Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya oManyano

Amagunya karhulumente wezwelonke eWashington, D.C. aphuma ngqo kwi-posi zomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uxwebhu olwenzelwe ubuchule ukuchaza nokulinganisela amandla esizwe. Inqaku lomGaqo-siseko I libala amagunya athile anikwe iCongress − kuquka amandla okukhupha imali, ukubhengeza imikhosi, ukulawula urhwebo lwezombuso, kunye nokuseka ii-posi. La mandla adweliswe ngokubhekiseleleneyo acetyiswa ukuba abe nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo; [[FLT:] uLawulo lweziphenethi [[FL:]] lwe-10] olucacileyo [[FLT]] onke amandla angagunyaziswanga kumazwe aseUnited States kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Ngoko ke, umGawuququze uqule iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo ze-Clayitile.[FLD [F2] [FFFT] [F] [FT3] [3] [ith] [ixP] [ixP] [ixt], 89], iSigalelo se

Umthetho woburhulumente ongqubanayo u-Claus [imithetho ye-Artle VI] iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente yenziwa ukuba iqheleke nguwo “mthetho owenziwe waphezulu welizwe,” uphakamisa nawuphi na umthetho welizwe ongqubanayo. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba xa iBhunga lisebenza kwigunya lalo elisemthethweni, imithetho yalo ibopha uhlanga lonke `kuquka isithilini saseColumbia. kunye, la malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko zenza ukwakhiwa komthetho apho onke amagunya orhulumente asebenza khona ku-D.C. phulo.

Ukwanda Kwegunya Lomanyano Ngokwembali

Ngeli xesha urhulumente wantlandlolo wezwe wangaphambili wayemncinane, igunya lakhe lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngomthetho ophawulayo, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Imfazwe yangaphakathi ilungiswe `th, 14th, kunye ne15 . [iBhunga elipheleleyo] `iBhunga elinamandla lokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo, ngokusisiseko iguqula umlinganiselo wesigqeba sorhulumente. [[[FLT]]16th Amend [1913] Isinyuso sengeniso yemali yorhulumente, inika iWashington isixhobo esinamandla sokuhlawula ingeniso, enokuthi ibhalise phantsi kolwando olukhulu lweenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Ngexesha leDabare, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachaza iCentury Claus yanda ngokuphawulekayo. [FLT]] Wickard v. Filburn [1942] , iNkundla yathi kwanemveliso yengqolowa yasekuhlaleni echithwe kwifama izakulawulwa yiBhunga ngenxa yokuba ichaphazele ushishino lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Le mizekelo ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alawule imisebenzi emininzi yezoqoqosho, aqhubele phambili amandla eWashington. Kamva, [[FLT.FLT:] Great Society [FLT:] iinkqubo zoomatilo-1960] zokuthelekisa imfundo yoluntu, uphuhlisophuhlisolwazi lwezentlalo-ntle yemeko-ntle, uphuhlisongingqine.

Amandla Agcinelwe iWashington, D.C.

Ngenxa yokuba iSithili saseColumbia asingorhulumente, urhulumente wesizwe unegunya phezu kwaso elahlukileyo kulwalamano lwawo namaphondo angama-50. La mandla asekelwe kwiQumrhu I, iCandelo 8, uClause 17, elinika igunya lowiso-mthetho elipheleleyo kwiKhomishini yeNkqutyana “ukulinywa kukarhulumente waseUnited States.” Eli binzana lomGaqo-siseko liyindawo ephantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente wesithili kwaye liquka iindawo eziliqela ezikhethekileyo:

Umthetho noLawulo

IBhunga linamandla okumisela imithetho esebenza ngqo kwiSithili saseColumbia. Ngeli xesha uMthetho woMthetho wasekhaya ka-1973 unike amagunya athile owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga le-D.C., iKhomishini ihlala inelungelo lokuhlola nokubhukuqa nawuphi na umthetho wasekuhlaleni ngexesha elimisiweyo (inkqubo yokumisela”). Oku kuthetha ukuba igunya elipheleleyo lowiso-mthetho wesithili likwindawo ekwiNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu. Umzekelo, iBhunga lisebenzise eli gunya ukuvala iD.C. ekusebenziseni imali yasekuhlaleni kwinkonzo yokukhupha isisuso nokuphelisa imiqathango ethile yolawulo yemipu eqhutywa kwindawo ethile.

Irhafu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uhlawula irhafu yengeniso kubo bonke abemi kunye namashishini eWashington, D.C. Ukongeza, iPernern Revotion Service (IRS) inika intlawulo yerhafu karhulumente kwisithili selizwe lonke. D.C. abemi balapho bahlawula imali eninzi kwirhafu karhulumente kunabemi balo naliphi na ilizwe, ukanti abanalo umelo lokuvota kwiBhunga-salathisi kungxoxo yephondo. Isithili sikwaxhomekeke kwintlawulo lwaminyaka lesizwe (ngokutsho njalo libizwa “imali ehlawulwayo yeSithilini saseColumbian".) ukuhlawula intlawulo lwerhafu yerhafu kurhulumente worhulumente kunye neendleko zorhulumente.

Ukhuselo nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Umongameli, njengomphathi-ntloko, umisa amajoni ukukhusela ikomkhulu. ISithili saseColumbia Nationalgaard sahlukile: ngamaxesha ongxamiseko, umongameli angayalela ukuba i-FOL [[FLT:] umlawuli womthetho.. urhulumente womkhosi wolawulo lwamandla (ii-[[[FLT:]]]]] i-Sterolic , [[FLT]]] [FLT]]]] [12]] [iiSebe lobupolitiki] [[FLT], eliful], [FFFOLT], elifulv], elinolawulo lwe-DS.[FUT], [FULT], [12], elifulv], elinolawulo.[FT][3], [FUT], uG.[10]

Imicimbi yamazwe asemzini

IWashington, D.C. sisiziko lomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe. Urhulumente wesizwe uqhuba zonke izibonelelo zobugqeba, uthethana, uququzelela izivumelwano, izivumelwano zamazwe angaphandle, kwaye ulawula izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ``zisekelwe kwikomkhulu. ISebe leSizwe, iSebe leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iMission, kunye namanye amaqumrhu asebenzayo asebenza ukusuka kwiD.C., kwaye isithili siphantsi kweembopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe ezinokuthi zithathe indawo yemithetho yasekuhlaleni (umz., ukulawulwa kwemithetho yezoburhulumente). Ulawulo olupheleleyo lwemicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe luthetha ukuba u-D.C.

Umgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo lweInterstate

Njengesihlalo solawulo lwezorhwebo lwezwe, iWashington, D.C. ichatshazelwa ngqo yimithetho kunye namaqumrhu afana iFEderal Trade Commission (FFTC), ] i-Fledal Commissions (FC)[FLT] [FLT]], kwaye ] ikhutshwa i-FOTY]. Urhulumente ulawula imibutho yezothutho (inqanawa, izikhupho zenqwelo-moya) enqumla iDC. Ngaphezu koko, DC.

Imeko Ekhethekileyo Yesithili saseColumbia

ISithili saseColumbia sinobukho bomGaqo-siseko. Asiyiyo imeko, kwaye asinayo nevoti kwiBhunga, kodwa abahlali balapho baphantsi kwayo yonke imithetho karhulumente kwaye bahlawula irhafu karhulumente. 23rd Amend Amendment [ [1961]] [i-1961]) inikwe D.C. Abahlali banelungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli kwaye bahlulela isithili sovotithathathathathathathu sokhetho lokhetho lonyulo kwaye eli liyinani elifanayo nemeko encinane, phezu kokuba iD.C. Ukuba nabemi bakhulu kunamazwe amaninzi (kuquka iVermont neWyoming).

Phantsi koMthetho woMthetho wasekhaya ka 1973, isithili sanikwa urhulumente olinganiselweyo, nosonyulwa ngusodolophu kunye nebhunga elinamalungu ali-13. Noko ke, iKhomishini iyakwazi ukungawuvumeli nawuphi na umthetho wasekuhlaleni kwientsuku ezingama-30 zomthetho-wisogration. Oku kwenzeke amaxesha amaninzi, ngokuphawulekayo xa iBhunga likwalelwe ukuba likhuphe inzala yoluntu kwiinkonzo zokuqhomfa, kwaye xa lithintela ulwanohlahlomelo lwerhafu. Isithili asinako ukumela kwiBhabhile kwaye kuphela umthunywa ongengomeli wendlu yama-30 yemithetho-gqwele-ntenenti othetha nokuzisa iityala kodwa akanakurhoxanduva ivota.

Ulawulo noxinezeleko lolawulo lwengingqi noLawulo

Ulawulo lukarhulumente lweD.C. ludala ingxwabangxwaba engapheliyo. Umongameli umisela abagwebi benkundla yesithili yesithili, kwaye iAttorney yase-U.S. ekwiSithili seColumbia imangalela amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asekuhlaleni (ilungiselelo elikhethekileyo elingafunyanwanga nakuyiphi na iphondo). Kwakhona urhulumente ulawula iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNkundla yezibheno, eyinxalenye yenkundla yephondo yephondo kunokuba ibe yinkundla yenkundla karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba iD.C.

Ulawulo lohlahlo-mali lolunye ulawulo. Ingqungquthela kufuneka ivume uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lweD.C. kwaye isoloko idibanisa abakhweli benkqubo , kwaye imilinganiselo ethintela indlela imali yendawo enokuthi isetyenziswe ngayo. Umzekelo, abakhweli baye bathintela iD.C. ekusebenziseni ingeniso yabo yerhafu ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokutshintshiselana ngeenaliti, ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yezonyango, kwaye, eyona idumileyo, iinkonzo zokuqhomfa. Aba bakhweli bafakwa phezu kwayo nje into yokuba iD.C.

Okusesikweni Kokwaphula Umthetho

Indima karhulumente karhulumente kwi-D.C. imo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ebanzi. ISithili saseColumbia sikuphela kwegunya elilawula i-U.S. apho urhulumente wesizwe ekwanemali ngqo kwaye ejonge khona iqumrhu lamapolisa lasekuhlaleni elijongene nemithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni imiselwe yiKhonkxalazelo. Ngo-2023, iKhomishini yovotelwa ukuba ingayivumeli inkqubo enkulu yezomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho oye wadluliselwa libhunga-mthetho weBhunga (D.C). isebenzisa igunya layo phantsi koMthetho we-Lime Act woMthetho wamapolisa wasekuhlaleni ukuvala umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Olu hlobo lokuphazamisa kwequmrhuluko luyelo luye luqinise ingcamango yokuba i-D.C.

Umelo Noshishino Lolawulo

Eyona mpikiswano ihlala ihleli malunga neD.C. kukungamela kwayo uvotelo kwiBhunga. Abahlali “bangamelelwanga melo” ngokwengqiqo yokoqobo: bahlawula irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, bakhonza emkhosini, kwaye bangaphantsi kwayo yonke imithetho karhulumente, kodwa abanawo amaqumrhu kunye nothumo-zintsebenziswano olungelulo ncedo. Le mbambano ibiyindawo ekhuthaza amalungelo abantu, isigwebo sobuhlanga, kunye nabameli bedemokhrasi kamashumi eminyaka.

Intshukumo yale mihla yolawulo yafumana amandla ngeKhomishini yoBurhulumente.C. iKomishini yoBurhulumente kunye neendleko zexesha nexesha kwiBhunga. Ngo-2021, iNdlu yabameli yadlula i iShahington, D.C.. Actigract (H. 51]), enokuthi ivume isithili njengemeko epheleleyo, i-(i-"i-"indlu encinane yengingqi engqongileyo yeCapitol, i-White House, ne-National Mall. Ityala lafa kwiNtlanganiso ye-Genearbierbuster. Abaxhasi bachasayo baphikisa ukuba okungekho sikweni okungoko kwimbali: DC. i-octivereastsss, i-4% i-odventiast, i-ognodentiast i-modentiast ifuna ukuba i-gne.

Imiphumo Enokwenzeka Yoburhulumente

  • Umelo oluPhakathi lweKhonkcotha-ngqungquthela: D.C. lungazuza ii-sentenant ezimbini kunye nelungu elinye lokuvota eNdlu, linika abemi balo abangamakhulu asixhenxe amawaka ilizwi kumthetho wesizwe.
  • I-Autonomy ekwindawo engqongileyo: Umbuso omtsha ungabhala owawo umgaqo-siseko, ulawule inkqubo yenkundla, ubeke iirhafu zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kwabakhweli borhulumente, kwaye ulawule ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuzimeleyo.
  • IRamiticals: Ukongeza abaphathi-mikhosi ababini bedemocratic banokutshintsha umlinganiselo weNdlu yeNtlanganiso, kungenxa yokuba le nto ihlala ingenamkhethe. ULawulo lwe 23 lweSimilo-Mdibaniso luzakufuna ukuphinda luqaliswe okanye lulungiswe ukunqanda ukudideka neevoti zonyulo zelizwe elitsha.
  • Isiphumo soqoqosho: D.C. ibingayi kuphinda ifumane intlawulo karhulumente kodwa ibiya kufumana ulawulo olupheleleyo kuqingqo-mali lwayo; isenokubeka irhafu kwimpahla karhulumente kwimida yayo (awona mazwe amaninzi asekuhlaleni anokuhlala ekhululekile).

Uphuhliso Lwangoku kunye nendlela engaphambili

Ngo-2024, D.C. ulawulo lwe Biden luyaqhubeka luphikiswana. Ulawulo lwe Biden lubonise inkxaso, kodwa iNdlu yeQela inguMqobo ongundoqo. Abanye abameli baye batshintshela uqwalaselo kwezinye iindlela, ezifana neretrocessition (ukubuyisela iD.C. kunye noMaryland) okanye ukunika u-D.C. amalungelo okuvota ngomthetho olula ovumela umthunywa ukuba avote kumgangatho weNdlu. Noko ke, umelo lweBhunga lomgaqo-1978 luye lwadlulisela intlawulo lokunika iD.C. Umelo lweBhunga ludlulise zombini amagumbi kodwa lwawisa amaphondo amafutshane kodwa lwawa kufutshane, umboniso wokunyuka konyuko.

Ngeli thuba, iKhomishini iqhubeke iwulawula ngokusemthethweni umthetho we-D.C. ngentwasahlobo yowama-2024, kwavela impikiswano entsha ngenkxaso yemfundo ephakamileyo nemigaqo-siseko yerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ulawulo oluqhubekayo lukarhulumente kwimicimbi yesithili lugcina umba uphambili kwimixholo yesithili kwaye lukhuthaza umbutho woburhulumente. Nasiphi isigqibo sexesha elide siza kufuneka sicombulule zombini ubuntlola bomgaqo-siseko kunye neenyaniso zezobupolitika zorhulumente owahlulelene ngokunzulu.

Isiphelo

Amagunya agcinelwe iWashington, D.C. phantsi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente athe anda, asekelwe kumGaqo-siseko kwaye anwenwe kwiinkulungwane zomthetho kunye nokutolikwa. Ukusuka kwirhafu nakukhuselo lowiso-mthetho olupheleleyo ukuya kwigunya lowiso-mthetho elipheleleyo kwisithili, ubukho borhulumente eD.C. bubumba zonke iinkalo zobomi kubemi bayo. Ukunqongophala komelo olupheleleyo kwiBhunga lorhulumente noloyiko oluqhubekayo lwegunya likarhulumente lolawulo lukarhulumente oweMelika. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo zibalulekile kubafundi abafunda i-U.S. kodwa nakomnye umntu oxhalatyiswa yi-demokhrasi, urhulumente, urhulumente, i-orhulumente kunye ne-ogxanduva lwephondo. Njengokuba ingxube-ncopho yephondo yephondo nolawulo lorhulumente luqhubeka, ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente wase-Washington, DC. kunye norhulumente uya kuhlala kungenelwa imbambano yomthetho-mthetho we-Rogralitiki yaseMelika.

[[NTL:0] ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona Iziko lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ ku-Claus ofunekayo nofanelekileyo, U.S. inkcazo yeNtlalo yamandla ezwe [, kunye ne D.C.ibhesi ye-location[.