Ubunzima Obukhulayo Bokuhamba Kwamanzi

Amanzi acocekileyo licebo elilinganiselweyo, kodwa imfuneko yomhlaba wonke iyaqhubeka inyuka ngenxa yolwando lwabemi, ulwando, kunye nophuhliso loshishino. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zinikela ingxelo yokuba abantu abangaphezu kwamawaka amabini ezigidi bahlala kumazwe anoxinzelelo lwamanzi oluphezulu, kwaye ngo-2050, ubuncinane umntu omnye kwabane uya kuhlala kwilizwe elichaphazelekayo okanye eliphindaphindwayo. Ukulungisa le ngxaki kufuna ukuxubana kobugcisa, ulawulo, kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela yokuziphatha. Phakathi kwezisombululo ezisebenzayo nezinokusetyenziswa nezingacombululi zezoqoqosho [ iziphenduzo zoqoqosho — izixhobo ezihambisana nokunqongophala kwamanzi okuzinzileyo okuzinzileyo nokuzigcina usukelo lwexesha elide.

Iinjongo zezoqoqosho zisebenzisa iindlela zokuthengisa ukukhuthaza ulondolozo, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye notyalo-mali kubugcisa bokugcina amanzi. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho okanye uthintelo olucacileyo, ezi zixhobo zivumela abantu kunye namashishini ukuba bagcine ububhetyebhetye ngoxa beqhuba kwizenzo ezinceda inkqubo yamanzi ebanzi. Xa zenziwe kakuhle, zinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuncama imveliso yezoqoqosho, zizenze zibe litshena lenkqubo yamanzi yanamhlanje.

Ukuqonda Izinto Ezibangela Ulondolozo Lwemali

Intshukumisa yezoqoqosho yiyo nayiphi na intlawulo yemali okanye yezinto eziphathekayo eshukumisa ukuziphatha okukhethekileyo. Kumongo wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, isimilo esinqwenelekayo kukucutha umthamo wamanzi akhutshwe kwimithombo yendalo okanye uphucule ukusebenza kwawo. Umgaqo osisiseko ucacile: xa amanzi ebiza imali eninzi ukulahla okanye ukubiza imali eninzi ukusindisa, abantu kunye nemibutho iza kutshintsha imikhwa yabo kunye nohlahlolo-mali ngokokuvumelana.

I-Economists zidla ngokuhlula ezi njongo zibe ziindidi ezimbini ezibanzi: izihlomelo ezilungileyo, ezifana nee-pafti kunye neetyala zerhafu, ezinika umvuzo wogcino; kunye nezikhuthazayo ezinika amandla [, ezifana nokukhutshwa okanye intengiso, ezithintela ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo. Zombini ezi ndlela zingasebenza, kodwa impumelelo yazo ixhomekeke kwindlela ezinxibelelwa ngayo, zifakwe ngayo, kwaye zifakwe kwimo ebanzi yokusingqongileyo.

Indima Yeempawu Zexabiso

Kwintliziyo yentshukumisa yezoqoqosho kukho umqondiso wexabiso. Xa amanzi ephantsi kakhulu, abathengi abanasizathu saneleyo sokuwasebenzisa ngocoselelo. Kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi, ixabiso lamanzi alibonisi ukuswela kwalo okanye ixabiso lokwenyaniso lokunika kunye nonyango. Izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho zisebenza ngokulungisa lo mqondiso — mhlawumbi ngenkqubo engqalileyo okanye ngezixhobo zemali ezivuza ulondolozo. Umzekelo, indlu efumana umjelo wokufaka indlu yangasese ephantsi ekwixabiso eliphezulu ngokunempumelelo ijongenexabiso eliphantsi lokugcina amanzi, nokokuba ixabiso lothengiso alitshintshi.

Iintlobo ezingundoqo zoqoqosho kulawulo lwamanzi

Abenzi benkqubo baye bavelisa isixhobo esityebileyo sezoqoqosho sokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ahlala exhase. Nganye ineengenelo ezahlukileyo kwaye ifaneleke ngokwemeko ezithile, ukusuka kwimimiselo yedolophu ukuya kumsebenzi omkhulu wezolimo.

Umthamo wamanzi odityanisiweyo

I-intenet edityanisiweyo (okanye ibloko) ibiza umlinganiselo osezantsi weyunithi yokuqala yamanzi atyiweyo — idla ngokugquma iimfuno ezisisiseko — kunye neqondo eliphezulu ngokuqhubekayo lokusetyenziswa kongezelelweyo. Esi sakhiwo sigcina ukusebenziseka okubalulekileyo ngexa sidala intshukumisa enamandla yemali yokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwelahleko. Izixeko ezifana Los Angeles kunye [FLT]] i-Cape Town zisebenzise ngempumelelo i-priging efunekayo ukunqandayo ukunqanda ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngexesha lembalela, ngokufuthi kufikelela uhlahlolo olungu-15/25% ekusetyenzisweni kwe-manyuko kunyaka wokuqala wokwenziwa.

2. Ziphindele kunye neZigqubuthelo ezithe ngqo

Oorhulumente kunye neziphakamisi-zixhobo basoloko benikela izibonelelo zokuthenga nokufaka izixhobo ezisebenzayo zamanzi, izicwangciso, kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ziquka izindlu zangasese ezisebenzayo, iimatshini zokuhlamba, iibhombu zokunkcenkceshela, kunye nabalawuli abachukumileyo abachwethezayo. Ezi zibonelela phantsi kwexabiso langaphambili, ezidla ngokuba ngowona mqobo mkhulu ekufumaneni inzala. Umzekelo, .S.Inkqubo ye-General Provity Agency’s Waterseses [ inceda iintsapho ukuba zisindise iimalitha ezingamawaka ezigidi zamanzi ngakunyelwa namanzi kunye ne-rebate.

3. Amatyala erhafu kunye nezikhuseli

Izihlomelo ezisekelwe kwirhafu zivumela amashishini nabavelisi bezolimo ukuba basuse inxalenye yexabiso lokuqokelela amanzi kwingeniso yabo ehlawulwa yirhafu. Le ndlela isebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwimisebenzi emikhulu, enjengokuphucula ukuvalwa kwemixokelelwano epholileyo kwimizi-mveliso okanye ukuguqula ukusuka ekunkcenkceshelweni kwemali ngokhukhuliseko kwiifama. Ngenxa yokuba irhafu isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo zengeniso, inokwenziwa ngesikali ngemilinganiso esiphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu.

4. Ubhatalo lweeNkonzo zeNkqubo yeNkcubeko (PESI)

Iinkqubo ze-PES zibuyisela abanini-mhlaba kunye noluntu ekulawuleni umhlaba wabo ngeendlela zokukhusela okanye zokubuyisela ubuncwane bamanzi. Umzekelo, umbane wamanzi ungahlawula abalimi abanomsinga wokutyala izigcini-meya ezibangela ukukhula kwemijelo, ukucutha nokunyusa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba afume. IBhanki yehlabathi ixhase iinkqubo ezininzi ze-PES emhlabeni wonke, iphawula ukuba bafaka inzuzo yezoqoqosho kwimpilo echaphazelekayo kwaye basoloko benyusa ii-cobenefit ezinokufumana i-conefitting njengekharbon-s syst kunye nolondolo lwezityalo.

5. Iimarike nokunqongophala kwamanzi

Kwimimandla enamalungelo amanzi amisiweyo, iimarike zamanzi zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathenge, bathengise, okanye baqeshe izalathiso zamanzi. Oku kwenza intshukumisa yemali engqalileyo ukuze kulondolozwe, ngenxa yokuba amanzi angasetyenziswanga angathengiswa komnye umsebenzisi ngengeniso. i-Murray-Dling Plan [ ingumzekelo othe kratya othe kratya, apho urhwebo lwamanzi luye lwanceda ukufumana izinto eziluncedo ngakumbi ngexesha lembalela, ngexesha lembalela. Iimarikethengi zamanzi azina mpikiswano — i-equququzelisssss'''iiiiiesports trans transmes trans, i-oserserces syms systems.

Iingenelo Zokusetyenziswa Kwamanzi Azinzileyo Ngokwezoqoqosho

Xa zisetyenziswa ngenyameko, izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho zivelisa imiphumo emihle engaphaya kokulondoloza amanzi.

Izidanga ezilinganisiweyo

Ubungqina obuvela kwintlu yemithetho bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezikhuthazayo zinganciphisa intlawulo yamanzi epheleleyo nge-10-30% kumacandelo okuhlala nakwezorhwebo. Kwezolimo, ezibangela malunga nama-70% okurhoxa kwamanzi angena emanzini asemhlabeni wonke, izinto ezifana nokunkcenkceshela okuncinane okunyibilikisiweyo zidityaniswe kwinkqubela esebenzayo yamanzi engama-30/50% kwiyunithi nganye yokukhutshwa kwemveliso yezityalo. Ezi mali ziqokelelwa ngonyaka ngamnye, zidibanisa iinzuzo zokuncitshiswa kwamanzi adityanisiweyo.

Ukukhuthaza ukubuyiselwa nokusetyenziswa kobuxhakaxhaka

Izisusa zezoqoqosho zidala utsalo lwezobuchwephesha obutsha. Xa izinto eziluncedo zinika abalawuli abakrelekrele bokunkcenkceshela, abavelisi batyala ukuphucula ukuthembeka nokunxibelelana kwabo. Xa iityala zerhafu zikhona ekulungiseni amanzi akwimizi - mveliso, amankampani obunjineli avelisa ingeniso eninzi ebangela ingeniso kunye neenkqubo zonyango. Oku kuphuhlisa ukuncitshiswa kwexabiso lexesha elide lokulondolozwa kwemali kwaye kunyusa utshintsho kuqoqosho lwamanzi olunexabiso eliphezulu.

Ukunciphisa Impembelelo Yokusingqongileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi asezantsi kuguqulela ngqo ekunciphiseni uxinezeleko kwimilambo, amachibi, kunye nee-aquifer. Oku kunceda ukugcina isiseko sendlela yokuhamba kwindalo yasemanzini, kuxhasa inani leentlanzi, kwaye kugcina iindawo ezihlala izilwanyana ezihlala phantsi kwamanzi. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokukhuthaza izilwanyana zikwajolise kwiinjongo ezithile zokusingqongileyo, ezinjengokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezisefama okanye ukukhuselwa kwamanzi akwindawo ephantsi komsinga. Isiphumo siyingenelo edityanisiweyo: ukulondoloza amanzi kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume yendalo zifunyanwa ngaxeshanye.

Imveliso yexabiso ithelekiswa nezisombululo ezizizo

Ukunciphisa imfuno ngezixhobo zokunyusa isantya kudla ngokubiza ixabiso eliphantsi kunokuvelisa imveliso yamanzi amatsha — ukwakha isitya sokukhupha amanzi, ukumba imithombo enzulu, okanye ukwakha iqula elitsha. Umzekelo, ixabiso lokugcina ilitha kwiinkqubo zokulondoloza iseyile elisekelwe kwi-rate liyi-1/3 kwixabiso lokuvelisa ilitha elitsha kumanzi akhutshwayo. Oku kuxabisa imali eninzi kwenza imveliso yezoqoqosho ibe yendlela entle kwimimandla yomzingeno wamanzi kunye neyamanzi afumileyo.

Ucelomngeni Nokucingwa

Nangona zithenjiswe, izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho azicombululi. Ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke kwindlela ecwangcisiweyo nengqiqo esengqiqweni yendlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo kunye nemithetho engqongqo.

Ukulingana nokulingana

Enye yezingxinano ezizingisileyo zezi njongo zezoqoqosho kukuba zingangenela ngokugqithisileyo kwiintsapho ezityebileyo . Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo eziphezulu, umzekelo, zifuna ikomkhulu ukuba iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi zingabi nazo. Ngokufanayo, izicwangciso ezifakelweyo ziyakwazi ukohlwaya iintsapho ezinkulu ezineemfuno ezisisiseko. Ukunika le nto, iinkqubo kufuneka ziquke uncedo — njengamandla akhululekileyo okugcina amanzi aphantsi abahlali, okanye ii-patroli ezisekelwe kwingeniso eziqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenzisa okubalulekileyo kusenokungabi naxabiso. I-Equququzelela kwinkqubo yokwenziwa ukususela ekuqaleni, hayi njengoko lwasemva kokuqwalalwa.

Ubuchule Bokwenza

Ukulungiselela iinkqubo zokufumana irhafu okanye ukurhweba ngerhafu kufuna ukulandelelwa ngamandla, uqinisekiso, kunye nobuchule bokunyanzelisa. Imisebenzi kufuneka ifake imali ekufumaneni abathengi, ekulungiseleleni isicelo, kunye nesiqinisekiso somgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuba izihlomelo azilahlwanga kwizifakelo eziphosakeleyo okanye kwintengiso zobuqhophololo. Iimarike zamanzi zifuna iqonga elicacileyo, amalungelo acacileyo empahla, kunye nolawulo ukunqanda ukuqiqa okanye ukufihlwa. Ezi ndleko zolawulo zinokuba nendima ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwizixhobo ezincinane okanye imithombo encinane yombane.

IiNkcubeko zeNkcubeko nezokuziphatha

Iintshukumisa zezoqoqosho ziqiqa ngelithi abantu basabela ngokufanelekileyo kwimiqondiso yamaxabiso, kodwa ukwenza izigqibo zehlabathi zokwenene kunzima kakhulu. Imikhwa, izithethe zoluntu, kunye nesimo sengqondo ngamanzi ‘ njengelungelo elinobungozi. * zingadambisa impembelelo yentshukumisa yemali. Umzekelo, ezinye iizifundo zibonisa ukuba ukunyusa amaxabiso amanzi ngaphandle kokuhamba nemfundo kungavelisa imali ebekelwe imali encinane kuphela, ngenxa yokuba abantu abangaziqondi kakuhle indlela yabo yokusebenzisa okanye izenzo ezithile abanokuzithatha. Iinkqubo eziphumelelayo zidibanisa izisusa zezoqoqosho kunye nothengiso lwemali, uphicotho-mali lwamanzi, kunye nokuphendula okuthe ngqo [ezininzi] (ezifana nogcino-data oluchukileyo) ukuze batshintshe ukuziphatha.

Imiqobo Yezobupolitika Neyasemthethweni

Ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezintsha ezitsha okanye iimarike zamanzi kusoloko kujongene nokuchasana kwezobupolitika. Abasebenzi basebupoliseni bangachasa umlinganiselo onyukayo nokuba bayilelwe ukuba babe yingeniso-ngaphangalathi. Abalimi abanamalungelo aphezulu amanzi basenokuzixhathisa iinkqubo zorhwebo ezivavanya izabelo zabo zembali. Ukoyisa le miqobo kufuna ukuba kwakhiwe uvumelwano olubanzi lomgcini-mathingi, ebonisa iingenelo ezicacileyo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuchasana kwiinguquko ngokuthe ngcembe. Abaphathi benkqubo kwilizwe nakumgangatho wesizwe banokunceda ekubangeleni ubuchule bokwenza umthetho kunye nokunikezela uncedo lobugcisa.

Imigaqo Yoyilo Yocwangciso Lwezoqoqosho Olunempumelelo

Besebenzisa amava omhlaba wonke, abaphathi bamanzi banokulandela imigaqo emininzi eyintloko ukuze baphucule impembelelo yezizathu zezoqoqosho ngoxa benciphisa imiphumo engacwangciswanga.

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqala ngogcino-lwazi olulungileyo. Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi asisiseko, inani labathengi, kunye nemiqathango yenkqubo kubalulekile ekubekeni amaxabiso afanelekileyo kunye nezizathu zokujolisa apho ziyakuba neziphumo ezikhulu.
  2. [[NT.1] Iintonga zekhobathi kunye neecaroti. Iincentives zisebenza kakuhle xa zidityaniswe nokumiswa kwakhona komgaqo. Umzekelo, ukuphinda usetyenziso lwezixhobo ezisebenzayo lungadityaniswa nokungabikho kwesigaba esithe chu kweminye imilinganiselo engeyo yekho kwikhompyutha.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Uthungelwano olucace gca. ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba kutheni isantya sitshintsha okanye kutheni ibhakiti inikezelwa. Sebenzisa ulwimi olulula, izinto eziphindiweyo, kunye neziqhagamshelanisi ezininzi (iposi, i-imeyili, i-media yentlalo, iziganeko zoluntu).
  4. [[UMTL:0] Ulungelelaniso kunye nokulungisa ngokuqhubekayo. Beka amaxhoba anokufumaneka (umz., isimbuku selitha ezigciniweyo, umyilo wokwamkelwa komntwana osebenzayo) kunye nenkqubela-phambili yonyaka ngamnye. Yibani ngabakulungeleyo ukubeka ithala lee-primes ezibuthathaka, ukuphinda ulungise, okanye imilinganiselo yokusebenza esekelwe kumsebenzi.
  5. Amanyathelo alinganayo asuka kusuku olunye. iinkqubo zoyilo olunemiqathango eyakhelwe kwizindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi, abaqeshi, kunye noluntu olungenankathalo. Oku kungaquka iinkonzo zokufakela ngesisa, isikali esityibilikayo, okanye inkxaso yoluntu.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Imisebenzi Engokwezoqoqosho

Imarike Yamanzi Engumrray Eshushu YaseOstreliya

Ngexesha leMillennium Drought (1997-2010), iimarike zamanzi zangqina ixabiso labo njengesixhobo esithambileyo sokufumana iimpahla ezinqabileyo. Abarhwebi banokuthenga okanye bathengise izabelo zamanzi zokwexeshana, ezivumela abo banexabiso eliphezulu eliphezulu (umz., ifreatrangess) ukukhusela unikezelo loxa abanye benoncedo ekulondolozeni amanzi. Le nkqubo inciphisa iintlungu zezoqoqosho zembalela, yakhuthaza abalimi abaninzi ukuba bafakelele ekunkcebiseni ngokunezelisa. [[FLT:]] World Bank ihlola udweliso lwenkqubo lwalo lwenkqubo ithi ukurhweba ngamanzi kwanegalelo ekunyukeni kwe 25% kwimveliso yamanzi kumphandle ngamnye kwidibini engamashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo.

Ukulondoloza Amanzi Edolophini LaseKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya ibiligumbi lee labolatoriyula zezizathu zezoqoqosho kubaphathi bamanzi. Ngexesha lembalela yowama-2016, urhulumente wanika ii-asethi zokubuyisela injini, izixhobo eziphezulu ezisebenzayo, kunye neenkqubo zemvula. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka ku ICalifornia Isebe Lezibonelelo zamanzi [ libonisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zanceda ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi asedolophini ngomyinge-24% ngokunxulumene no-2013, Crucily, urhulumente wamkela isakhiwo esineentloko se-pluethi eyathumela imiqondiso ecacileyo kubasebenzisi abakhulu. Idityani le-Rebites, i-prigzig, kunye nokhuseleko lolondolo lwezogcino-onke lwezinto zavelo zenza amaxhoba anamandla.

Igunya Lamanzi LakwaSirayeli

Ilizwe latshintsha icandelo lamanzi ukusuka kwingxaki ukuya kwintabalala ngoqhagamshelwano lobugcisa obuhambele phambili kunye nezikhuthazo zezoqoqosho. Ngokungenisa amanzi ngexabiso elipheleleyo, kuquka ukukhutshwa nokutshintshwa kwemali, ilizwe ladala imarike apho ugcino-mali luhlawula khona. Abathengi bajongana nolwando olukhulayo lwezithintelo ezisetyenziswa ngamanzi ngaphezu kophawu olunempumelelo. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente unika inkxaso ekusebenziseni ukunkcenkcenkceshela kunye nolimo lwezolimo. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo zale mveliso yezolimo yanda ngokuphindwe kalishumi ngaphaya kweminyaka engama-50 edluleyo, kwaye ukwanda okuncinane okuncinane kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi amanzi amanzi amanzi amanzi okusetyenziswa kwezolimo.

Uqukumbela: Isixhobo Esinamandla Kwindlela Ebanzi

Iintshukumisa zezoqoqosho aziyonto nje esetyenziswayo ukunqanda ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kodwa ziyinxalenye esisiseko yendlela yokugcina amanzi apheleleyo. Xa ziveliswe kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokuqwalasela ukulingana, ukubonakala, nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo, zinokunyusa unciphiso oluphawulekayo ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi, ukuvuselela, kunye nokudambisa uxinzelelo kwizinto eziphilayo ezixinezelekileyo. Amava ehlabathi eOstreliya, eKhalifoniya, e-Israel, kunye neminye imimandla emininzi ibonisa ukuba ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zemali kunye neenjongo zokulondoloza indalo kuvelisa iziphumo ezinokusetyenziswa nezingagobelwanga.

Amanzi aluncedo, kwaye ulawulo lwawo oluzinzileyo lufuna ukuba onke amacandelo oluntu abe nenxaxheba. Iinjongo zezoqoqosho zinika indlela ebhetyebhetye, yobuhlobo yentengiso yokwenza ukuba oko kungenelele — ukuvuza abo balondoloza, bakhuthaza abo bahlala beqalisile, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi ahlala ekho kubantu, kwiifama nakwindalo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.