Imiyalelo yokukhangela zizixhobo ezisisiseko kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunika umthetho amandla okuqhuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula ngeli xesha kubhekisele kwimigaqo-siseko. Umbindi ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokufuna ngokusemthethweni sisiqinisekiso se-affidavit(a) esibhaliweyo, isifungo esibhaliweyo esimisela isiseko esifanelekileyo sokuvunywa kwemvume yomthetho. Ngaphandle kwesixhobo esifanelekileyo, kwanezona zingcebiso zophengululo ezifanelekileyo zokwaphula amalungelo abantu, ezikwazi ukunikeza ubungqina obungenakukhanyelwa. Eli nqaku livavanya indima ebalulekileyo yokufumana ii-affidavits ekudiseni iimfuno ezisemthethweni, ukuvavanya iingcaciso zazo, iingcambuzo eziyimfuneko, iingcambuzo zomthetho-siseko, imingeni-siseko, imingeni-mdlalo, kunye nezixhobo ephezulu yokuhlola.

Yintoni Icebo Elingummangaliso?

Isiqinisekiso se-affidavit sisifungo esisemthethweni, esityikitywe phantsi kwesifungo esenziwa phantsi kwegosa eligwebayo. Sidla ngokulungiselelwa ligosa lomthetho okanye umtshutshisi, ummeli umisela izibakala ezithile kunye neemeko ezibangela ukuba kunyuke ubangela onokwenzeka, / ukukholelwa okusengqiqweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenzekile kwaye ubungqina bokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lubekwe kwindawo ethile okanye kumntu othile. I-affidavit ngunozala ocacileyo wesicelo somthetho; ngaphandle kwayo, ijaji okanye ijaji ayinako ukukhupha isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni.

I-affidavit kufuneka yenziwe phantsi kwesohlwayo se-pejury, ithetha ukuba i-affiant (umntu ofungayo kumacandelo) inokuba yenziwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho nabuphina ubuxoki obuzenzekelayo. Le mfuneko ibonakalisa ubunzulu boxwebhu kwaye iqinisekise ukuba izibakala ezinikezelweyo zithembeke ngokunokwenzeka. I-affidavit ibuye ihlolisiswe [[[FLT: 0]] inxenye ye- ngaphandle kobukho bomxholo wophendlo------------so ke umgwebi kufuneka axhomekeke kulwazi ngokuphela kwi nyaniso sisizathu ukuba ukho sizathu.

Iimfuno Ezisemthethweni Zokufumana Imali Eninzi

Ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho, imvume kufuneka ichaze unobangela ofanelekileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba isizathu esilindelekileyo sifuna “ubuchule” bokungavunyelwa okanye ubungqina buza kufunyanwa, hayi ngokuqinisekiyo. I-affidavit kufuneka iquke iziqalelo ezininzi:

Inyaniso Engqalileyo Echaza Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

I-affidavit ayinakuqulatha izinto ezingacacanga okanye ii-odoli ezikrokrelekayo. Kufuneka inike ikonkrithi, izibakala ezingqinelanayo ezidibanisa umkroti, indawo, kunye nobungqina obulindelekileyo. Umzekelo, uphando lweziyobisi kufuneka luchaze intengiselwano ejongiweyo, iincam zokwazisa, ukutsala umgqomo, okanye iziphumo zokuhlola ezibonisa umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho oqhubekayo. Iingxelo ezibonisa ukuba “igosa eliphethe linesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ukudibana kwenqanawa kusekho.

Inkcazelo yezinto Ezimele Zibanjwe

ISine Amendment ifuna ukuba isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula “ngokukodwa sichaze indawo eza kuphendwa, kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe.” Ngokunjalo, i-ffidavit kufuneka ichaze izinto ezithe ngqo ezifunwayo(ukuba amayeza, izixhobo, amaxwebhu, okanye izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Iinkcazelo ezibanzi, ezifana “nabuphi na ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho,” zinyusa ingozi yokuphendla okungekho mthethweni. I-affidavit kufuneka idwelise ngohlobo lwezinto ezifunwayo (ukuba zingaba zikhona, ziphawu, okanye ezinye iziqhano ezihlulayo.

Umthombo woLwazi noLuntu

Xa i-affidavit ixhomekeke kulwazi olusuka kulwazi oluyimfihlelo, okanye kwicebo, i-affiant kufuneka ichaze isiseko solwazi lwaloo mthombo nesizathu sokuba umthombo uthembeke. Iinkundla zisebenzisa “ubungakanani beemeko” ([] IIllinois v. Iingcango, 462].S 213 (1983) ukuvavanya ukuba izibakala ezidityaniweyo zinxulumene na nokuqwalaselwa ngamapolisa. I-affvidat kufuneka ichaze nawawathi athathiweyo ukuqinisekisa ulwazi, oko kukhangelwa, ukukhangela, ukukhangela okanye ukuphatha.

Ulungelelwaniso okanye “Indawo efihlakeleyo”

Unobangela ocacileyo kufuneka ube ngowangoku. Umququzeleli okhankanya izibakala iiveki okanye iinyanga ubudala angathathwa “njengesichazi,” ingakumbi ukuba umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho otyholwayo utheth'ukwenziwa okanye indawo ayilunganga. Ukusondela okufutshane ngexesha lezibakala kusekusetyenzisweni kwesiqinisekiso, ukomelela kokuboniswa konobangela olindelekileyo. Ijaji izakuqwalasela indalo yolwaphulo-mthetho, imikhwa yomntu orhanelwayo, kunye nohlobo lobungqina obufunwayo (umz., iziyobisi zisoloko zilahlwa ngokukhawuleza, ngoxa iirekhodi zemali zinokuhlala ixesha elide).

Ukubaluleka Kokuchaza Ubungqina Obuchanileyo

Ubungqina busebenza zombini iinjongo ezisebenzisekayo nezingokwasemthethweni. Ngokufanelekileyo, bumisela uphando kwiindawo kunye nezinto ezinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nomsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho orhanelwayo, ukuthintela uhambo lokuloba. Ngokomthetho, i-affidavit ekhethekileyo inciphisa amathuba entshukumo zonyanzelo. Umzekelo, i-affvidat ethi iphawule idilesi ekhethekileyo kwaye ichaze ukuma kwendlu, i-comptranband, kunye nemihla yokuhlola inika ijaji umfanekiso ocacileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umcholi-majoni ochaza nje “umphathi ophawule ukuziphatha okukrokrelezayo kwi-123333 Main Street” ngaphandle kwenkcukacha uya kulahlwa.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagxininisa ukuba “unobangela ongenakuthenjwa yingcamango yolwelo-ukujika kuhlolo lwemiqathango ethile eyinyaniso.” (] I-Illinois v. Amasango, 462 U.S.ac. nge2322. I-affidavit kufuneka inike igqibo ezimeleyo, hayi i-rabha-empmpsi yegosa-gosa. Abaphathi kufuneka baquke zonke izibakala ezifanelekileyo, kwanezo zinokusika nokwenziwa nokwenziwa, ngenxa yokuba uvavanyo olupheleleyo lufuna uluvo olulungelelanisiweyo.

Indima YeAffidavit Kwingxubusho Yezeejaji

Xa i-affidavit ifakiwe, ijaji okanye imaji ihlola ukuba ikho kusini na unobangela onokwenzeka. Olu hlolo luluvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo, ngokuvisisana nemfuneko yoLawulo lwesine evumela umba kuphela “ngokokuba umele ubangele, uxhaswe ngu-Oath okanye uqinisekiso.” Indima yomgwebi asiko ukugweba kwesibini igosa kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba umququzeleli uqulethe okona kuyinyaniso okwaneleyo ukuthethelela ukuphazamisa.

Udidi lwendawo yentshukumo ithetha ukuba ijaji ibona kuphela i-ffidavit. Ngoko ke, uxwebhu kufuneka lube lupheleleyo kwaye lunyaniseke. Ukubekwa kwezibakala zento `njengembali yoyamkeli efihlakeleyo'. Ingakhokelela kwi-Franks (jonga ngezantsi). Emva kokuba ingqwalasela, ijaji ingakhupha isiqinisekiso njengoko siceliwe, isenza utshintsho, okanye ikhanyele ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba ikhutshwe, isiqinisekiso ngokwaso kufuneka sife ngexesha elifanelekileyo, iintsuku eziqhelekileyo ezilishumi, njengoko kufunwa nguMthetho woMbutho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ombini-444 kunye noninzi lwesizwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko – IsiHlomelo Sesine

Imvume yokuphengululwa isekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesine owenziwe ngoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., okhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Umgaqo- Wesine ufuna ukuba imvume “ngokuphandle ichaze indawo ezakuphendwa, kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe." Oku kuyimfuneko kunyanzeliswa ngomgaqo-ndlela wokuphanda nokuxhuzula. Oku kumele kunyanzeliswe ngomciso, okunika iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko. Umthetho wokususa umthetho ````'' oyalelayo ekusebenziseni ubungqina obufunyenweyo ekuchaseni uHlatho lwesine loMdansolo----onke. Ubungqina obuthiwenziwe phantsi kwesiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwi-afvidatvitting, isoloko iditya.

Iingxaki Eziqhelekileyo Kubantu Abathathi - nxaxheba

Abameli basoloko belucel ’ umngeni uqinisekiso lwesiqinisekiso sokufuna ngokuhlasela inkxaso ye-affidavit. Olona celomngeni luxhaphakileyo luquka:

Ukungabikho Konobangela Ofanelekileyo

Ukuba inkundla ifumanise, xa ihlola iikona ezine ze-affidavit, ukuba izibakala ezithiwa azihlangabezeli umgangatho olindelekileyo, isiqinisekiso asinto. Oku kunokwenzeka xa i-affidavit ixhomekeke kulwazi oludala, iincam ezingasetyenziswayo ezingaziwayo, okanye uchazo lobuchule.

Ukuthetha Ubuxoki Okanye Ukumangalelwa

Ngaphantsi i-Flanks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (188), ummangalelwa unokuba nelungelo lokufumana indlebe ecacileyo ukuba benza isalathisi esicacileyo esibonisa ukuba umkhohlisi ngemposiso okanye ngokungakhathaliyo uquke iintetho zobuxoki kwi-affidavit, okanye ukhuphe izibakala zento, kwaye oko kushiyekileyo akusaxhaswa sizathu esifanelekileyo. Ukuba ummangalelwa umba ukhutshelwa, ulwazi lobuxoki lungakhutshwa phantsi kwaye isiqinisekiso singancitshiswa. Le mfundiso ithintela abaphathi kwiijaji ezilahlekisayo kwaye ixhasa ingqibelelo yenkqubo ye-affidavit.

Ukuqaqanjelwa

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ulwazi oludala lujongela phantsi unobangela onokwenzeka. Uphando lwe-narcotics oluchaza iziganeko ezisuka kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo lungakuxhasi ukuphengululwa kwangoku, ingakumbi ukuba akukho mqondiso wesenzo esiqhubekayo. Umbuzo unokuba izibakala ziqinisekisa inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ubungqina busekwindawo ngexesha elifunwayo.

Izahlulo Ezingonelanga

Ukuba i-affidavit( kwaye ngenxa yoko isiqinisekiso ``ifailles' ukuchaza indawo okanye izinto ngobuchule obaneleyo, ukukhangela kungathathwa njengophendlo jikelele. Umzekelo, i-affidavit ebhekisele ku-"ebhekiselele kwisakhiwo esinemisonto emininzi ayicacanga kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, isicelo sokuthatha “zonke iimatshini” ngaphandle kokuzidibanisa kulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile ingagqitha.

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo Wokwenza Iimpi

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenza komthetho kunye nabatshutshisi kufuneka banamathele kwimilinganiselo engqongqo yokuyila.

  • [[NTL:0] Inkcazo esisiseko: quka imihla, amaxesha, iindawo, ujongo, kunye nezenzo. Chaza indlela athenjiweyo aziphatha ngayo, iziphumo zobuchophelo okanye zokulawula, kunye nezizathu zokuba indawo idityaniswe nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iincam zokwazisa zomshicileli: Chaza ukuthembeka komamkeli, ingxelo yabo yexesha elidlulileyo, kunye nakuphi na ukuzimela okuzimelayo okuqhutywayo.
  • Idilesi ebudala ngokucacileyo: Ukuba ulwazi oluthile ludala, chaza isizathu sokuba lusoloko lufanelekile (umz., ishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho eliqhubekayo, ukurhweba ngeziyobisi emva kwexesha elide).
  • Sebenzisa ulwimi olucacileyo: Kuphephe umgaqo osemthethweni onokuthi udide imajingi. Bhala kwingxelo ecacileyo, yobalo-maxesha ethetha ibali elidityanisiweyo.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Thembeka kwaye ugqibeke: quka naziphina izibakala zezinto ezinokusikelwa kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, njengophendlo lwangaphambili olungaphumeleliyo, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yomamkeli, okanye ukungangqinelani. Ukutyhilwa okupheleleyo komeleza ukuthembeka kwe-affidavit kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko wocelomngeni luka-Frank.
  • ulwelo lwemeko kunye nemithetho yengingqi: ulawulo olwahlukileyo luneemfuno ezongezelelweyo, ezifana neefomu ezithile, iinkqubo zoqinisekiso, okanye imida yexesha lokuphunyezwa. I-affiant mayihambisane nayo yonke imithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Imizekelo Yomthetho Ophathelwe Kwityala

Izigqibo eziliqela zencopho zibonisa indima ebalulekileyo yesiqinisekiso se-affidavits. Illinois v. Amasango, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-'incopho-incopho's, ilawula ukuba ileta engaziwayo eqinisekiswe luhlalutlo lwamapolisa iqwalaselwe ngokunokwenzeka. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba iijaji zimele zenze izigqibo eziluncedo, eziqhelekileyo ezisekelwe kwi-affidavit iziqulatho zonke.

iintsontela v. Delaware, iNkundla yalamkela ilungelo lokuvavanya ii-ffidavits eziqulathe iintetho zobuxoki. Ityala libandakanya ummangalelwa othe watyhola ukuba i-affiant iquke izibakala eziyiliweyo. Inkundla yabambelela ukuba ukuba ummangalelwa angabonisa ngokuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kobungqina bokuba ifalda ibingaqhubi okanye ingakhathali, kwaye okuseleyo akuxhasi sizathu esilindelekileyo, ubungqina bumele bupheliswe.

Imeko ye iMaryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79 (1987), ibhekiswa kumgangatho othile. Apho, i-affidavit yachaza umgangatho wesithathu wesakhiwo, kodwa uphando lwescrosus ngempazamo lwangena kwigumbi lomgangatho ongomnye umntu. Inkundla yayibambelele ukuba isiqinisekiso sifanelekile ngenxa yokuba abaphathi babesebenza kakuhle phantsi kweemeko, kodwa inyani ibonise indlela ezichaziswe ngayo kwi-ffidavit ezi mpazamo.

Ukuze ufumane izimvo ezingakumbi ngomthetho woMhlaziyi wesine, bona icandelo lezemfundo elinobuncwane bejaji . Izinto zoqeqesho lomthetho, njengazo zisuka kwi Isebe leJaji , zikwanika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha lokulungisa ipeyinti.

Igosa Eliyinkuselo Ekuxhatshazweni

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wayo ocacileyo, imvume isebenza njengendlela engundoqo yokukhusela ukuphanjwa. Ngokunyanzela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba uthethele ngokuchanekileyo, okuyinyaniso phantsi kwesifungo, inkqubo ye-affidavit ithintela ukuphazamisa okungenasiseko emakhayeni, amashishini, kunye neziphumo zobuqu. Ikwayila ingxelo esisigxina enokuhlaziywa yinkundla, amagqwetha akhuselayo, kunye nabantu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuthembana kwinkqubo yokulawula. Ngaphezu koko, isisongelo sokucinezela amagosa emkhosini sikhuthaza ukuqhuba uphando olupheleleyo phambi kokuba afune isiqinisekiso, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimeko ezinamandla nezinokuthenjwa.

Isiphelo

I-affidavits exhasayo imigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni yegunya lesebe, ingaphezulu kakhulu kunezomthetho olungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo zokukhangela. I-appdidavit elungiselelwe kakuhle iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zomthetho zisekelwe kusizathu esilindelekileyo, ihlonela iimfuno ezithile zoMmiselo wesi-Cwene, kunye nokumelana novavanyo lwezomthetho. Ngokuchasene noko, ukulungiselela okungacwangciswanga kakuhle kubekek'umngcipheko wokucinezelwa kobungqina kunye nokugxothwa kwetyala, ukukhulula ityala, ukukhohlakazeka kwetyala. Abatshutshisi, abagwebi, nabaphathi-mikhosi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indima yokugunyazisa i-o-ontapha kwimfuno yezo eziququzelo ezisemthethweni kuyimfuneko ukugcina ulungelelwano oluneyo phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokukhuselwa kwelungelo lomthetho-mthetho-siseko. Ngokulawula ubuchule bokulungisa izityholo-odio-mthetho-mthetho, nokucophelela, nokuthembeka komthetho womthetho, ukuxhasa imigaqo-mthetho womthetho wobulungisa xa kulawula i-mthetho-ndeklawulo lwezono.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kolu phawu nonobangela olindelekileyo, bhekisa ku- Isiseko sogcino-lwazi somthetho womzekelo, okanye jonga kwi FBI's Legin Handbook kumgaqo womthetho wezwelonke.