Idemokhrasi Eneebhiliyoni Ezininzi

Unyulo lwaseMelika luye lwavela luba lishishini elibiza kakhulu elibumba ibala lezopolitiko. Umjikelo wama-2020 wonyulo wabona malunga ne-R34 bhiliyoni epheleleyo, uphinda-phinda u-2016 kwaye ugqitha kwimveliso yasekhaya eninzi yamazwe amancinane. Amaphulo obuongameli ngoku athe rhoqo agqitha ii-$2, i-ibhiliyoni zewaka lewaka le-R3, ii-Intellion yeNtlangatha edla ngokubiza i-R350, kunye nonyulo lwezikolo lwasekuhlaleni maxa wandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali e-R344 bhiliyonke. Ukuqonda [FLT: 0] imali epheleleyo yemali ephumayo, kodwa indlela ekhuphisana oluneelwayo, ukhuphiswano-mali oluneyo, ukhuphicothano-mphiswano, noluvo lwamazwi lwaloo mntu asebenza ngayo kwidemo-demo-demo-demo-demo-yo.

Inkqubo yemali efuna ulungelelwaniso lwemali isebenza ngemida entsonkothileyo yemithetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye neendawo zokuphepha ezithi zidityaniswe njengeqela zigqibe ukuba ngubani onakho ukunikela ngemali, zingaphi na ezinokuthi zinikele, kwaye yintoni efunekayo. Le nkqubo yolawulo yokuzama ukulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo: ukukhusela ukonakala, ukukhusela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhanya, nokugcina ukhuphiswano olucacileyo. Kodwa abagxeki ngaphaya komgaqo-jinga wezobupolitika baphikisa ngelithi imithetho yangoku iyasilela ukufikelela ezinjongo, idala inkqubo apho izilangazelelo zobutyebi zisebenza khona ngokunjalo abemi abaqhelekileyo baziva bengenamdla wokuzisulu kwinkqubo yezopolitiko.

Ukuguquka Kwemali Yephulo EMerika

Ukusuka Ekufumaneni Utshintsho

unyulo lokuqala lwaseMelika lwalufuna inkxaso encinci, njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba benqabile ukuxhakamfula iphulo elithe ngqo, becinga ukuba umsebenzi onjalo uyinto engafanelekanga. Amaphephandaba ayesebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili sonxibelelwano, amaqela ezobupolitika asingatha ucwangciso oluninzi, kwaye ubutyebi bobuqu babusoloko buyimfuneko ekufumaneni isikhundla. Le nkqubo yayingasebenzi phantse kungekho mithetho yenkulungwane yokuqala yeriphabliki.

Ukunganyaniseki kweNkathi yeGildid phakathi ko1870 kunye no1900 zaguqula ezopolitiko zaseMelika. Abaxhasi abahlawulwayo abaxhaswayo ngqo, imali yenkampani elawula imisebenzi yezopolitiko, ukuthenga ivoti kwakuqhelekile, kwaye akukho zimfuno zentelekelelo. Umva woluntu wakhula njengoko ukonakala kwabakho, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kwiinguqu ezinkulu.

Iinguqu eziqhubekekayo ukusuka kuma 1900 ukuya kuma 1970 zaseka umgaqo wokuqala obalulekileyo wolawulo. UMthetho weTillman ka1990 owavalwayo iminikelo yequmrhu elingqalileyo kubavumi. Lo Mthendeleko weFederal Expression wango1990 wafuna ukutyhilwa kwemirhumo yemirhumo nenkcitho. UMthetho we-Hatch ka-1939, olinganiselweyo umqeshwa wezopolitili zobupolitika, kunye noMthetho weTaft-Hartley ka-Hartley ka-Hartley ka-1947 ovaliweyo wemiqathango yemirhumo yomanyano engqalileyo. Le mibutho yangaphambili ayizange ifumane unikezelo oluqinileyo kwaye isoloko isongezwa.

Umsebenzi wemali weCandelo lale Mihla

UMthetho we-FOLT We-Federal Emulation Cange Cange (FECA)] ka-1971 wamela imigudu yokuqala ebanzi yokulawula iphulo lemali. Yamisa imilinganiselo yolwazi olucwangcisiweyo, yasungula imiqathango yoluvo, yasungula inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke kumaphulo omongameli, yaphuhlisa iindlela zokunyanzelisa ezinika uxanduva olukhulu kunemigudu yangaphambili.

I- Intengiso yeposi-Watergate ka 1974 yomeleza umgaqo-siseko wolawulo ngokubalulekileyo. Badala iKhomishini yoNqumo loManyano (FEC) njengombutho ozimeleyo wokulondoloza intlawulo, womeleza imida yomnikelo, wongezelelwe inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke, kunye neemfuno zokongezelelo. Ezi nguqulelo zamela uphawu oluphezulu lwamanzi lwemiqathango yezempempe-mali kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Bluckley v. Valeo [77] ngokusisiseko ukulungisa umhlaba wonke wolawulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukuchitha imali kumaphulo ezobupolitika kungumlomo okhuselwe phantsi koMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala. Imida yentlawulo yaxhaswa njengemilinganiselo yesiseko yokukhusela ukonakala, kodwa imida yenkcitho yabeko njengokwaphulwa kwentetho ekhululekileyo. Le sigqibo sadala umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kweminikelo kunye neenkcitho eziqhubeka zichaza umthetho wezemali wephulo. Ummiselo wamisela ukuba imali ilingana nentetho kumo yezobupolitika, umgaqo oye wakhokela i-jurisprudeficity kanga kamashumi amahlanu eminyaka.

Imithombo Ebalaseleyo Yemali Yephulo

Iminikelo Nganye: Isiseko

[[UMTL:0] Abanikeli abangabantu banikezela ngoninzi lwenkxaso yeli phulo kunyulo lwaseMelika, kodwa impembelelo yabo yahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokusekelwe kubungakanani bomnikelo. Le nkqubo yenza ngokunempumelelo izintlu zokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokusekelwe kubutyebi, ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo esebenza kumgangatho owahlukeneyo wokupha.

Abanikeli abancinane abafak' isandla ngaphantsi kwama-R120 kumele 15 ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini emali yephulo. Le minikelo ayifakwanga kwiingxelo zephulo, ithetha ukuba uwonke ubona kuphela isimbuku esidityanisiweyo kunamagama anikezelayo. Umxhesho omncinane wemali encinane ungaphantsi ko-R2,50 kunye ne-R100, kwaye aba banikeli baphekwa ngokwesiqhelo bashukunyiswa yinkxalabo yemincithazelo yegazi kunokuba bathengise izilangazelelo. Unyuso lwengiselwano lwe-intanethi yeqonga enika iplatluntstiki zemali yemijini enika imibala emincinane kuphela kunemijikelo yakutshanje, kunye nezikhongo zemfazwe ezibalulekileyo eziphambili ezivela kwaba baxhasi.

Abanikeli-mali abakhulu banikela ngeminikelo engama-R3,000 okanye ngaphezulu kufuneka ityhilwe ngegama labo, umsebenzi, kunye nomqeshi. Aba banikeli banikela nge 50 ukuya ku 70 ekhulwini lenkxaso yenkxaso yenkxaso yehlabathi. Badla ngokuya kwingxowa-mali yemali apho bafumana khona ukufikelela ngqo kubahlohli nakunyulwa ngamagosa. Abanikeli abaninzi bafaka iminikelo yabo kwimida karhulumente kwaye basebenzise ii-intanethi zabo ukuqokelela iminikelo yabo kwimigudu yokuqokelela inkxaso yabo kumalungu kunye nemigudu yokuqokelela imali.

Izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo ezincedisayo kwimiqathango ephezulu zimele umlinganiselo oqikelelwayo we-0.01 ekhulwini wabemi. Aba bantu banika abathathi-nxaxheba kunye neekomiti, abafumana iimali ezipheleleyo, basebenza njengabahlanganisi abanikezela ngemirhumo ephuma kwii-nethwekhi, banikela ngqo kwiSuper PACs, kunye namaqela emali emnyama asebenza ngokucace kakhulu. Uxinzeleleko lwenkxaso yezopolitiko phakathi kweli qela lincinane liphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngomelo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokulingana.

[[UMTL]

Iikomiti Zezobupolitika

[[UMTHETHO: 0] IiKomiti zesenzo ezithe ngqo (PACS) zinikezela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokunika iminikelo nokuyandisa kubavumi nakwizizathu. Ezi komiti zisebenza phantsi kwenkqubo ezithile ezimisela imisebenzi yazo evunyelweyo kunye nemiqathango yomnikelo.

[[NTLT:0] Ii-PACs ezidityanisiweyo zixhaswa ngamaqumrhu, amaqumrhu, okanye amaqumrhu orhwebo. Zixhaswa ngeminikelo yokuzithandela yabasebenzi, kunye neendleko zolawulo ezihlawulwa yintlangano exhasayo. Ii-PAC eziququzelelweyo zilinganiselwe kwii-$5 000 kunyulo ngalunye kwaye kufuneka zibhaliswe ne-FEC, ngenkcazelo epheleleyo efunekayo kuyo yonke iminikelo efunyenweyo kunye nenkcitho ehlawulwayo.

I-PACS enee-Non ezidityanisiweyo isebenza njengemibutho ezimeleyo yeengcamango. Ixhaswa yiminikelo yabantu ngabanye evela kubaxhasi kunokuba idibane nalo naliphi na icandelo okanye umbutho. Imida efanayo yomnikelo isebenza njengakuma-PAC, kodwa le mibutho isoloko ijolise kwimiba ethile kunokuba ixhaswe yi-PC ebanzi. Ii-ANC ezidityanisiweyo zinokusebenza ngezakhiwo zomsebenzi wokuzithandela okanye abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo okanye ixhomekeke kwimisebenzi neenjongo zabo.

[[[NTL:0] I-PACS yomkhosi womntu ngamnye wezopolitiko kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa abanye abatsha, ukwakha impembelelo yezobupolitika, kunye nokuxhasa intsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano neziganeko. Ezi komiti zijongene nemiqathango ebuthathaka kwindlela imali esenokusetyenziswa ngayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkxalabo ngenzuzo yobuqu kunye nokuphambukiswa kwemithetho yezemali yezemali. I-Predester PCs ixhale kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje njengamalungu eBhunga lifuna ukwakha amagunya nokuzimela ngokwalo lwemisebenzi yobunkokeli okanye isikhundla esiphezulu.

IiPasika Ezibalaseleyo: Ukusebenzisa imali engenamda

I-PACS ivela ngqo kwiMatizec United v. FEC isigqibo ngo-2010 kwaye iguqule iprojekthi yezemali. Ezi komiti zimela utshintsho olungundoqo kwindlela imali ehamba ngayo kwezobupolitika zaseMerika, idala imijelo emitsha yokusetyenziswa okungenasiphelo kwemali esebenza ngokuhambelana nenkqubo yegalelo elawulwayo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo ze-Super PACS ziquka iminikelo engenasiphelo evela nakuwuphi na umthombo, ukuchitha imali epheleleyo ekuthumeleni imiyalezo yezobupolitika, ukuvalwa kokusebenzisana kwamaqela, ukunyanzeleka komnikezeli, ukukwazi ukuqhuba izibhengezo, ukulungiselela iziganeko, kunye nokuzivotelela. Ukuvalwa komanyano kusesona siphambili ekuthetheleleni kwabo okusemthethweni, nangona abahlalutyi bephikisa ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kwemeko kuyenzeka rhoqo kusetyenziswa nakundlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokusebenza.

[[NTL:0] Abadlali abanoMqolo kwiPaC ephezulu kwimeko-bume yendalo iquka iPaC ePhakamileyo enye exhasa ngokungekho mthethweni iprojekthi ethile, amaqela ajolise ingxube, axhasa imigaqo ethile okanye iingcamango, imibutho edityanisiweyo exhasa iinjongo zamaqela, imisebenzi eqhutyelwe phambili ngobutyebi, kunye namaqela axhasa izilangazelelo zoshishino.

Kumjikelo wonyulo wama-2020, inkcitho ephezulu yePAC ifikelele malunga nee-R2,1 zezigidi zezigidi, emela inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcitho yezopolitiko. Oku kuchitha kushenxise amandla okwenza izigqibo kumalungu angaphandle ajongene neemfuno ezincinci nezityhiliweyo.

Amaqela emali amnyama

[[UMTL: 0] Amaqela emali arhwebe phantsi kwecandelo lerhafu elalinganzelwanga umsebenzi wezopolitiko kodwa ngokuya lisiba yizithuthi zokukhetha ezichithwa ngokungenamiqathango. Le mibutho iye yaba sembindini kwimali yempepha yezomrhumo yale mihla, ingakumbi kumgangatho ophezulu wenkcitho.

501 (c) imibutho yoluntu yoluntu ifunwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba ibe nezobupolitika njengenye into ngaphandle kwenjongo yazo ezingundoqo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwale mfuneko kunciphile. La maqela awabatyhili abantu abanikelayo, angenza iminikelo kwiSuper PACs, kwaye athe ahambela phambili kwezobupolitika kwimisebenzi yawo. Imali esetyenziswayo ede yafikelela malunga nezigidi ezingama-$750 kumjikelo wonyaka wama-2020, kunye nenkoliso yayo ihamba ngolu hlobo lomjelo.

501 (c) (6) unxulumano lorhwebo lusebenza phantsi kwemithetho efanayo. Amaqela anjengamagumbi orhwebo kunye namaqumrhu oshishino abhengeza ngaphandle kokuchaza imithombo yawo yenkxaso-mali. Iminikelo kule mibutho isoloko ingasebenzi ngqo njengenkcitho yeshishini, inika uncedo olongezelelekileyo lwerhafu yerhafu yezopolitiko esebenza kule mijelo.

iindlela zomdlalo wamanzi afihlakeleyo zibandakanya ukugqithiselwa okuninzi phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibutho edibeneyo engekho mthethweni. Imali ingahamba idlule kwizinto ezininzi ngaphambi kokufikelela kwindawo yayo yezopolitiko, idala iindlela ezinzima okanye ezingenakwenzeka kubaphengululi kunye neentatheli ukuba zilandelwe. Inkxalabo malunga nemali yamanye amazwe engena kwinkqubo yezopolitiko ngala majelo ikhokelele ekubizeni iimfuno ezinamandla ngakumbi, nangona ingcebiso lomthetho-onkciso lithintelwe kukungavumelani kwe-RCUBS.

IiKomiti ZeQela Lezobupolitika

Imibutho yeParty isebenza kwimigangatho emininzi kwaye ibonelela ngesiseko esibalulekileyo somsebenzi wephulo. Ezi komiti zilungelelanisa imisebenzi kulo lonke uhlanga kwaye zinika ubuncwane obungenakuvelisa ngokuphumelelayo ngokwazo.

iikomiti zohlanga kuquka iKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kunye neKomiti yeRepublicaan National Committee yolungelelaniso lomongameli, ukuxhasa ukhuphiswano lweqela, ukwakha izibonelelo, nokulawula imisebenzi emikhulu yokuxhasa intlawulo. Ezi komiti ziye zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lemali ethambileyo, xa iminikelo engenamiqathango ikhutshwa ngamaqela phambi kokuba ithintelwe nguMthetho weBpartistan Chaintement Reformation Act ka-2002.

Iikomiti zolawulo-mthetho njengeKomiti yeCampision yeDemocratic Congregation, iKomiti yeRiphabliki ye-Riphabliki, iKomiti ye-Democratic Senatial Campalial Committee, kunye neKomiti ye-Republicational Senacatorial Senacarean Committee ijolise ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo kwimintla yeMizi neNtlanga-Ntlanganiso. Ezi komiti zijolise kwimi yengingi ekhuphisanayo, abathathiswayo, abaqhubi bezophaka inkqeshe, benza uphando lwenkcaso, kwaye yenza izigqibo ezicwangciso ezicwangcisa apho banokufumana khona oovimba abaziindawo apho banokuba nempembelelo enkulu.

Isizwe kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni aphatha iingca eziphungulweyo zokulungiselela, ukuvota, nokufumana umsebenzi wesizwe. Banxulumana ngokusondeleyo neekomiti zesizwe ngezivumelwano zentsebenziswano ezidibanisa intsebenziswano ezivumela abanikezeli ukuba babhale ii-checks ezinkulu ezisasazwa kwiikomiti zamaqela amaninzi kunye namaziko ajongene nokujolisa phambili.

Inkqubo yokuSebenza kukaRhulumente

[[FLT: 0] I-Predidieal nkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke iphelelwe lixesha ngokubanzi njengoko abahlohli abaphambili beyekile ukuthatha inxaxheba. Le nkqubo inika abathathi-nxaxheba abangqinelani abagqibele ukuchitha imida, kodwa le mida ayizange isebenze njengoko iindleko zephulo zinyuka. I-Candidate inganyusa ngaphezulu kakhulu ngeminikelo yabucala kunenkqubo kawonke wonke enika, yenza ukuba nenxaxheba kumgangatho oyingozi.

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zibonise isithembiso esithe kratya kunye nokusungulwa. Amazwe alishumi elinesine ngoku anika uhlobo oluthile lwemali kawonke-wonke. Inkqubo yokhetho lwe-Connecticut iphumele iqondo eliphezulu kwaye inconyelwe ngokucutha impembelelo yemidlalo ekhethekileyo kwezopolitiko. Inkqubo ye-New York City engqinelanayo yemali ikhupha iminikelo emincinane, inika abaqhubi bemi abatshanayo ingxube ingxube kwimi yerhafu efaka ingca. Inkqubo ye-Democrafey Vouch inika bonke abami base-Rocers abanokuyabela abathathi abathanga abathanga abathathiweyo, ngexa inkqubo kacoccooc e-Ecoastries transsssssss abavumayo ngokungqongqo kwimiqathango yemiqathango yabucala yabucala.

Imithetho: Imida, Isilingi, Nokunyanzelwa

Imida Yomanyano

Kumjikelo wonyulo 2023-2024, imida yomnikelo kazwelonke imisela imida ekhethekileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeminikelo. Abanikeli ngabanye banganikela ngee-$3,300 ngonyulo olungundoqo, ngonyulo olubalwa ngokwahlukileyo, ngokunempumelelo luvumela ii-$6,600 kumntu ngamnye oza kubhaptizwa. Iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika zinganikela ngonyulo lwe-$5 000 kunyulo ngalunye. Imida yekomiti yeqela iyahluka ngokwekomiti ethile nohlobo lomnikelo.

Iminikelo yePAC ilinganiselwe kwii-$5 000 ngonyaka ukusuka kubantu ngabanye, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwePAC ukuya kwiPAC kukwalinganiselwa kwii-R3 000 ngonyaka. Iminikelo kwiikomiti zeqela ivumela abantu ukuba banikele ngee-$1,300 kwiikomiti zeqela lesizwe kunye ne-R3 000 kwiikomiti zephondo kunye neekomiti zamahlelo asekuhlaleni, ezinemida eyongezelelekileyo eyongezelelekileyo esetyenziswa ngokusekelwe kudityaniso olukhethekileyo lwekomiti ezifumana imali.

Imida edityanisiweyo kwiminikelo iyonke yasuswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiMcCutcheon v. FEC (2014. Esi sigqibo sivumela abanikeli abazizityebi ukuba banikele ngobuninzi bemali kubo bonke abaza kubhaptizwa, i-PAC, kunye nekomiti yeqela, ukwandisa ngokuphawulekayo umthamo opheleleyo umntu omnye angafaka kwisixokelelwano sezobupolitika.

Iimfuno zokuhlangula

Ngubani omele atyhile oquka abatsha abanyusi okanye abachitha ii-$5 000 okanye ngaphezulu, ii-PAC ezifumana okanye ezichitha imali engaphezulu, abantu abachitha iiR250 okanye ngaphezulu, amaqela kuwo onke amanqanaba, kunye neSuper PACs kunye nabanikeli bazo. Le miqobo yenzelwe ukuthatha umsebenzi wezopolitiko onenjongo ngelixa bekhulula igalelo elincinane ekunikeni iingxelo zemithwalo.

Okutyhiliweyo kubandakanya amagama anikelayo kunye needilesi, imisebenzi, abaqeshi, umthamo kunye nemihla, iinkcukacha zenkcitho, kunye neemfuno kunye nezibophelelo. Le nkcazelo ivumela uwonke-wonke, iintatheli, kunye nabaphandi ukuba balandele iinkcubeko zempembelelo yezobupolitika kunye nokuchonga iipasethi zempembelelo.

Xa kutyhilwa kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwekomiti nomjikelo wonyulo. Iingxelo zonyaka-nyaka zifuneka kwiminyaka yonyulo, iingxelo zenyanga nganye kwiminyaka yonyulo, iiyure ezingama- 48 kwiminikelo emikhulu efunyenwe kunyulo, kwaye iingxelo zeyure ezingama-24 zifuneka kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo ezingaphaya kwemiqobo ethile.

IFEC: Ucelomngeni Lokunyanzelwa

IKhomishini yoNnyulo ePhakathi i-FLT ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo lokwakha olusikelwe umda ukusebenza kwalo. Uthunyezo lunamalungu amathandathu, ngaphandle kwamalungu amathathu kuwo nawuphi na umbutho, kwaye iivoti ezine zifuneka nangawuphi na umsebenzi. Esi sakhiwo sisoloko siphumela kwiziphumo zokufa kwimigca ye-Rockstion, sishiya i-scrons zingafakwanga. Umsebenzi uhlala phantsi kobukhulu bomsebenzi kufuneka ujonge, kwaye ulawulo olubalulekileyo olusemva komsebenzi luvelise ukusetyenziswa kwiminyaka emininzi yemiqathango.

Inkcaso-mthetho iquka iminikelo egqithisileyo engaphaya kwemida esemthethweni, iminikelo yenkampani okanye yombutho engqalileyo evela kwimali yobuncwane jikelele, iminikelo yoovimba bemali yesizwe, ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza iingxelo ezifunekayo, ukwaphulwa kwentsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela nangaphandle, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuqu kwemali yephulo ngenxa yeenjongo ezingezozopolitiko. Oku kuphazamiso kusuka kwiimpazamo zemali zemali zemali ezigunyaziweyo ukuya kwiinzamendo zangabomkeli zokuphambuka umthetho.

ubuthathaka bokwandiswa kwemiqathango yinkxalabo eqhubekayo. Ityala lonyanzeliso lithatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibini ukusombulula, ityala lincinane ngokunxulumene nomlinganiselo wokwaphula umthetho, ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunqabile, ummiselo wemiqathango yemiqathango udla ngokuthintela ukunyanzeleka kwezenzo zokwaphula umthetho kwakudala, kwaye uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lungaphembelela izigqibo zokunyanzeleka. Oku kuthintela ukuthintelwa kwemithetho yezempempempe-mali kuze kuvumele ukungquzula kuqhubeke neziphumo ezilinganiselwe.

Izigqibo Ezibalaseleyo Ezenziwa Yinkundla Zayiguqula Yonke Into

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

Isilumkiso sokubamba kule meko esisiseko simiselwe ukuba ukuchitha imali kwezobupolitika kungulwimi olukhuselweyo phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala. Imida yomnikelo yaxhaswa njengemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko yokuthintela ukonakala okanye inkangeleko yenkohlakalo. Imida yokukhupha i-engile yabekelwa phantsi njengemiqathango engavumelaniyo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Iimfuno zeDisvosomssion zaxhaswa njengokukhonza izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo. Imali kawonke-wonke yafunyanwa njengomgaqo-siseko lomthetho logama ihlala ihleli nje isombululo.

I- eBluckley yenza umgaqo wesi sakhiwo wokwahlula iminikelo kwinkcitho, umahluko oqhubeka ubumba iphulo lemali nangona abaphengululi nabaxhasi bephikisana nalo mahluko ungowemvelo kwaye ungasebenzi.

Abemi Manyene/-5C (2010)

ulawulo lwendaleko lwamisela ukuba imibutho kunye namaqumrhu anomalungelo oMmiselo Wokuqala wokuLandlwa kweMimiselo yokuGqibela anokuchitha imali kwintetho yezopolitiko. INkundla yathi iinkcitho ezizimeleyo azinako ukonakalisa abatshayo ngenxa yokuba imali ayidibani namaphulo. Inkampani engenamiqathango kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko ezimeleyo. Iimfuno zombutho zigcinwe, kwaye ziyaqhubeka zithintelwa.

I- iphawuleka kakhulu. Udubulo oluphezulu lwe PAC lwaguqula ukusetyenziswa kwemali esendaweni ephezulu yaba luphawu olusembindini lwemali yephulo. Imali esetyenziswa ngokumnyama yanda njengentlawulo yokuzikhusela. Iindleko zobupolitika zanda ngokuphawulekayo. Impembelelo yeBriopeida yanda njengoko izityebi zazinokuxhasa iinkcitho ezizimeleyo ezingenasiphelo. Uphengululo lukawonke wonke lwalubalulekile, ngokuhlola okubonisa ukuchasana ngamandla kwesigqibo nenkxaso yotshintsho.

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)

Esi sigqibo sibethelelwa kwimida edityanisiweyo kwiminikelo nganye, sisusa ikepisi enika bonke abanikezeli kunye neekomiti. Abanikeli ngabanye ngoku banokunikela kwinani elingenasiphelo labathathi-nxaxheba kunye nekomiti, nangona imida esisiseko kumntu ngamnye othunyiweyo ishiyekile. Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo zityebile njengomsebenzi ovumela abanikeli ukuba babhale ii-checks ezinkulu ezisasazwe ngaphaya kwabamkeli abaninzi. Impembelelo yabanikeli abazizizinhanhanha ithe ngobuninzi ngoku zinokufaka umlinganiselo wemirhumo yezobupolitika kwikomiti nganye ekhoyo.

Oonobumba Bamvanje Abaxutyiweyo

Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zisenza iphulo lemali lokufumana inkxaso-mali ngokuqhubeka. Iingxaki zolu nikezelo lwesizwe samanye amazwe zivavanya imida yokuba ngubani onokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lwaseMerika. Inkcazo ngokubhekiselele kwinkcazo yomanyano phakathi kwamaqela angaphandle namaqela iqinisekisa ukusebenza kweemfuno zenkululeko. Iimfazwe ezingaphezulu kwemfuno zokutyhilwa zivavanya ukubonakala nxamnye neengxelo ezikhululekileyo. Iinkqubo zoncedo loluntu zijongene neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kuyilo lwazo. Imiqathango yomgangatho karhulumente ijongenemiqathango yemithetho evumela umgaqo.

Impembelelo Yokwenene Yehlabathi

Indlela Imali Eluchaphazela Ngayo Unyulo

Inzuzo yobuchule bokuqokelela imali isebenza ngemijelo emininzi. Imali ithenga igama ngokwazisa, imisebenzi yezentengiso, imisebenzi yemali, ixhasa uqhagamshelwano kunye nemigudu yokuqokelela, ihlawulela ukuqokelela kunye nogcino-lwazi, kwaye ivumela ubuchule bokuphendula ngokukhawuleza obunokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwimingeni.

[[NTLA] Inzuzo enzima ekunikeni imali ingumlinganiselo. Abasebenzi banyusa isithathu ukuya kwisine kunezicebisi zabo, bangenelwa kwimali yonyaka ejikelezayo ngexa izicebi kufuneka zakhe izibonelelo, babe nonikezelo kukhokelo lwe-PACs kunye nezinye izibonelelo zeqela, kwaye bafumane ipesenti engaphezulu kwe-90 kwindlu, ngenxa yenxalenye yale nzuzo yemali.

Imali ayiqinisekisi uloyiso, kodwa yenza umqobo olungileyo wokuba abacelw'iimbambano zobunjani bafanele bathatyathwe nzulu. Umsantsa onika intlawulo uthintela abo bangafumani mvume kwiinkqubo ezityebileyo, ukuchaza intsingiselo yemiboniso yemiboniso, impembelelo yokuncomela iinkokeli zeqela kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla, kwaye ichaphazela iimbono zabavotisi bobuchule.

Impembelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo

[[NTLT:0] Indlela inkqubo yokubumba abanikezeli esebenzayo ngayo ngokwendlela ezininzi zobuchule. Iingxowa-mali eziqukayo zinikezela ukufikelela ngqo kumagosa anyuliweyo, zivumela abanikeli ukuba benze imeko yabo kwimibandela ethile. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabanikezeli kunye nabaxhasi abangoogcisayo kuphinda-phindene iziphumo zeminikelo yezopolitiko. Uncedo lomntu obeke phambili ucwangcisa uludwe lwenkqubo njengabahlohlisi namagosa asabela kwimibandela yabo. Ulwandiso lomthetho luphenjelelwa ngumnikezeli wonikezelo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemibutho.

uphando olufunyenweyo lubonisa rhoqo ukuba izityebi ezikhethelweyo zimelwe ngcono kwiziphumo zenkqubo kuneembono zikawonke-wonke. Iimbono zomnikazi ziqiniswa kakhulu ekwenzeni iinkqubo kuneembono zabemi abaqhelekileyo. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimiba apho luntywila kwizinto ezikhethwayo ezinikelwa ngumnikeli maxa wambi ziyatyeshelwa ngokupheleleyo. Iinkqubo zobudlelane noshishino zinokudlula xa ushishino lwezo lwezoshishino lwenze iminikelo ebalulekileyo. Iinkqubo zerhafu zidiza ingakumbi zingqubana neembono ezithengwayo ngokukhetha okuqhelekileyo, zibonisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kunokuba uluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Umphumela wokuthembana Kuwonke Wonke

Imali ephantsi kunye nedemokhrasi ukubekwa ngokomthetho kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ama-77 ekhulwini amaMelika akholelwa ukuba imali inempembelelo enkulu kwezobupolitika, ama-65 ekhulwini axhasa utshintsho olukhulu, ukuthemba urhulumente kuphantse kube phantsi kwembali, imbono yokunganyaniseki isasazekile kuwo wonke amaqela amanani abantu, kwaye inxaxheba iyadima xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo ixhasa izilangazelelo ezityebileyo. Le mbono inciphisa ukufaneleka kwedemokhrasi kwaye inciphisa ukuthelekisa ulawulo-demokhrasi.

Izindululo Zotshintsho Nezinye Iindlela

Izindululo zokuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko

Imigudu [[NTL:0] yemimimi eguquliweyo eManyeneyo ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ifumene inkxaso ebalulekileyo. Amashumi amabini anesibini amazwe aye acela utshintsho oluya kuvumela ukuchithwa kwemiqathango, abuyisele imiqathango ekusetyenzisweni kwemali ekhoyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imali ayithethi njongo yomgaqo-siseko. Isicelo sijongene nomqobo ophezulu ofuna ii-imitha ezimbini zamagumbi amabini eBhunga kunye neekota ezintathu zamazwe, kodwa inenkxaso kawonke-wonke enokuthi ixhase umgudu wokwenza umgudu owexesha elide.

Utshintsho Olusemthethweni

[[NTL:0] Yemithetho yaBantu (HR 1) yacebisa utshintsho olubanzi oluquka iinketho zemali zoluntu kubaququzeleli bengingqi, ukukhulisa iimfuno zokophula intlawulo yezopolitiko, uqinisa imithetho yomanyano ukuvala izithuba, utshintsho lokuthetha ngokufa kwemiqathango, kunye nokuqhawulwa kwemali yamanye amazwe kunyulo. Ngelixesha lomthetho ugqitha iNdlu kwiBhunga le-117th, wajamelana nenkcaso edisiweyo kwiNdlu.

[[NTL:0] UMthetho we-DISCLOSE uya kufuna amaqela emali amnyama ukutyhila abanikeli bawo, womeleza imiqathango yesizwe yamanye amazwe ukunqanda ukubhadula, kwandisa ukubonakala kwi-intanethi ukugquma intengiso yamanani, ukuqhekeza kwiinkampani zetoliki yemali efihlakeleyo, kwaye kuzalisekisa ingxelo yexesha lokwenene yenkcitho ezizimeleyo. Lo mthetho ukwadlulise indlu amaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle kokuba ngumthetho.

IMicimbi yeMveli

Uvavanyo olunempumelelo kumazwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni lubonisa ukuba utshintsho luyenzeka. Inkqubo yenkxaso kawonke-wonke yeConnecticut iphumele inxaxheba engamashumi asixhenxe eepesenti phakathi kolawulo lomthetho kwaye inconyelwe ngokunciphisa impembelelo ekhethekileyo. Inkqubo yeDemocracy Voucher inika abemi inkxaso enika abathathi-nxaxheba, ukwandisa inxaxheba oluncinci. Inkqubo yenkxaso kawonke wonke kaMaryland ibonise ukuba nenxaxheba neziphumo ezinamandla kwimiqathango yowiso-mthetho wezwe. Imida yomnikelo ka-Montanean iye yaxhaswa yinkundla kwaye iye yanceda ukugcina unyulo olukhuphisanayo. Iimfuno olutyhilayo lwentelelo lwe-Alaska ibone ukuba kubonakale ukuba kunyuswe ukhetho olunika u-Foccestersley.

Imodeli ezidityanisiweyo ziyaqhubeka zikhula. Iinkqubo ezincinci ezingqinelanayo ezinxulumeneyo zikhulisa impembelelo yeminikelo ephantsi, iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa zikwandisa ubuchule bokwenza igalelo kubemi ngaphandle kwengeniso elahlwayo, ulwandiso lolwazi olutyhiliweyo lusebenzisa ubugcisa bokwenza ulwazi lube olufikeleleka ngakumbi kubavoti, umlinganiselo wotshintsho owenziwe ngolunye uhlobo kwiindlela zokulawula ukupha, kwaye iimfuno zikawonke-wonke wonke ziqinisekisa ukuba abavoti beva ngqo kubaqhubi nokuba bayaphumelela kwemali.

Impembelelo Esebenzisekayo Kubemi

Indlela Yokuxhasa Iphulo Lophando

Izixhobo zabemi ezifuna ukubonelela ngeli phulo zifumaneka lula. Iwebsite ye-FEC (FEC.gov) inikezela ngonikezelo kwingxelo zephulo lenkxaso-mali yesebe ngezixhobo ezinokuphengululwa. OpenSecrets.org inikeza uhlalutyo kunye nokulandelelwa kweminikelo yephulo kunye nenkcitho ezimeleyo. Landela i-MALI.org inikeza ugcino-mali lwemali yemali yephondo. Ii-ofisi zonyulo zasekuhlaleni zigcina iirekhodi zikarhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yemali yephulo.

Into ongayifuna iquka abanikezeli abaphezulu, imilinganiselo yeminikelo evela kushishino oluthile okanye kumaqela enzala, imithombo yangaphandle yokuxhasa okanye yokuchasa, umlinganiselo wabanikezeli abancinane nabakhulu ababonisa ukuba umngenisi uxhomekeke kwinkxaso yengca okanye kwinkxaso yemali ekhoyo eboniswa ukuba inkxaso ivela kwisithili okanye ngaphandle.

Amalungelo Nemilinganiselo Yakho

[[NTLT:0] Njengomntu ngamnye [, ungafak' isandla kubangenisi bemida esemthethweni, ukuzinikela ngethuba elingenasiphelo kumaphulo ezobupolitika, ubandakanyeke ekusebenziseni imali ngokuzimeleyo kwintetho yezobupolitika, kufuneka utyhile umsebenzi xa ufunwa ngumthetho, kwaye akufunekanga wamkele iminikelo evela kumazwe asemzini okanye usebenzise ingeniso yengingqi okanye umbutho wemali esetyenziswayo kwimirhumo engqalileyo ngaphandle kwemibutho efanelekileyo.

Izenzo ezizizo zokwabela ziquka ulwazi ulwamkelo lomnikelo phambi kokunikela, ukugcina iingxelo zeminikelo kunye nokusebenzisa imali ezimeleyo, ukusebenzisa imali yobuqu kuphela nokuphepha amalungiselelo okubuyisa imali, ukuxela ngokuchanekileyo umqeshi xa efunwa, nokuphepha iinkqubo zokubuyisa imbuyekezo ezibhabha kwimida esemthethweni ngeli xesha ukhusela ukungqubana nomthetho.

Imiphumo Yokulawulwa Ngolawulo - melo

Imali yephulo lokuqonda ityhila uxinezeleko olusisiseko kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika phakathi kwemfuneko yemali yokunxibelelana kunyulo lwangoku kunye nengozi yobutyebi bokuguqulela ngqo kwigunya lezobupolitika. Inkqubo yangoku, ebunjwe ngumthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nomsebenzi wokudala, yanelisa phantse phantse kungekho mntu. Abaguquli babona ukonakala okusemthethweni kukwiziphene ezizizo eziphezulu, ngoxa abanye bebona ukungalungelelani kwemiqathango yentetho ekhuselekileyo eyingozi kukhuphikiswayo kwezobupolitika.

Amanani abangela umdla. Abaphumeleleyo banyusa i-R2,000 yezigidi okanye ngaphezulu, abaphumelele kwimibutho yezindlu ngokwe-avareji ii-R2, kunye namaphulo omongameli asondela kuma-R2 amawaka ezigidi zezigidi zama-200. Iintsapho ezimalunga nama-200 ezinikela phantse isiqingatha sawo onke amaphulo zikhuthaza ukugqithisa inani lazo. Ngokufuthi amaMerika asebenza kwiklasi asebenzelayo asebenzela imicimbi yezopolitiko ngaphandle kwemibutho okanye ubuncwane bawo.

Kanti kule nkqubo ibuthathaka, uhlaziyo luyaqhubeka luvela. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezincinci zeplanga elihamba ngezobugcisa kuphembelele ngedemokrasi ukusa kumlinganiselo othile. Uvavanyo lwentlawulo kawonke-wonke kwizixeko nakumazwe lubonisa isithembiso sokunciphisa impembelelo yabanikeli abaninzi. Iimfuno zeDiscore, nangona zingafezekanga, zinika imbonakalo ecacileyo engenakuthelekelelwa kumashumi eminyaka adluleyo. Ukuququzelelwa kwengingqi ngophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-dvocance kungaphembelela imigudu yokuphucula inkqubela.

Indlela ephambili ihlala iphikiswa. Abanye baxhasa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqekelwe iManyano, abanye basukela utshintsho olwandisiweyo ngomthetho nangomgaqo, kwaye abanye bakhusela inkqubo yangoku njengekhusela inkululeko ebalulekileyo yokuthetha nomanyano. Into ecacileyo yeyokuba ehlawula unyulo lunempembelelo ebalulekileyo, ephumelelayo, neyiphi imigaqo ephuma kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Idemokhrasi ifuna abemi abanolwazi abangaqondi nje kuphela indlela yokuvota, kodwa indlela idemokhrasi yabo exhaswa ngayo. Ngokulandela imali, ukutyhilwa, ukuxhasa utshintsho, nokuba nenxaxheba ngaphaya kokuvota, abemi bangasebenzela kwinkqubo apho impembelelo yezobupolitika idibana ngakumbi nomgaqo womntu omnye, ivoti enye kunokuba ivote enye.

Kulwazi oluninzi lwezempepha yezephulo, uphando logcino-lwazi olukwiziko lomthetho. org, phinda uhlolo lwengxelo zezwelonke ku .FEC.gov[, okanye ukufunda ngemigudu yotshintsho kwi Campagignment Center [[]. Ukuqonda ukuqukuqela kwemali yezobupolitika kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na umvoti ofuna ukwenza ukhetho ngobuchule ngomelo nolawulo.