Umhlaba okhethiweyo we-United States ulawulwa ngamaqela edemokhrasi kunye namaRiphabliki, kodwa abatshayeli abazimeleyo nabazimeleyo nabecandelo lesithathu baye benza indima engaguqukiyo nenempembelelo kwizixhobo zonyulo nentetho yezobupolitika. Ngelixesha aba bathathi-nxaxheba benqabile ukuphumelela kwisikhundla esingundoqo, ubukho babo bunyanzela amaqela amakhulu ukuba athethe imibandela engahoywayo, atshintshe amandla okuvota, kwaye ahlasele impikiswano ngokutshintsha kweenguqu zonyulo. Eli nqaku lihlola iingcambulo zembali, iingxaki ezizingisileyo, kunye neziphumo ezicacileyo zabahlali becandelo lesithathu, ukuzoba nemizekelo engundoqo kunye nogcino-data kwimbali yezobupolitika yaseMelika.

Imeko yembali yeIndependent kunye neCandidetic yesithathu

Izahlulo zesithathu ziye zaba luphawu oluphindaphindayo lwezobupolitika zase-U.S. ukususela kwiRiphabliki yokuqala. Nangona le nkqubo ineenxenye ezimbini iye yamiselwa ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1850, amanye amaqela aye avela ngamaxesha athile ukuvavanya imeko-bume, ngokufuthi etyhila ngokubhekiselele kwimibutho ethile yotshintsho okanye kwizikhalazo zobupopu.

Iintshumayelo Zasekuqaleni (ngenkulungwane yesithathu)

Iqela le-Anti-Masonic [[FLT: 1] (1828-1838]) yayingowokuqala wesithathu, ekhuthaza ukungathembani kwamabutho afihlakeleyo. Yasungula umkhwa wokuphatha iindibano zesizwe, isithethe esamkelwa kamva ngamaqela amakhulu. ISikhululo Solil [1888] [854]) yalwa nolwandiswano lobukhoboka kwimimandla yasentshona, ixhasa ukusuka kumacala omabini asemntla Democrats kunye neWhigs. Nangona ingazange ifumane umgangatho wayo ukunceda ukuguqula ingxoxo yesizwe kwaye ekugqibeleni yaphembeleka kwiParthi yeRiphabliki. [FTProult:] [5]

Iintkolo Zesithathu Zenkulungwane Yama - 20

[[[FLT: 0] Iqela eliqhubekekayo[[FLT: 1] (1912]), elikhokelwa nguMongameli uTheodore Roosevelt, lihlala lilelinye lamaphulo abalulekileyo esithathu ekwahlukaneni. Roosevelt yasusa incomponing Republican William Howard Taft, iphumelele 27% yevoti yovoti ethandwayo ne 88 evoti yokhetho. Nangona waphulukana noDemocrate Woodwarow Wilson, “Bull Moocer", [16] idition, idition, isibhozo se hhoog, kunye ne-areacritive, kunye ne-antiumst projectives , i-FF.[5] inguquance, i-FFoffast, i-evolution, i-evolution, i-1943494, ingumba ye-R3, i-R1044, inguquase provicet, i-edians, i-e

Ucelomngeni Olujongene Neziphakamiso Ezizimeleyo Neziqithi Zesithathu

I-endodo kunye necandelo lesithathu labaqhubi bajongene noninzi lwezakhiwo kunye nemiqobo ebangela ukuba ukuphumelela kwe-ofisi kube nzima ngokungaqhelekanga. Le miqobo ayikho ngengozi; iphuma kwimithetho nezithethe ezixhasa amaqela amabini amakhulu.

Imiqathango yokufikelela yebhola

Urhulumente ngamnye umisela eyakhe imithetho yokufikelela kwi-odolate, kwaye uninzi lumisela iimfuno ezidityanisiweyo, iimali ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nexesha elimiselweyo. Umzekelo, ngo-202020, icandelo lesithathu lombutho womongameli elifuna utyikityo olumalunga namakhulu amathathu olwesibini kwimimandla engama-50, umsebenzi obiza amakhulu amawaka eerandi. Amazwe afana ne-Texas, ne-Ohiohio anemithetho edityanisiweyo, efuna umntswana ukuqokelela utyikityo olulinganayo kwipesenti yokugqibela ye-gernerial votial. Le mida yenzelwe ukulinganisela ukulahlwa komgxubeko kodwa itshixe ngokuphumelelayo abangenayo oovimba abakhulu bemibutho. Ngokutshona [[FLD: 0], inani lomgangatho wesithathu lomgangatho wokungalungela ukuphumelela kwabo baphumelele.

Umahluko wemali

I-Major efumene inkxaso-mali kwimibutho emiselwe kakuhle yokubonelela ngemali, i-PACs enkulu, kunye neenkqubo zokuxhasa ngemali zikawonke-wonke ezisoloko zingawafaki amaqela esithathu. IKhomishini yoNquliso loManyano ifuna ukuba iqela lifumane ubuncinane isihlanu% sovotiwelo oluthandwayo kunyulo olungaphambili ukuze lifanelekele imali yonyulo jikelele. Abathathi-nxaxheba, umqobo ozimeleyo ungaphezulu kakhulu. Ngo-2020, i-Trump ne-Biden iphulo lanyusa i-$.1 lamawaka ezigidi, ngelixa i-Libertennee Jorgensen, ngekota ezimalunga nezigidi eziyi-1,5.5.4.4.4.Umlinganiselo wemali ephakathi kwe-R1, ukubhengezwa kwemisebe, abasebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi yomhlaba.

Ugqumo lwamajelo eendaba nokubonakala

Iindawo zokukhupha iindaba ezingundoqo zidla ngokugquma unyulo njengogqatso lwamahashe amabini, zinika abathathi-nxaxheba abangaphantsi kwexesha elincinane okanye isithuba soshicilelo. Uhlolisiso lwangonyaka ka 2016 lweBerkman Klein Center eHarvard lwafumanisa ukuba isambatho sonxibelelwano sabathathi-nxaxheba besithathu ngexesha lonyulo jikelele sasingekho, ngokufuthi silinganiswa kakhulu kunohlolo lwamahashe olunomdla wokuba ngaba banokukwazi “ukubhaqwa. Xa begqunywe, sisoloko sisongezwa ngesandi esikhabayo okanye esigxekayo. Oku kusilela ukuchasa ngengqiqo yokuba abathathi besithathu abatshathi benjenjalo abavumi abasebenzi.

Ukhupho-mbono kunye nempikiswano ethi “Imposiso Ephakanyisiweyo”

Mhlawumbi esona sithintelo sinamandla yinkolelo esasazekileyo yokuba uvoti yomntu ozimeleyo okanye ongowesithathu umvotelwa “wadityaniswa.” Kwindlela yokufumana impumelelo yonke yokukhetha, abavoti bayathanda ukuxhasa umvotisi obonakala engenakuphumelela, besoyika ukuba uvotelwa baza kunceda ekunyuleni icandelo elikhulu abangayithandi kakhulu. Oku kuvota okusebenzayo kuqiniswa ngamaqela amakhulu kwaye ngamaziko eendaba. Umzekelo, kunyuso lomongameli wama 2000, uRalph Nader 2.7% wovoti yesizwe, kwaye uDemocrates umbeks umbek'enxa ngenxa yokuwina uAl Gore eFlorida. Nokuba oko bekungachananga, ukuveliswa kwendlela yesahlulo sesithathu.

Impembelelo Kukhetho Nentetho Yezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kwale miqobo, abaza kukhetha abazimeleyo nababeza kuthatha inxaxheba kwisithathu benza imicimbi. Baphembelela ucwangciso lwenkqubo, imilinganiselo yokuvota yokutshintsha, kwaye maxa wambi banyanzelisa amaqela amakhulu ukuba alungelelanise okanye ajongene neziphumo zokukhetha.

Ukutshintsha Iagenda Yezobupolitika

Icandelo lesithathu elijolise kwimiba egxininiswa ngamaqela amakhulu ukuba ayityeshele okanye ayijongele phantsi. Ukugxininisa kweGreen Party kutshintsho lwemozulu ekuqaleni kowama-2000 kwanceda ekunyanzeliseni inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ephezulu kwinkqubo yedemocratic Surst. U-Ross Perot ka-192 ujolise kwintengiselwano karhulumente enyanzelisa ukuba uBill Clinton noGeorge H.W. Bush ukukhupha iiplani ezithe ngqo zokukhulula iprojekthi. Iqela leLibertrian Party elingaguquguqukiyo kwimigaqo yeziyobisi, utshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye norhwebo lwenkululeko luye lwaphembelela izikhundla ezikhulu ngaphaya kwemibazwe yezobupolitika. Xa iqela lesithathu linesabelo esibalulekileyo sovoti, amaqela amakhulu atyekele ukuphumelela kwicandelo lawo lokukhulula emva kweqonga lokukhupha iprotoliki.

Imiphumo Ebangelwa Ngumoya Ovuthayo

Kumngeni osondeleyo wonyulo, abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu bangatshintsha iziphumo ngokuzoba ivoti kwenye inxenye enkulu. isiphumo se-spoiler [ sinamandla kakhulu xa i-partment icela isiseko esixhomekeke kwenye yeqela elikhulu. Imizekelo iquka uRalph Nader kwiwaka lamawaka elinamakhulu amabini (mhlawumbi indleko yeGore unyulo), Jill Stein ngo2016 (amatyala awahlukeneyo kwiziphumo zakhe ezingundoqo), kwaye uGeorge Wallace (ukxululo lweDemocratic com). Ngelixa iziphumo zokuphanga zisoloko zisiba mbi, yinkxakeko lokwenene enokudiza ukuxhasa kumaqela amathathu nokukhokela.

Ukuxinezeleka Kwemibhobho Exhomileyo

Abo bavotayo besithathu bangakhuthaza umvoti ngokuzibandakanya nabantu abaziva behlukanisiwe namaqela amakhulu. Ngowe-1992, iphulo likaRoss Perot lanika amandla izigidi zabavoti ababehlala ekhaya ngaphambili, lifak' isandla kwivoti ephezulu erhoxileyo kumashumi eminyaka (55.9% yabemi be-vota ngexesha). Ngokufanayo, iLibertrian kunye nabavoti abatsha nabathenjiweyo baye batsala abatsha kunye nabo baphoxeka ngenkqubo yezahlulo ezibini. Oku kwandayo kunokuba i-mvoti yexesha elide kunegalelo kwezobupolitika, kwanokuba iqela lesithathu aliphumeleli.

Uphando lwemeko lweziphene ezinokukhankanyiwa kunye namaCandidi esithathu

Ukuhlolisisa amaphulo athile kutyhila amaqhinga, impumelelo, nokusikelwa umda kwemigudu yokuzimela geqe nenxalenye yesithathu.

Ross Perot (1992, 1996)

Ross Perot, usomashishini oliwaka lezigidi, wasebenza njengelungu elizimeleyo ngo-192 kwaye kamva njengeqela loTshayina lokuHlaziywa kweQela loTshayo ngo1912. Iphulo lakhe lowe - 1992 lachitha ngaphezu kwee-$60 ezigidi zemali yakhe, limvumela ukuba athenge ii-awunding zeyure eziyisiqingatha zemali aze aqhube intlangano yelizwe lonke. Waphumelela i-18.9% yevoti ethandwayo ephambili eboniswa nguTheodore Rooselt ukususela kwi-19121262. Umba wecala eliphakathi wemali yalo yayilityala elikhulayo lesizwe, kwaye wasebenzisa iitshati ezilula ukuchaza iziphumo zalo ezinde zexesha elide. Umsebenzi wakhe onamandla wanyanzelwa ukuba athethe ngetyala eliphezulu. Ngo-199, u-Perot wafumana i-84% kwi-votivent.

Ralph Nader (2000, 2004, 2008)

Isebe elixhasa iNkundla uRalph Nader lalawula njengeGreen Party nomminee ngowama- 2000 nangowama-2009, kwaye njengeyakhe iphulo lika 2000 lajolise kwigunya lenkampani, ukukhusela imekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwendalo. Wafumana i-2.74% yevoti yesizwe, kodwa eFlorida, irethi egqitywe yi-3737-vota, uNader uNaders wafumana iivoti ezingama-97000. Uninzi uDemocrates waphikisa ukuba uNader “warpost” unyulo luka-Al Gore. Nader ngokwakhe wachasa ezi zinto, njengoko ityala ityala leNkundla ePhaka eMkhosi eBard eBush v. Hamba nenani eliphezulu le-Democraccover lafumana i-octic mvume elininzi kwimittel eninzi, kodwa laqhubeka lisenza igalelo elifana nelam lasekhohlo. Ngokunjalo, umkhosi lorhwebo lobuthothothothothotho lwama-okrali lutheki.

UJesse Ventura (1998)

UJesse Ventura, owayesakuba nguMxhasi weNtlalo-Mkhosi wamanzi noMkhosi wamanzi, waqhuba njengeSizwana sokuHlaziyisela iNguqulo kwirhuluneli yaseMinnesota ngo1998. Efake ingxolo kurhoqo lovoti kumaqela amabini amakhulu, wafaka iphulo kwiqonga le-fiscal quatism, imvume yokuzikhulula, kunye norhulumente oyingcali. Waphumelela 37% kwivoti yogqatso kugqatso lwendlela yendlela yesithathu, i-Riphabliki kunye neDemocraticus exhulument. Uloyiso lukaVentura lwabonisa ukuba i-Ventura yesithathu yeqela lesizwe ingaphumelela kwimo yokhuphiswano olukhulu. Njengorhuluneli, wafaka irhafu yeprojelo yemali yezentenali yezelo, warhwala i-mali yaye wanyanzelela i-mali yezantlawulo lwezambutholo.

Indima Yezikolo Zesithathu Ekuhlaziyweni Kwenkqubo

Ngaphezu kwamaphulo athile, amaqela esithathu asebenzisa ngokwembali njengeencwadi zemfundo ezithi kamva zamkeleke kakhulu. Imfuno yeSizwa sePopulist yerhafu eqhubekayo yengeniso kunye nonyulo olungqalileyo lwamaqumrhu oonongendi yaba ziinguqu zomgaqo-siseko ngo1913. Isivumelwano somzinzo weSizwe solawulo lobuSoshiyali somsebenzi weyure ezisibhozo, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye neNtlalo yoNtlalo yafunyanwa yiNew Deance. Ngokutshono yelifaktha e-lifaza i-likharenti ye-likharenti ye-mali ebhankini, inkululeko yezonyango, kunye nophindo lwe-Ptleyitile ye-Ptlection, i-PGrecioctives, i-Pt yezonyango, i-Greastical Parvel Parces ithelela amaqela amabini amatsha ukuba avume iimbono ezintsha, avumenezo zonyusolukelo.

Utshintsho Olubalulekileyo Nekamva Lezi Ziyantsonkotha

Ukuzingisa kwabathathi-nxaxheba abazimeleyo nabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kunyuse izicelo zotshintsho lokwakha kwinkqubo yonyulo. ukuvota okunyuliweyo okuthe kratya [RCV], ngoku kusetyenziswa eMaine, eAlaska, kunye nokhetho oluninzi lukamasipala, kuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake amanyathelo okukhetha. Phantsi kwe-RCV, ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi, okokugqibela uvoteko uyasuswa kwaye ukhutshelwe kwakhona. Le nkqubo inciphisa “ingxaki yepoler”, njengoko uRhoviota ixhasa i-partyisi yesithathu ngaphandle koloyiko lokuvota kwabo. Xa kusetyenziswa i-Alayi-Alaska, i-2022, eyamkele i-RC yonyulo lonke unyulo, kwaye i-Democracto Plan, phantsi kwendlela ekhethekileyo, enye i-Rhostlin. [enye i-FFoffinstst, esetyenziswa ngumthetho-offnert.]

Izindululo ezifana nokunciphisa imiphetho yokungena kwebhola, ukunikezela ngemali kawonke-wonke kumaqela amathathu, kunye nokwamkela umelo lolungelelwaniso kwizihlalo zowiso-mthetho kukwajolise ekunyuseni umhlaba wokudlala. uFairvote ugxininiso olulolo hlobo lunganyusa ukhetho lovoti kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngeli xesha kuncitshiswa ukwenziwa kwencam yomhlaba. Ngoko, utshintsho olukhulu lujongene nenkcaso eyomeleleyo evela kumaqela amabini amakhulu, angenelwa kwinkqubo yangoku.

Intshukumo ezimeleyo yeNtlanganiso yeSithu

Ngonyaka wama-2020, intshukumo ezintsha zesithathu zivele. Iqela leLungu [[FLT: 0] lisoloko libuzwa phantse i1-3% kunyulo lomongameli, noGary Johnson ephumelele 3.3% ku-2016. [[FLT:] Iqela lesithathu] LeLungu [[FLT:] liye lajongana neengxaki zangaphakathi kodwa lihlala lisebenza kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ngo-202020, abaliqela “abathathi-nxaxheba” kunyuko lomongameli, abafana noKanye West, bazama ukufumana ibhola yodwa, nangona inkoliso ingaphumelelanga. Okukhulu, unyuko, unyuko lwezelo lwezezorhwebo luvumele abasebenzi bezorhwebo abahlala bemiqeqeshi, ukuphakamisa imali nakwakhiwa ngeendawo ezithe qongangobubucala, uTkibe, uTuk, noTukik, kunye no-2022222, kunye no-Fog.[AFokn]

Isiphelo

Abavoteli abazimeleyo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba besithathu bakude kumgangatho osezantsi kunyuko lwaseMerika. Banembali eninzi yokuzisa imibandela emitsha phambili, iphembelela iinguqu ezinkulu, kwaye ngamathuba athile baphumelele kwiofisi. Ukungafumani kwabo isakhiwo sokufumana izithuba, ukuxhasa izithuba, ukuxhasa amajelo eendaba, nokuthandabuza okuthintela ukutshintsha kwemeko-ntle-ntle, kodwa ukungazineliseki okukhulayo nge-polantia kunye ne-gridrockbock kubangele isiseko senkxaso yabanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Utshintsho lwe-Electoral, ngokukodwa ukurhoxaba okubekwa ekwindawo ephantsi kwe-ibhanki, kuzakuhlisa iziphumo ezingundoqo ze-Melika. Njengokuba iindawo zezobupolitika ziguquka, ezizimeleyo nezodwa neziyinxenye zesithathu ziza kuqhubeka zisebenza njengokhangelo kwiqela lezixhobo, ingakumbi ezinokuhlala zingena phambili kwindima yokuzingamele ukuphendula koluvo lwabantu abaninzi.