukuvavanywa.
  • Amicus Curiae – "Indawo yenkundla"; inxenye engeyoyantlukwano enikezela ngobuchule obufutshane okanye isiphumezi-miyalelo. Iintlangano ze-Accis zisoloko zifaka ifayile ye-mecius kufutshane ukugxininisa iziphumo ezibanzi zesothetine.
  • Isenzo -A ityala libekwe liqumrhu lomelo ngenxa yeqela elikhulu elithelekisayo. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla xa ingozi ichaphazela abantu abaninzi (umz., ukuqhatha kwabathengi, ungcoliso lwemekobume).
  • Ukuma – ilungelo elisemthethweni lokumangalela, elifuna ingozi, ukubuyisela, nokubuyisela.
  • Imposiso – Yisigqibo sangaphambili senkundla esikhokela amatyala exesha elizayo. [[FTL:2] Status decisis iyimfundiso yemizekelo elandelayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] I-Certiorari – umyalelo weqhinga leNkundla ePhakamileyo wokuhlola isigqibo senkundla esezantsi. Kuphela malunga ne-1% yezibongozo ezinikezelwayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] USubpoena – Umyalelo osemthethweni wokuvelisa amaxwebhu okanye ukungqina. Abasebenzi bangafumana iipenari kwaye kufuneka bazi ukuba bangasabela njani.

Ukuwaqonda kakuhle la mazwi kunceda abo bakhuthaza ukunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo namagqwetha, izinto eziphembelela abantu ukuba babhale izinto baze baqonde iingxelo zenkundla.

Ukusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo kwenkqubo yomthetho yoTshintsho lweNtlalo

Umthetho wobuGcisa nowokubethana kudla ngokuhambelana, kodwa kufuneka kwenziwe iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo: Ukutshintsha Umthetho Ngetyala Lenkundla

Isiphumo sonikezelo (okanye inkxalabo kawonke-wonke) ibandakanya ukuzisa ityala ngokukhethekileyo ukuseka umzekelo omtsha osemthethweni okanye ukunyanzelisa amalungelo akhoyo kwiqela elikhulu. Imizekelo e-FAUT iquka [[FLT: 0]bnn v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (i-disecision) kunye ewell v. Hodges[ (ukulingana komtshato). Iimeko eziqhelekileyo ziyafuna:

  • Ukukhetha ngenyameko abahlaseli nezibakala ezinamandla nezinovelwano.
  • Ingcamango ecacileyo engokwasemthethweni exhaswa yimigaqo ekhoyo okanye engokomGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukuququzelelana namaqela olwaphulo-mthetho, amajelo eendaba, namaphulo owiso-mthetho.
  • Umgangatho ophezulu womelo olusemthethweni, ngokufuthi kumafemu angenangeniso yomthetho okanye kumakliniki asemthethweni.

Asiyonkupho nganye elungele isiphumo. Yinto ebangela unikezelo nophumelo olungaqinisekanga. Kodwa xa iphumelela, ingayitshintsha ngokukhawuleza indlela esemthethweni.

IAmicus Ifutshane njenge Izixhobo Zobuqhinga

Nokuba umbutho awulolungu kwityala, ungaphembelela isigqibo senkundla ngokufaka i-alumicus curiae shwaka. Ezi nkcukacha zifutshane zinika ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, uphando oluphicothayo, okanye ezinye iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni. Umzekelo, imibutho yamalungelo endlu ingayifaka phantsi i-amics kwityala elimalunga nemithetho yokugxotha ukuchonga iziphumo eziphantsi zoluntu.

Iinkundla zisoloko zikhankanya i-amicu mishwana, ingakumbi xa zinika ugcino-lwazi olungekhoyo kwenye indawo kwingxelo. Inxuwa leMelika Bar Association[[FLT: 1] inikeza izikhokelo kuqheliso lwe-amicu.

Ukunxibelelana Neingcali Zezomthetho Nesiluleko SeproBono

Abasebenzi banqabile ukuba babe namaqondo omthetho, kodwa bayakwazi ukufumana ubuchule obusemthethweni ngonxulumano. Iifekta ezininzi zomthetho kunye namagqwetha anikela iprobo iinkonzo zobulungisa bentlalo-ntle. Iintlangano ezifana ne ACLU kunye [FLT] ne[FLT] Shimplg [ ziphatha iziphumo ezipheleleyo. Ukwakha ulwalamano nezikolo zomthetho zasekuhlaleni (ezisoloko zineenkqubo zophatho lolwazi) kunye nonxulumano lwe-provo zinokuvula iiminyango.

Xa usebenza namagqwetha, unxibelelwano olucacileyo malunga nosukelo lwephulo, iintambo zexesha, kunye nokungaqeshwa kwemithetho kuyimfuneko. AbaLawuli baqeqeshelwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko ongokwasemthethweni, ngoxa abaxhasi besenokubeka impembelelo kawonke wonke kwindawo yokuqala. Impumelelo yentsebenziswano ifuna ukuhlonelana nokuqondana icebo.

Imithombo yabameli nabasebenzi

Ukunyanzelisa inkqubo yomthetho yodwa kungummangaliso. Ngethamsanqa, kukho ubutyebi obuninzi bokuxhasa abaxhasi kumgangatho ngamnye(ukusuka kumalungelo okuqonda ukufumana umelo.

Iinkonzo zoNcedo loMgaqo-siseko

Kubantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho emincinane enoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo, amaqumrhu oncedo olusemthethweni anikela uncedo olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni (umz., indlu, intsapho, ukufuduka). Inkonzo ye-Legegial Services Corporation [ iinkqubo zemali kwiiUnity formatic therectal probono. Amaqela anokufuna uncedo kwiinkampani ezingangeni ngeniso zomthetho ezinjenge [[FLT:] kuMazantsi oMthetho wobuhlwempungezo okanye [FLT:] [FLT] Immarracrectal [FF]

Isiseko sedata se-Opain se-Group

Uncedo olukhululekileyo lwe-intanethi luguqule umgangatho wolwazi lomthetho. Amanxuwa angundoqo aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iqumrhu loLwazi (LII)[[FLT] – Imkelwe yiCornell Law School; inika iingcaciso zolwimi olucacileyo lwemixholo engokwasemthethweni kunye nokufikelela kuMthetho we-U.S. umgaqo kunye neembono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • USA.gov Services zomthetho – Ulawulo lukarhulumente noncedo olungelulo ngeniso.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Justia – Inika umthetho womzekelo wesibabalo, imimiselo, kunye nezikhokelo zoluntu.
  • [FLT] Uncedo. org – Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zoncedo olusemthethweni ngurhulumente.

Uninzi lwale ndawo luquka amacandelo akhethekileyo athetha ngabameli, athetha ngemibandela efana nendlela yokubhala isikhalazo, indlela yokusabela kwinkundla engaphantsi kwenqanawa, nendlela yokufumana iifomu zenkundla.

Uqeqesho Neevenkile Zomsebenzi

Imibutho emininzi inikela iinkqubo zoqeqesho kumthetho wokulawula abangengomthetho. Umzekelo:

  • I- iKhomishini yeMelika Bar Association engoMthetho woTyelelo lukawonke-wonke inika ii-injini kwilithi yentlalo.
  • Abalawuli bomthetho besizwe Guid baqhuba "wazi amalungelo akho" uqeqesho kunye neenkqubo zomqwalaseli osemthethweni ukwenzela ukuqhankqalaza.
  • Izikolo zomthetho zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zifumana iziphaluka zomsebenzi kumthetho wengingqi, kumalungelo abantu abafudukayo, okanye kumalungelo okuvota. La ngamathuba abalaseleyo okufunda ngqo kubafundisi nakubafundi bomthetho.

Abaxhasi abaninzi bafumanisa ukuba ishishini leempela - veki kwiinkqubo zenkundla ezibiza imali eninzi liyazithintela iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi kamva.

Ukuhlala Ufundile Yaye Ubandakanyekile

Umthetho utshintsha ngokuqhubekayo, imimiselo emitsha iyadluliselwa, isigwebo senkundla sibhukuqa imodeli, kwaye abameli kufuneka bagcine umnwe kwimiqathango yenkqubela-phambili yomthetho ehambelana nesizathu sabo. Ukubophelela kwii-blog ezisemthethweni (umz., ] SCUSTUSH]), ukulandela ujongo lweNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nokuchonga imikhondo yemithetho-projekthi kungumgaqo osebenzayo. Ukudibanisa uluhlu lwe-imeyili lwemibutho enjenge [[FLT:][FLT] okanye [FLT] olubonisa ulwazi lwezenteyina (ICP] [FLT]] [FLT]]

Ukongezelela, abaxhasi banokuthabatha inxaxheba kumaxesha okugqabaza kawonke-wonke ngemimiselo ecetyiweyo ``inkqubo yomthetho evumela nabani na ukuba akhuphe ingxelo. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla kodwa esingaphantsi kwesakhono. I-atmosfera kufuneka ziqwalasele zonke izimvo, kwaye iphulo elilungelelanisiweyo lingenza amawaka emithetho ecwangcisiweyo ecwangcisiweyo.

Inkqubo yomthetho asiyonqaba engangenekiyo; luludwe lweenkqubo kunye namaziko anokufundwa nokuququzelelwa ngokunempumelelo. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo, amagama angundoqo, ukufikelela koovimba abakhoyo, kunye nokusebenzisana neingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, abaxhasi kunye nabaxhasi bamazwe banokuwuguqula umthetho ube ngumkhosi wokusesikweni. Olu lwazi aluqinisekisi uloyiso kodwa lususa ukoyika abangaziwayo, luvumela i-activivoism ukuba ibe yeyonkcitho neyobuchule.