Ukwazisa: Ingxaki Eluhlaza Endiya Nendima Yomgaqo - siseko Wemali

I-Indiya ime kuhambo lwayo olunzima lokuphuhlisa. Ngokukhula okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho, uluntu olungaphezulu kwewaka lamawaka ezigidi, kunye neengcinezelo ezikhulayo zemekobume, kufuneka lulungelelanise ukukhula kobuchule bendalo. Urhulumente uye wazibophelele ekujongeni imozulu efuna impumelelo phantsi kwesivumelwano se-Paris, kuquka ukunciphisa ubunzulu be-GDP ngo-45% ngo-2030 (kumalunga nomyinge ka-2009) kunye nokufikelela ukukhutshwa kwe-etherozi nge-esile ngo-2070. Ukufikelela kwezi njongo, ukutshintsha okungundoqo kwemisebenzi yezoshishino kuyimfuneko, kwaye kubangela ukuba ukunciphisa ukukhuthulwa kwemichiza ngaphandle kokulala kwezoqoqosho.

Iinjongo zerhafu zivele njengenye yezixhobo ezinamandla zokunyusa olu tshintsho. Ngokuhlisa ixabiso lolwamkelo lobugcisa obuluhlaza kunye nemisebenzi enika umvuzo, urhulumente waseIndiya ujolise ekukhuthazeni utyalo-mali lweqela lomntu kwimisebenzi exhasayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isakhiwo, impembelelo, kunye namandla exesha elizayo entengiso ekwakheni irhafu eIndiya, linika uhlalutyo olubanzi kubathengisi, abanikazi bemithetho kunye nabangenisi bemali.

Imboniselo yerhafu ekhuthaza ishishini le-Eco-Frierness eIndiya

Isiphumo Somdla

Imimiselo yendawo engqongileyo iyodwa isoloko ingakwamkeli ukwenziwa komthetho oxhaphakileyo woqheliselo oluzinzileyo ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu, ukungaqiniseki kwengeniso, kunye neemarike ezidibeneyo. Iintshukumisa zerhafu zivala umsantsa wokutyala imali. Inciphisa ixesha eliziindleko ukwenzela izixhobo ezinika amandla ahlaziyekayo, inciphisa ingeniso yezixhobo zokuvelisa imveliso ezicocekileyo, kwaye iphucula ingeniso yamashishini aphuhlisa ukusebenza kwemekobume bendalo.

Iindidi Ezinkulu Zesihlomelo

Urhulumente waseIndiya unika intlanganisela yeengenelo zerhafu ezithe ngqo nezingangqalanga ezijoliswe kumashishini anobuhlobo be-eco. Iindidi ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iholide zeTax: Izele okanye inxenye yokungahlawuli kwirhafu yengeniso yeshishini ngexesha elichaziweyo, ngokwesiqhelo kushishino olutsha kwicandelo eliphambili njengesizukulwana samandla anokubuyiselwa, inkunkuma ukuya kwi-energy, kunye nokulima okuphilayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izincopho ezithelekisayo: Imvume evumela amashishini alahle ipesenti yenkcitho yekomkhulu efunyenweyo ukwenzela izinto ezifanelekileyo eziluhlaza, ezifana neepali zelanga, ii-turbines zomoya, okanye izityalo zonyango ezinomtsalane.
  • [[NTL:0] Intengo ezifunyanisiweyo kunye neMasebe erhafu (GST) isantya: Iziqwenga zerhafu ezisezantsi (ngokufuthi 5% okanye 12%) kwimveliso ze-eco-ex-effects(izithuthi zombane, i-LDED, kunye nezixhobo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe) zithelekise umgangatho we-18% okanye 28% wexabiso kwizinto eziqhelekileyo.
  • Ukwehla kwexabiso eliqingqiweyo: Imvume yokubhala inxalenye enkulu yexabiso lomatshini oluhlaza kwiminyaka yokuqala yokusebenza, ukunciphisa ityala lerhafu elifutshane kunye nokuphucula ukuhamba kwemali.

Uhlalutyo oluziinkcukacha lwerhafu ezingundoqo

Iiholide Zerhafu Phantsi KoMthetho Werhafu

Icandelo 80-IA loMthetho weThayisho yeThwalo loMthendeleko weNyaka liye laba limbombo ekukhuthazeni izibonelelo kunye neeprojekthi zamandla, kuquka neeprojekthi ezinokuhlaziywa. Ngaphantsi kwalo mmiselo, amandla okuvelisa amandla asuka kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo (ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya, ibhayoloji, i-hydroware encinane) ingabiza i-100% yengeniso kuyo nayiphi na iminyaka eli-10 elandelelanayo. Oku kuye kwasetyenziswa ekutsaleleni utyalo kwiipaki kunye neefama zomoya. Ngokufanayo, icandelo 80-IAB linika iholide yerhafuthelo yeminyaka eli-10 elandelelanayo yamashishini avelisa amacandelo ezoqoqosho ahlukeneyo afumana imimandla elungele ukuvelisa imimandla ekhethekileyo (SSZ) emkela imigaqo yokwakha eluhlaza.

Ukuqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ye-eco-budlelwano, urhulumente ozise icandelo 80-IAC, elinika ipesenti ezikhulu zengeniso iminyaka emithathu elandelelanayo kwesixhenxe, ngokunikwa ukuqala ukunyuswa kubandakanya emva ko 1 ku-Epreli 2016 kwaye kuqinisekiswe yiBhodi ye-Inter-Ministerial. Ngelixesha kungekuphela kwesiqalo solu luhlu, intengiso ezininzi ezizinzileyo zifumene lenzuzo.

Iziphumo zobonelelo lokubuyiselwa kwamandla kunye nobugcisa

Ngaphaya kweeholide zerhafu, urhulumente ukhuthaza utyalo-mali oluhlaziyiweyo oluhlaziyiweyo olusuka kwikomkhulu lwemali ngobunzima obuthe xa kuthetiwe icandelo le-35AD. Phantsi kweCandelo, inkcitho kumashishini athile . Kuquka ukuseka nokusebenzisa itsheyina elibandayo lokuvelisa imveliso yokulima okanye ukubeka nokusebenzisa umbhobho wegesi yendalo.

Isicwangciso sokuNgeniswa kwe-Incentive (PLI) ukwenzela iimodyuli ze-solar photovoltaic (PV) ezivezwe ngo-2021, zinika intshukumisa yemali engaphezulu ukuya kuma-30% ekuthengisweni kolwandiso kubenzi be-selthi yelanga ephezulu kunye neemodyuli. Ngelixesha ngokobugcisa imveliso edityanisiweyo, uthungelwano lwayo neengenelo zerhafu (umz., esezantsi GST kumagalelo) lwenzelo olunemali eninzi.

Isantya seGST esincitshisiweyo semveliso eluhlaza

Ulawulo lwe GST luye lwamiselwa ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa koluhlaza. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • Izithuthi ze-EV:[FLT] I-EV 1] i-EV 5%, ithelekiswa ne-28% kwiinqwelo zepetroli nedizili. Ngokufanayo, izikhululo ezibizayo ze-EV zitsala 5% GST.
  • Izixhobo ezivuselelwayo zamandla elanga: iinkqubo zokuvelisa amandla elanga, oomatshini bombane bomoya, kwaye iinxenye zabo zihlawulwa kwi 12% (okanye ziphantsi ngaphantsi kwenani elivunyiweyo) endaweni yomgangatho we-18%.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iinkonzo zolawulo lothutho: Ukuqhubekeka kwenkunkuma enobungozi nokuphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona kwe-e-waste kukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwi-GST okanye irhafu kwi-5%, ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthoba ukuphinda kusetyenziswe amashishini.
  • Izakhiwo eziluhlaza: zingeniswa njengeglasi esebenzayo amandla, izinto zokugudisa, kunye neenkqubo zokuvuna amanzi emvula zitsala amaqondo ancitshisiweyo, nangona inzuzo epheleleyo kubaphuhlisi isanyanzelwa kukungabikho kwesantya esisezantsi seGST kwizakhiwo eziluhlaza ezivunyiweyo.

Ukwehla kwexabiso lexabiso okukhawulezileyo

Ukwehla okukhawulezileyo kukwenye yezona njongo ziphambili zerhafu ezithandwayo kumashishini amakhulu erhafu. Phantsi kweMithetho eBalekayo, iimpahla ezinjengee-apply, iipali zelanga, kunye nezitishi zokuhamba ngombane zifanele ukuhlawulwa kwexabiso le-40%-80% kunyaka wokuqala (kuthelekiswe ku-10%-15% kumatshini oqhelekileyo). Oku kuvumela amashishini ukuba afumane iinkcitho eziphezulu, anciphise ingeniso ezihlawulwa yirhafuthengiso xa efuna imali eninzi. Umzekelo, inkampani engenisa imali e-crore eninzi kwifamasini yelanga enokuthi ikwi-crore ekwinani elingaphezulu eli-68 kunyaka wokuqala phantsi kocwangciso lokuphuma.

Le lungiselelo liye lasebenza kakhulu emoyeni nakumacandelo angaphandle apho amaxabiso okuqala aphezulu kunye nengeniso ibuyiselwa emva. Ayinciphisi nje kuphela umthwalo werhafu kodwa inyusa iqondo lokwaphuka kweshumi lesibini kwimisebenzi, iyenza ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubatyali bemali.

Impembelelo Kumahlelo Aphambili

Ukwanda Kwamandla Okuphinda Kuvuselelwe

Umthamo wamandla ohlaziyekileyo waseIndiya ukhutshwe ukusuka kwi 35 GW ngo-2014 ukuya ngaphezu kwe-180 GW ngo-2024 (kuquka ihydro enkulu). Izihlomelo zerhafu ziphumele indima ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, inzuzo ekhawulezileyo yonyuso ifak'enza ulwando lwamandla omoya kumazwe afana neTamil Nadu, Gujarat, ne Karnataka. Amandla elanga, nawo angenelwe kunciphiso lwemiphakatho kunye neholide yeshumi leminyaka phantsi kwecandelo lama-80-IA, nto ekhokelela ekuweni ngokuphawulekayo kumaxabiso anyuswayo asuka kwi-612 nge-KWh ngo-2014 ukuya ku-12 ku-206.

NgokweSebe loMmandla amatsha novuselelo lwamandla (MNRE), ufakelwa kwelanga kwafikelela ku-70 GW ngombindi-2024, okwesibini kuphela eTshayina. I-International Renable Energy Agency (IRANE) iyayiqaphela inkqubo ye-Indiya yokuxuba-dibanisa `iholide zerhafu' kunye noqheliso olukhawulezileyo lwexabiso le-39.

Ukulima Nezityalo Ezinomsila

Kwicandelo lezolimo, izikhuthazo zerhafu zikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yezityalo neyolimo ehlala ikho. Urhulumente unika i-100% yerhafu ngengeniso kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yamashishini amatsha abandakanyeke kwizinto zokulima ezidityanisiweyo, iiyunithi zebhayoloji, kunye nezigalelo ze-vermicomicess. Ngaphezu koko, iGST kwimijelo yezityalo yi-5% (iiii-12% yezichumiso zemichiza), ewenza ukuba ikwazi ukuthenga abalimi.

Ukuqalisa kwisixhobo sokunika amandla aphezulu ngezantsi . njengazo ziphuhlisa izixhobo zokulima ezichanekileyo, izimvo zobomi, kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezingaphumeleliyo zamanzi, zinokusebenzisa iholide yokuqala yerhafu kunye nokukhulula kweGST kwizinto ezithile ze-elektroniki. Ukudibana kobugcisa bemichiza kunye nokulima okuzikhokelela ekuveleni kweqonga elifana neDehaat kunye ne-Agrostat, nto leyo ephucula ukuphumelela kokusetyenziswa kwemichiza.

Ulawulo lwenkunkuma nokusetyenziswa kwakhona

Icandelo elithe gqolo lifumene intlawulo engqalileyo yerhafu. Phantsi kweCandelo lama-80-IA, amashishini avelisa amandla kwinkunkuma eqinileyo kamasipala okanye kwibhaso-bhaso afanelekele iholide yerhafu yeminyaka eli-10. Idityaniswe nonyuko olukhawulezileyo lomatshini wokulungisa inkunkuma, ezi njongo ziye zatsala ungeniso kwimizi - mveliso elahlwayo kwizixeko ezifana neDelhi, iPine, kunye neHyshabad.

Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-e-waste, iplastiki, kunye nokungcola kokwakha kuxhamla iinzuzo zerhafu. Umzekelo, i-GST kwi-plastiki ephinda ihlaziywe i-5%, xa kuthelekiswa ne-18% kwiplastiki emsulwa, idala ixabiso. I-Swachh Bharat Mission (I-Endiya Ecocekileyo) ikhuthaza ngakumbi intengiso yokuguqula izinto ngokusebenzisa izinto ezisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi kawonke wonke yesiseko sogcino-siseko.

Ubugcisa Obuluhlaza Neevehicles Zombane

Ukunyanzelisa ukuhamba ngombane kuye kwanyuswa ngokudityaniswa kwerhafu kunye nenkxaso-mali. Ngaphantsi koMbutho wokuRhutywa kwabantwana ngokuNgenela iNtlobano kunye nokukhutshwa kweNkcitho yoManyano (FAME II), abenzi bafumana intshukumisa yekomkhulu, kwaye abathengi bafumana intengo encinci kwintengo ye-EV. Ngaphandle kwerhafu, i-GST kwi-EV i-EV, i-EV, abalawuli be-oyile, i-odolathi yerhafu yerhafu yemali ukuya kwimali ehlawulwa yi-EV (Slactive 80EB). Ngaphezu koko, iinkampani zenza ii-EV.NKSPUPU, ii-oyile, abalawuli bemali, i-okisi-octivesccountions", i-octivertyy 359,5.5.

Oku kusingqongileyo kuye kwakhuthaza ukungena kwabadlali abakhulu njengo-Ola Umbane, i-Ather Energy, kunye neMahindra Umbane kwimarike yaseIndiya, kunye nabenzi beenqwelo-mafutha besithethe abatshintshela kwii-EV. Ngenxa yoko, intengiso ye-EV ikhule ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-10 000 yeeyunithi ezingama-2019 ukuya kwiqela elingaphezulu kwe-12023-24, kunye nomlinganiselo wokwanda ngonyaka ongaphezulu kwama-70%.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iintsana Ezisetyenziswayo

Ubugcisa belanga ngaphantsi kwePLI

Isicwangciso se-PLI sezomodyuli zelanga, enomthamo opheleleyo we-30% ekuthengiseni ngexabiso lemali (US $2.9 amawaka ezigidi), sitsale utyalo-mali oluxabisa ngaphezu kwe-7650 000 kwifektha ye-RIS, i-Adani Solar, ne-Vikram Solar. Isicwangciso sinika ukhuthazo lwemali oludityanisiweyo lwemali olu-30% kwintengiso ye-US $2. Xa ludityaniswe neholide yerhafu yeshumi leminyaka phantsi kwecandelo 80-IA kunye ne 5% ye-GST kwiiseli zelanga, iindleko zorhwebo zinciphene. Ngoku iIndiya ikwendlela ukuze ibe ngumnathathi weminatha we-enjini ye-omatshini zelanga ngo-2026.

Amandla omoya Aphinda Asebenze

Ngo-2023, urhulumente wasungula inkqubo yokulawula kwakhona iifama zomoya ezineminyaka eli-15 ubudala. Ngaphantsi kwale nkqubo, abasebenzi abakhoyo bangathatha indawo yeenjini ezindala ngemibhobho ephezulu kwaye bafumane ulwandiso lweholide yerhafu kumandla awongezelelweyo. Iinkampani ezifana neSuzlon neSiemens Gamena zixhotyiswe oku ukwenza iinqanawa zabo zibe zeli xesha, ukuphucula oothunywa bomsebenzi ngama-40%.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Zokusebenza

Ubuntsonkothile Neendleko Ezininzi

Ngeli xesha imenu yezihlomelo zerhafu ivulekile, amashishini amaninzi akufumanisa kunzima ukuqhuba imilinganiselo yokusebenza, iimfuno zoxwebhu, kunye neenkqubo zokuvunywa kwerhafu. Umzekelo, xa iqala iholide yerhafu phantsi kweCandelo lama-80-IAC ifuna isiqinisekiso kwiBhunga le-Inter-Ministerlialial, inkqubo enokuthatha iinyanga. Ngokufanayo, iingenelo ezikhawulezileyo zifuna ugcino-zincwadi olwahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ezineenkcukacha zabasemagunyeni erhafu yerhafu. Imisebenzi emincinci kunye nemida (SME) isoloko ingenazo ezomthetho kunye nobuchule bokuqinisekisa ukuba zifumane ezi nzuzo, ishiye imali etafileni.

Ukungalumki Kakuhle Phakathi Kwabantu Abaneengxaki

Uhlolisiso olwenziwa yiFederation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCCI) ngo-2023 lwatyhila ukuba ngaphezu kwama-60% amashishini amancinane aluhlaza ayengazi ukuba anokusetyenziswa kwirhafu. Oosomashishini abaninzi abalawula inkunkuma, abalimi, namandla amancinci ahlaziywayo angazi ukuba ukuncitshiswa okanye ukuthelekisa utyalo-mali kukhoyo. Ubhaqo-mali lukarhulumente aluzange luphumelele, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Ngaphandle kokuqhutyelwa kwentengiso, isakhiwo sokukhuthaza sihlala siphantsi.

Ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo otshintshayo phesheya kwamaZwe

Iimfuno zerhafu zamashishini angenazintlupheko ezidibanisa ingeniso yobuhlobo noluntu azikho phantsi kolawulo olusembindini. Iirhulumente zikwanika iimpahla zazo − njengokungakhutshelwa kumsebenzi wombane, iziphathi-mali zetem kwintengo zomhlaba, kunye nomgangatho we-GST. Noko ke, ezi zizinto zahluka-hlukene kakhulu. UGajarat unikela ikhululo lombane kumsebenzi weplanga elingu-100%, lo gama i-Utar Pradesh ifaka i-keyibhithi kwi 50%. Ezi zintsontela zokuzinzisayo zibangela ukuba umhlaba wokudlala nokwenza imiba yoshishino esetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi.

Ngokubhekele phaya, utshintsho oluthe rhoqo lunciphisa intembelo yomgcini-mali. Ukurhoxa ngequbuliso kokungahlawulwa kweGST kumalungu athile anamandla anokuhlaziywa ngowama-2022, nangona urhulumente wawabuyisela ekungaqinisekini, nangona kamva wawabuyisela. Ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kubaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yexesha elide.

I-oklook Yexesha Elizayo Nezincomo

Isicelo esiqukuqelayo kunye neenkqubo zoqinisekiso

Ukwandisa ukusebenza kwezikhuthazo zerhafu, urhulumente kufuneka ayenze lula inkqubo yolawulo. Ukususwa kwefestile enye ukuze kufumaneke irhafu eluhlaza ``````Indlela yokusebenza ye Window'' ekhethekileyo''. Ukufana nenkqubo yesizwe yenkonzo engatshatanga yendlela yempumlo yeshishini----"izakunciphisa ukwenziwa kwe ngeniso kunye nolibaziseko. Uqinisekiso lwamanani lokufakelwa kwempahla (umz., ukudlula kwimifanekiso enemikrozo) kungabuyisela uhlolo lomzimba, iziphumo zomcimbiso-colo.

Ikwandisa ummandla Omtsha

Njengokuba uqoqosho lwesazinge lufumana ingeniso, izikhuthazo zerhafu kufuneka zinikwe amashishini amkela imveliso-a-a-icece imodeli, ukuphinda asebenze, kunye nezinto zokuyiphucula. Umzekelo, iinkampani eziqesha izixhobo ze-elektroniki endaweni yokuthengisa zinganikwa imali eyongezelelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, ukurhweba ngekharbon kunye neemali zetyala zekharbon kufuneka zikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo kwirhafu yengeniso ukukhuthaza ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuthekisko lwekharbon ephezulu yaseIndiya.

Ukutshintsha Iinjongo Zemozulu Ngomgaqo - siseko

Amaxhoba e-National Exponded Effective Igalelo le-NDC elihlaziyiweyo lifuna utyalo-mali lwe-7650 lakh crore (US $1,1,000 yezigidi) ngo-2030. Izihlolo zerhafu zodwa azinakuwuzalisa lo msantsa, kodwa ziyakwazi ukudibanisa ikomkhulu labucala. Urhulumente angazisa “imvume yokuveliswa kwemali eluhlaza” yama-20%-30% kwinkcitho yemali yemali yesiseko esithile edibana nebhejini ethile yebheji echaza i-$1, "iii-0% ye-eleyitriter dizerpul esetyenziswa, okanye ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezijikelezayo. Oku kungahambelana nezimo zomhlaba, njengeprojective eluhlaza ye-EUCOS.

Ukunika uXhosa ngokukhupha

Abaphathi-rhafu kunye namaqumrhu amashishini kufuneka baqalise ukuxelela abantu ngeelwimi ezininzi ukuba bajolise iintlola kubathengisi abaluhlaza. Abakhokeli abalula ngesiHindi, isiTamil, isiTelugu, nezinye iilwimi zengingqi . Ababekwe kumaziko aqhelekileyo enkonzo kunye neziko lophuhliso loshishino. Iinqanawa ezisebenzisanayo nezikhuthazo ezijoliswe ekuzinzisweni kokulondolozweni (njengokuba iinkqubo zeAtalInnovation Mission ukuya kuMkhosi weNtshona) zingasasaza ulwazi.

Isiphelo

Irhafu inamandla okukhuthaza amashishini anobuhlobo obufanayo eIndiya, kodwa amandla awo apheleleyo ahlala engasetyenziswa. Ngokunciphisa imiqobo yemali, sele ekhuthaza ukukhula kwamandla anokubuyiselwa, ukulima, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, nokuhamba ngombane. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha kweziphumo, ukuphaphazamiso okulinganiselweyo, kunye nemigaqo ephazamisa ukuthathwa komntu.

Ngeenguqu ezicwangcisiweyo ``inkqubo ezinomsinga othe tyaba, ukusetyenziswa komgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokukhutshwa ngamandla kwerhafu'. I-India ingaguqula inkqubo yayo yerhafu ibe yi-injini yokwenene yoshishino oluluhlaza. Njengokuba ihlabathi libukele uhambo lwe-Indiya oluya kutsho kumnatha, izihlomelo ezichuliweyo ziza kuba yimfuneko ekuguquleni ukuzinikela kokusingqongileyo kwizinto zentengiso ezinengeniso.