Indima YaBagwebi: Ukutolika Imithetho Nokubona Izilingo Ngokugqith ’ Egceni

Abagwebi bakwindawo ephambili kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yomthetho esebenzayo, abasebenza njengabaxhasi abangakhethi buso abasebenzisa umthetho ukucombulula iingxabano nokuphakamisa okusesikweni. Igunya labo lidlulela ngaphaya kokwenza izigqibo; bachaza imimiselo, bavavanya ubungqina, kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ziqhubeka. Ubunzima bolawulo lomgwebi bungachaphazeleki kungekuphela nje amaqela akhoyo kodwa kwakhona bamisela imizekelo ebumba umhlaba osemthethweni kangangeminyaka ezayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimbopheleleko ezininzi zabagwebi, imigaqo ewalathisa umsebenzi wabo, iingxaki abajamelana nazo, nendlela indima yabo eqhubeka ngayo iguquka kwihlabathi.

Imisebenzi YaBagwebi Yekhori

Umsebenzi womgwebi uquka imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ekuphatheni okusesikweni. Le misebenzi ifuna ulwazi olunzulu olungokwasemthethweni, ubuchule bonyango nokungakhethi buso okungagungqiyo.

Ukutolika Imithetho

Eyona nto iphambili kwindima yetyala kukutolikwa kwemithetho. Abagwebi kufuneka bahlulele imimiselo enzima, imimiselo, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko okumisela indlela ezisebenza ngayo kwizibakala zetyala. Le nkqubo idla ngokuquka ukuvavanya iinjongo zemithetho, izigqibo zenkundla zangaphambi, nentsingiselo ecacileyo yombhalo. Kwinkqubo zomthetho eqhelekileyo, utoliko olunye lwezomthetho lungamisela umzekelo onyanzelisayo apho iinkundla ezisezantsi zimele zilandele khona. Umzekelo, iU.S. indlela yeNkuhlaziywa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yokuchaza uLawulo lweSine . [Ohiou:] Mapp v. [1961]]) ngokucacileyo intsingiselo yendlela yolwazi oluchaziwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ukubona Izilingo Ngokugqith ’ Emgceni

Abagwebi basebenza njengabagcini-sango benkqubo yenkundla, beqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla ziqulunqwa kakuhle kwaye zisebenza kakuhle. Balawula ngokweentshukumo, bagqibe ngobungqina obuvumelekileyo, baze bafundise abagwebi abasemthethweni. Ngexesha letyala, abagwebi bagcina indlela efanelekileyo, balawule ucwangciso, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba omabini amacala anethuba elifanelekileyo lokuchaza ityala lawo. Ngaphandle komphathi, inkqubo yejaji, i-adstaririal inokuba yingxwabangxwabangxwaba. Le ndima ibaluleke kakhulu kumatyala aphezulu apho imvakalelo iphezulu.

Ukwenza Ulawulo Ngentshukumo Nobungqina

Ngaphambi naxa kuchotshelwa ityala, abagwebi balawula iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ezinokubumba iziphumo zetyala. Ezi ziquka ukuthatha inyathelo lokugxotha, ukuthatha inyathelo ukuze kukhutshwe umgwebo ofutshane, kunye nokuhamba kwentshukumo ukuze kukhutshelwe ubungqina. Isigqibo ngasinye kufuneka siqwalaselwe ngenyameko. Ngokomzekelo, ijaji kufuneka ilungelelanise ixabiso eliphambili lobungqina obuchasene nomngcipheko wekhethe elingekho sikweni xa igqiba enoba iyayivuma kusini na, njengokuba kuchazwe phantsi kwemithetho efana noMthetho weQeqesho oQhebekileyo 403 kwiNkundla yeeNteko ze-U.S.

Ukugweba

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, abagwebi bamisela izigwebo kubamangalelwa abagwetyiweyo. Le mbopheleleko ifuna ukuba ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lwempindezelo, ukunqanda ukunqandwa, nokubuyiselwa konyango. Abagwebi baqwalasela imigaqo ye-state, ubungqongqo betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neengxelo zeziphumo zexhoba. Injongo kukunikela isigwebo esilungelelanisiweyo kwaye nje ngokulula ukukhusela uluntu. Umzekelo, ijaji isenokukhetha isigwebo sokuzimela ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zonyango zomntu owenze amatyala angenazizo iziyobisi ukuze alungise ityala lomntu ophethweyo.

Inkululeko Yomthetho

Ukuzimela geqe kungunobangela osisiseko womthetho. Kuvumela abagwebi ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nakubungqina obuchaphazelekayo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisana.

Ukuphenjelelwa Yimpembelelo Yezobupolitika

Kulawulo-mpukane oluninzi, abagwebi bamiselwa kunokuba banyulwe ukuba babakhusele kwiingcinezelo zobupolitika. Ngoxa unyulo lwabagwebi lukho kwamanye amazwe ase-U.S., kwenziwa imigudu yokunciphisa impembelelo yabalawuli ngezixhobo ezingathanga nxaxheba okanye ngokufanelekileyo. Ngezizwe, amaqumrhu afana neZizwe Ezingundoqo kwi-Idependence of the Judiciary igxininisa ukuba abagwebi kufuneka bagqibe izinto “ngokungakhethiyo, ngokusekelwe kwizibakalayo nangokuvisisana nomthetho, ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na imiqathango, iimpembelelo ezingafanelekanga, iimpembelelo, iingcinezelo, okanye izigxaso.” ([FLT]]] Imigaqo esisiseko ye-UN.]]

Ukhuseleko

Abagwebi abaninzi basebenza ubomi babo bonke okanye de kube lixesha elisemthethweni lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, eliqinisa ukuzimela kwabo ngokususa uloyiko lokususwa ngenxa yezigqibo ezingathandwayo. Umzekelo, abagwebi besizwe eUnited States bamiselwe ubomi phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko, abanokungacelelwa kuphela xa kusenziwa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu. Olu khuseleko lubavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezinzima, njengokubetha imithetho engekho mgaqo-siseko, ngaphandle kokuxhalabela ukukhuselwa umsebenzi.

Impinda yezeejaji

Kwinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko, abagwebi banamandla okuhlola isigwebo, `abasemagunyeni okuhlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo kumgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya, elimiselwe e-U.S. ngu- Marybury v. Madison [183]), livumela abagwebi ukuba babethe imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko. Isebenza njengokuhlola amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo lwezikhundla, imbombo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi lwalethi.

Inkqubo Yogwebo: Ukusuka Ekuthetheni Ukuya Kwisigwebo

Indima yomgwebi iquka yonke ibhayisekile yobomi yetyala, ukusuka kwifashoni yokuqala ukuya kwintshukumo zasemva kovavanyo. Isigaba ngasinye sifuna ulwazi oluthile lwemvelaphi kunye nongamelo olungakhethi buso.

Inkqubela-phambili yangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ityala, abagwebi basingatha intetha-mali yemiba yokuqala. Babeka ibheyile kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, baphulaphule iintshukumo zokugxotha, baze balawule iimpikiswano zokufunyanwa. Kwingxoxo entsonkothileyo yemiba, abagwebi bangenza ucwangciso lweengqungquthela ukuze bamisele ixesha. Iinkqubo zangaphambi kovavanyo zinokuqukumbela phambili okanye zicombulule ityala ngaphandle kwetyala, njengangoko kugwetywa ngokufutshane xa kungekho mpikiswano eyinyaniso.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala, abagwebi ngabagwebi. Balawula ngokuchasa okucacileyo, bayalela abachopheli-tyala (kumatyala abachopheli-tyala), baze baqinisekise ukuba amagqwetha athobela imithetho yemigaqo yokuziphatha. Xa kuvavanywa isihlalo (ngaphandle kwenkundla yokuchophela amatyala), kwakhona ijaji isebenza njenge-odoli efumana ingxelo, ivavanya ubungqina kwaye ifikelela kwisigqibo. Le ndima idityanisiweyo ifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwinkcukacha kunye namandla okwahlula iimbono zobuqu kwingcebiso elingokwasemthethweni.

Imicimbi yasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, abagwebi bangasingatha izibheno, ukugweba (kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho), kunye nokuthatha inyathelo lasemva kwetyala njengeminyanzelo yokuchophela ityala elitsha okanye ukubeka ecaleni isigqibo. Kwakhona bajongelathisa ukugcinwa kwemigwebo, kuquka imiyalelo yokuhlawulelwa okanye ukukhulula okungalawulekiyo. Kwimimandla emininzi, abagwebi banendima kwisigqibo esichaseneyo, ukukhuthaza ukuhlawuliswa okanye kwanokuphembelela iimpikiswano.

ABagwebi NoMthetho: Ubuchule Nokutolika

Abagwebi abangoomatshini abaqhelekileyo abasebenzisa imithetho ecacileyo, kodwa baza kukwazi ukucacisa izigqibo zabo.

Inkcazelo yesiseko

Xa umthetho udida, abagwebi kufuneka bamisele intsingiselo yawo. Basebenzisa uluhlu lwemithetho oluhlukeneyo lolwakhiwo: umthetho ocacileyo, imbali yowiso-mthetho, nenjongo yomthetho. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwisigqibo Bostock v. Clayton County [2020]) itolika isiHloko VII samaLungelo kaNoventi Amthetho wokukhusela amafana kunye nabasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-transder, ixhomekeke kwintsingiselo ecacileyo ye-“sex” kunye nomgangatho we-“ kodwa-coult.

Ukuthembela Kwizinto Eziphambili (Umcimbi Ongagqibeleliyo)

Ngaphantsi komgaqo we [[NTL:0] isalathisi `````Inkundla ePhakamileyo'''', abagwebi balandela imithetho yangaphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokungaguquguquki kumthetho. Isalathisi asipheleli; iinkundla zingalawula izigqibo zangaphambili xa zikho okanye ziphelelwe lixesha. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yabhukuqa [[FLT:] PGY] v. Fergusonson[ [1896]] [126] [126] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [195]], iqonda ukuba iprojekthi yemfundo ayahluka.

Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Abagwebi basoloko bewachaza amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi kwiimeko ezibandakanya amalungelo asisiseko. Approces ayahluka: ubukho bokuqala bubhekisele kwinjongo yomseki; ukuhlala komGaqo-siseko kuvumela intsingiselo yokuguquka nebutho labantu. Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwezi ntanda-bulumko lulawula imithetho yenkululeko yokuthetha, ubumfihlo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokulingana komtshato oqatshelwe ku Obergefell v. Hodges [20]

ABagwebi Ngaphaya Kwenkqubo Zasemthethweni

Indima yomgwebi ayifani ehlabathini lonke, yaye izithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni zinika abantu iimbopheleleko namandla ahlukahlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho oqhelekileyo

Kumazwe aqhelekileyo anjengeUnited States, uBukumkani baseKhanada, neOstreliya, abagwebi baphambili ekwenzeni imithetho ngendlela eqwalaselweyo. Banengqiqo ephangaleleyo ekutolikeni imithetho nakukwenza amaqhinga. Kule nkqubo abagwebi badla ngokuchaza iimbono ezibhaliweyo ezichaza indlela abaqiqa ngayo baze babe negalelo ekuphuhlisweni komthetho.

Inkqubo yoMthetho waBalelwane

Kumagunya omthetho wasekuhlaleni (umz., iFransi, iJamani, iJapan), abagwebi ngokuyintloko basebenzisa imimiselo emiselwe kunye. Indima yabo ingakumbi ukuncina amatyala: baphengulula izibakala, amangqina abuzayo, baze bafune inyaniso. Izigqibo zejaji zifutshane kwaye zixhomekeke kumzekelo omncinane. Umsebenzi womgwebi kukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanileyo kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kunokuba kuveliswe imithetho emitsha esemthethweni.

Iinkqubo Zonqulo Nezobufundisi

Amanye amazwe aquka umthetho wonqulo, njengoweSilamsi Sharia, kwiinkqubo zawo zokugweba. Kule meko, abagwebi (ngokufuthi babizwa ngokuba yiqadis) batolika iindinyana zonqulo baze basebenzise iimfundiso kwimicimbi yentsapho, kwizivumelwano, nakumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla ezingokwesithethe kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika zisingatha iimpikiswano ezisekelwe kwizithethe. Abagwebi kwezi nkqubo kufuneka bayazi kakuhle iindinyana zonqulo nakwizithethe.

Iimfaneleko Nokhetho LwaBagwebi

Ukuze ube ngumgwebi kufuneka ufunde ngokusemthethweni kwaye ube namava. Iindlela zokukhetha zininzi yaye zichaphazela indlela abaqulunqi abaqali abaqanjwe ngayo nenkululeko yabo.

Imfundo namava

ABagwebi phantse basoloko bengamagqwetha kuqala. Kufuneka bagcine izidanga zomthetho kuqala kwaye baqhelisele iminyaka emininzi, ngokufuthi baquka umsebenzi njengabatshutshisi, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke, okanye amagqwetha obuqu. Abaninzi banamava njengoonjingalwazi bezomthetho okanye oomabhalane kubagwebi benkundla ephakamileyo. Abagwebi benkundla ephakamileyo basoloko benobuchule obuphezulu kwimisebenzi yabo.

Idinga

Amazwe asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukukhetha abagwebi. Abagwebi abaManyeneyo kwi-U.S. bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Abagwebi abaninzi borhulumente banyulwa nguwonke-wonke, nto leyo ephakamisa inkxalabo ngeminikelo yephulo eliphembelela izigqibo. Kulo United Kingdom, abagwebi bakhethwa yiKhomishini yeeNkqutyana ze-Recouncial esekelwe kwimfaneleko. Indlela ekhethweyo iziphumo zokuzilawula nokuqonda kwabantu. (Melikan Bar Association)

Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

ABagwebi kufuneka babambelele kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha engqongqo ukuze bagcine ingqibelelo kunye nokuthenjwa nguwonke wonke. Imithetho yehambo yokugweba ilawula indlela abaziphatha ngayo kwisitulo nangaphandle.

Ukungakhethi Buso Nokuzithethelela

Ijaji kufuneka izibeke icala nakweliphi na ityala apho ikhethe lobuqu, inzala yemali, okanye ulwalamano olusondeleyo neqela. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. [FLT: 0] Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal.[[FL:1] [2009] yathi ukusilela kwejaji ukuphinda ityala xa iqela lichithe ixesha elinzima kwiphulo lonyulo lwalo lwaphula inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ihambo Nezipho Zobuqu

Abagwebi abavumelekanga ukuba babandakanyeke kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, bamkele izipho ezinokubenza bacinge ukuba banempembelelo, okanye basebenzise isikhundla sabo ukuze bafumane inzuzo yabo.

Uqeqesho Nokuphendula

Ihambo engafanelekanga yezeejaji isingathwa ngamaqumrhu ajongene nokulawula, njengeekomiti zemigaqo-nkqubo yetyala okanye iKomiti yezeeNkomfa zezeeJaji yase-U. Ukungaquki ikukukhalimela, ukuthundeza, okanye ukususwa.

Iingxaki Abajaji Abajamelana Nazo Namhlanje

Abagwebi banamhlanje basebenzisa imeko - bume entsonkothileyo ezaliswe ziingcinezelo ezikhethekileyo.

Uphando Lwaseluntwini Nengqalelo Yamajelo

Amatyala aphezulu atsala usasazo olunzulu lwe-media kunye noluvo lukawonke wonke, maxa wambi olukhokelela kwizisongelo nxamnye nabagwebi. Imithombo yezonxibelelwano yentlalo igxeka ukugxeka kwaye isenokusasaza inkcazelo ephosakeleyo ngemithetho. ABagwebi kufuneka batyhafe kwaye bathembele kumthetho, kodwa ukusoloko behlola kusenokuthob ’ isidima.

Izixhobo Zokunyamekela Imeko Nokusebenza

Izikhululo ezixineneyo, ingakumbi kwiinkundla zamatyala zasezidolophini, zibangela ukuba ukuphosa amaxa okungavunyelwayo. Abagwebi basoloko besebenza emva kwexesha nangeempelaveki ukusingatha ityala labo. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkxaso encinane yemali yeenkundla ibhenca le ngxaki. Imigudu yokusebenzisa ubugcisa kunye nesinye isigqibo sokuphelisa ityala, kodwa imfuneko iyaqhubeka ikhula.

Ukulondoloza Ukungakhethi Buso Kwihlabathi Elinochuku

Ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika kwenza kube nzima kubagwebi ukuba bangajongwa njengabathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuhlaselwa kwejaji ngokusemthethweni ngokwezopolitiko kunokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu.

Ikamva Lengoma Ecudiweyo

Njengokuba ibutho liguquka, nendima yomgwebi injalo. Izimo ezininzi ziya kubumba icandelo lomthetho kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Ulwahlulo lobugcisa

Ubuxhakaxhaka buguqula iinkundla. I-glagi ye-electronic, i-computer conrefments ye-tems ekude, kunye nophengululo oluxhaswe yi-Al olusemthethweni lwandisa ukuphumelela. Ngoku abagwebi baphatha ubungqina bokufihla ityala kunye nobokuzenzela amanani, obufuna ubuchule obutsha. Ezinye iinkundla zivavanya ngezenzo zemicimbi yesiqhelo, nangona zixhalabele ukufikelela nokhuseleko oluqhubekayo.

Ukufikelela Kwinyathelo Lokusesikweni

Abantu abaninzi abanako ukufikelela umelo olusemthethweni, kwaye inani elikhulu lee-ligigithi livela enkundleni ipro se (ngaphandle kwegqwetha). Abagwebi balungelelanisa ngenkqubo ezilula, banika amaziko oncedo, kwaye basebenzisa ulwimi olucacileyo ngemiyalelo. Iindlela ezifana nengxoxo yengingqi yengxoxo kunye nabahambi benqanawa boncedo lomgangatho webala lokudlala.

Imfundo Noqeqesho Oluqhubekayo

Imfundo yezeejaji ibalulekile ukugcina isantya kunye nophuhliso lomthetho, ubungqina benzululwazi, kunye notshintsho lwezentlalo. Amagunya amaninzi afuna imfundo eqhubekayo kwimixholo enjenge-e-canstein, inzululwazi ecacileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Iintlangano ezifana neNational Judicial College zinika izifundo zokunceda abagwebi baphucule ubuchule babo. ( National Judiciality College [[FLT: 1]])]

Intsebenziswano Yezeejaji Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Imiba yomthetho enqamleze umda wesibonda ngezantsi `njenge-ibbercrime, ukuququzelelwa, kunye namalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke) ingqina ukuba abagwebi bayayiqonda imithetho yamanye amazwe kwaye bayasebenzisana. Iintlangano ezifana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zaBagwebi zikhuthaza incoko kunye nezenzo ezingcono.

Isiphelo

Abagwebi banesikhundla esingenakuthathelwa indawo kwibutho labantu: bachaza imithetho, bajonge iimvavanyo, baphumeze okusesikweni kunye nokungakhethi buso. Ukuzimela kwabo ngokwabo kubalulekile ukuze bagcine umthetho. Kodwa bajongene nocelomngeni olunzima, ukusuka kwimiba emikhulu ukuya kuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke, kwaye kufuneka baqhubeke beqhelanisa neenguqu zezobugcisa nezentlalo. Ukuqonda indima yabagwebi kunceda abemi bafumane ukubaluleka komgwebi kunye nemfuno yokuxhasa inkqubo yenkundla eqinileyo, ezimeleyo. Njengokuba ukumila kokulawula kwenkundla kuya kuqhubeka, abagwebi baya kuhlala bengabagcini betyala, beqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu. [[FLT:].[FLD]