Ukuqonda Indima Yeerhuluneli Kurhulumente

Irhuluneli yeyona iphakamileyo ekubekwani kwe-odonga eliphetheyo kumaphondo angama-50, amacandelo amane ase-U.S. kunye neSithili saseColumbia. Njengentloko yabalawuli, irhuluneli ikwisikhundla sempembelelo enkulu kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, izinto eziphambili, ulawulo longxamiseko, kunye nolawulo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngelixesha amandla akhethekileyo kunye neembopheleleko zolawulo ziyahluka ngokomgaqo-siseko, umsebenzi ongundoqo werhuluneli uhlala ungaguquki: ukuphumeza umthetho karhulumente, usebenza njengenkokeli ebonakalayo karhulumente, kwaye usebenza njengonxibelelwano olungundoqo phakathi korhulumente norhulumente.

Ulawulo lwale mihla lungumxube wegunya elingokwasemthethweni, iinkokeli zezobupolitika, kunye nolawulo lolawulo. Abalawuli kulindeleke ukuba bamisele umbono kwilizwe labo, bathethe nabalawuli, bayalele iRhulumente yeSizwe, kwaye baphendule kwiimeko ezisukela kwimililo edangazelayo ukuya ekudodobalaleni kwezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda ubunzulu nobubanzi bendima yale misebenzi kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda urhulumente waseMerika, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, okanye ukhokelo lwezopolitiko.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yokulawula

Iofisi yerhuluneli yangaphambi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., nabalawuli bamathanga abatyunjwe yiBritane. Emva kokuzimela geqe, umgaqo-siseko wombuso wangaphambili wadala iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezomeleleyo kunye neerhuluneli ezibuthathaka ngokunxulumene nentsabelo nxamnye negunya lobukumkani. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyamashumi amabini, ngoko, amandla ombuso akhula ngokuthe ngcembe. Utshintsho olufana nonyulo oluthe ngqo lwabaphathi belizwe lase-U.S.

Ekuqaleni konyaka we-1900, iirhuluneli zexesha leNyaka ezihambela phambili njengoRobert La Follette wase Wisconsin kunye noHiram Johnson waseKhalifoniya zasebenzisa iiofisi zazo ukuxhasa izixhobo zolawulo-mpukane, utshintsho lwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nomgaqo wendlela yomgaqo weloliwe. Ngexesha lokwehla kolawulo olukhulu, iijaji ezifana noFranklin D. Roosevelt yaseNew York (ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumongameli) zandisa inxaxheba kurhulumente ekuncedeni nokunceda abantu nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, abalawuli baye babonakala ngakumbi njengenkqubo yokuguqula abantu, ngokufuthi besebenza “oomantlundyelo yedemokhrasi” yohlanga.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Kumandla Okugutyula

  • Ukwamkelwa komhambi webhola efutshane, eyandisa ulawulo lwesixhobo sokulawula ukudibana.
  • Ukwanda kwegunya lokwenza uqingqo-mali, ukunika abalawuli amandla okucebisa nokulawula iindleko zikarhulumente.
  • Ukwanda kweenkqubo zorhulumente ezinika, ezazifuna ukuba abalawuli balungelelanise urhulumente ukuba athobele imilinganiselo yesizwe.
  • Ukunyuka kwemiyalelo yegunya njengesixhobo sokugqitha umva we-rectrock yowiso-mthetho.

Amandla Abalawuli Abalawulayo

IiRhuluneli zisebenzisa iqela lamagunya alawulayo agunyazisa umongameli, kodwa alungelelaniswa nomgangatho karhulumente. La magunya asoloko ebekwa kumgaqo-siseko karhulumente kwaye achazwa ngokubhekele phaya ngemithetho nangemithetho yenkundla. Owona mbuso ubalulekileyo uquka:

Imiyalelo yecandelo elilawulayo nomgaqo wolawulo

Imiyalelo elawulayo ivumela abalawuli ukuba balathise abameli besizwe, bacacise imithetho ekhoyo, kunye nokulungisa izingcelele ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphunyezwa komthetho. Umzekelo, abalawuli abaninzi bakhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhaya kunye nesigqubuthelo sobuso ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19. Le miyalelo ithwala amandla omthetho kodwa isenokucelw'ucelw'ucelo kwinkundla okanye iphendulwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwamanye amazwe. Umlinganiselo wegunya lolawulo olulawulayo uyahluka ngokubanzi: amanye amagunya anika amandla ongxamiseko exakeka, lo gama amanye efuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho yemiyalelo ehlala ihleli ngaphezu kweentsuku ezimbalwa.

Impembelelo Enamandla Nemithetho

Bonke abalawuli banegunya lokulawula amatyala adluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, nangona amandla elogunya ehlukile. Amashumi amane anesine amaphondo anika irhuluneli i- i-line-item-veto kwityala lentlawulo, ebavumela ukuba babethe izinto ezithile ngaphandle kokubulala uqingqo-mali olupheleleyo. Kwakhona abalawuli banayo imigangatho iveto (enokuthi ingabikho ngevoti enkulu) kwaye, kwezinye iindawo, i- ityala lento ebangela ukuba batshintshe umthetho.

Iintlobo zamandla eveto

  • Iveto esezantsi: Irhuluneli iyala umthetho wemithetho ngokuzeleyo; indlu yowiso-mthetho ingagquma ngevoti ezimbini- 3.
  • Ilungu lomgca iveto: IRhuluneli ibetha izinto ezithile kwityala lokukhupha ikhompyutha.
  • Ukuhlisa iveto: Irhuluneli inciphisa umlinganiselo wokudityaniswa (osetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe njengoMaryland noWisconsin).
  • Iveto edityanisiweyo: Irhuluneli ibuyisela uxwebhu oluneenguqu ezicetyiweyo; indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka yamkele okanye igqithe.

Amandla Okumisela nesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

IRhuluneli imisela iintloko zoorhulumente, abalathisi besebe, namalungu eebhodi kunye neekhomishini. Le nkqubo yokumisela ingulo kwiindawo ezifana nomgaqo-siseko wokusingqongileyo, imigangatho yemfundo, ulawulo lwezonyango, kunye nezothutho. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ukumiswa kwequmrhu lolawulo kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngurhulumente okanye ibhunga elilawulayo. Amandla okuqesha nabalawuli abaphezulu abadubula umlilo athetha ukuba abalawuli banokuphembelela ngqo ulawulo lukarhulumente. Umzekelo, irhuluneli ingamisela ummeli wemfundo evumelana nentanda-ntanda-bulumko yabo kwisikolo esikhethiweyo okanye uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo.

Intloko-mikhosi yoMgaqo-mkhosi weSizwe

Kwiphondo ngalinye, irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko-ntloko yomkhosi wesizwe, ngaphandle kokuba umongameli ubize umkhosi kwinkonzo karhulumente. Eli gunya linika iijaji amandla okumisa amajoni okhuselo ngenxa yeentlekele zemvelo, isiphithiphithi soburhulumente, kunye nongxamiseko lwempilo kawonke-wonke. Irhuluneli iyakwazi ukuxhobisa uMgaqo ukuba uxhase ukunyanzelwa komthetho ngexesha lesiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi okanye ukubonelela uncedo lwezamayeza ngexesha lesifo. Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nolawulo lwamagosantyi beluye lwaba ngumxholo wengxoxo ephindaphindwayo, ingakumbi ngexesha leziganeko ezifana nezo 20202020.

Iinkokeli Nengcungela

Inkoliso yabalawuli banamandla okuxolela, ukukhupha iintambo, kunye nokukhupha umva izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente. Eli gunya lisebenza njengovavanyo kwinkqubo yokugweba kwaye livumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba alungise okungekho sikweni okanye abonise inceba. Amanye amazwe anebhodi yokuxolela kunye neentambo ezincomela irhuluneli, ngoxa kwezinye irhuluneli isebenza yodwa. Isikhulu esiphezulu se-profile, esinjengeso sikaRhuluneli uGavin Newsom wase California okanye iRon Desantis waseFlorida, ngokufuthi sitsala ingqalelo yesizwe kunye nempempenxa-mkelo yesizwe malunga nokugxampyulelana intloko-ntloko.

Indima YeRhuluneli Ekulawuleni Iingxaki

Akukho nto ibonakalayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kunabaphathi beengxaki. Kulindeleke ukuba abalawuli bakhokele ngexesha lengozi, kwaye umsebenzi wabo unokwenza okanye waphule imisebenzi yabo yezopolitiko.

  • Ukukhupha imeko yongxamiseko: Oku kubangela ukufikelela kwiimali zikarhulumente zentlekele, kunika amandla umbutho wolawulo longxamiseko, kwaye kuvumela irhuluneli ukuba inqumamise imithetho nemimiselo ethile.
  • Izixhobo zikarhulumente ezinika amandla: IRhuluneli zilungelelanisa ukuthunyelwa kwamajoni esizwe, amaqela ezonyango kaxakeka, kunye nabasebenzi bomthetho kwimimandla echaphazelekayo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni: Abalawuli basebenza ngeFEMA, CDC, kunye namanye amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ukukhusela uncedo, unikezelo, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukudibanisa noluntu:[[FT:1] IGaveramnes zibamba iingqungquthela zokushicilela, ukukhupha izikhankanyi zempilo kawonke-wonke, kwaye zisebenzise ugcino-lwazi lwentlalo ukunikezela ngohlaziyo nemiyalelo.

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-1919, abalawuli baba yindawo ejongene nokusabela kwempilo kawonke-wonke, benza izigqibo malunga nokuvalwa kwemiqathango, ukuvalwa kwesikolo, kunye nokusasazwa kwemiqhaphu yokugonya. Kumaphondo ahlaselwa ziinkanyamba, imililo, okanye iinkanyamba, iirhuluneli, ukukhenketha iindawo ezonakalisiwe, ukucela izibhengezo zentlekele karhulumente, kunye nokujonga imigudu yokwakha kwakhona. Ukuphumelela kokhokelo lwerhuluneli lwentlekele kusenokuba nempembelelo ehlala ihleliyo ekuthembeni uluntu nokunyamezela urhulumente.

Ukungenelela KweRhuluneli Kumthetho KaRhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi kwerhuluneli nendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe lungumbindi onamandla kulawulo lwezwe. Ngokungafaniyo nomongameli, onowiso-mthetho owahlukeneyo, abalawuli abaninzi babelana ngegunya nenxalenye yexesha okanye ngendlu yowiso-mthetho yexesha elipheleleyo enokulawulwa liqela elahlukileyo. Abalawuli abaphumelelayo bachitha imali eninzi ekwakheni ulwalamano oluphezulu neenkokeli zowiso-mthetho, izihlalo zekomiti, kunye namalungu eefayile.

Igunya lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Phantse kulo lonke iphondo, irhuluneli inomthwalo wokulungisa nokubeka uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kunika irhuluneli isixhobo esinamandla sokulungisa iingxube. Isicelo soqingqo-mali sibonisa izinto eziza kuqala kwirhuluneli kwimfundo, ekunyamekeleni impilo, kwizibonelelo, nakukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Imithetho idla ngokuphelisa uqingqo-mali lwerhuluneli, kwaye imveliso yokugqibela imela ukulalanisa. Irhuluneli enamandla amakhulu anamandla inokunyanzela abalawuli ukuba bamkele izinto eziza kuqala okanye baphulukane nemali yabo kwimisebenzi yezilwanyana.

Ukuthetha Nomthetho

Irhuluneli zinikela idilesi yonyaka yeSizwe sikaRhulumente weSizwe, efana neSizwe soMbuso we-Union, ichaza izinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho nemisebenzi yokubhiyozela. Zikwabiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo ukuphendula imicimbi engxamisekileyo njengengxaki yoqingqo-mali okanye intlekele yemvelo. Ukukwazi ukumisela ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho nokulungisa intetho yesidlangalala kuluhlobo oluchuliweyo kodwa olubalulekileyo.

Ukwakha iintambo zombane noloyiso lwe-Grid

Xa iqela lerhuluneli lingayilawuli indlu yowiso-mthetho, i-bipartishast iba yimfuneko. Abalawuli abaninzi baye bawuphumeza ngempumelelo umthetho omkhulu ngokusebenza ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli uLarry Hogan yaseMaryland (iRiphabliki) idla ngokusebenzisana nendlu yowiso-mthetho yeDemocratic enzima ukudlulisa isithuthi kunye namatyala emali emfundo. Kwelinye icala, urhulumente owahluleleneyo urhulumente angakhokelela kwi-gricklock, uqingqo-mali olude, kwaye asetyenziswe rhoqo kwi-veto.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neerhuluneli Zanamhlanje

IRhuluneli zisebenza kwindawo ephezulu exinezelekileyo efuna ukhuphiswano oluvela kubantu abaneziqu, kumaqela abantu abanomdla, nakumagunya orhulumente. Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo luquka:

Inkcaso Nehlazo Kwezobupolitika

Njengoko ezopolitiko zesizwe zisiya zihlukana, oorhulumente belizwe baye baba zizikhundla zokulwa iingxabano zeengcamango. Abalawuli bachaswa kakhulu ngamaqela ambalwa, ngamaqela abantu abanomdla, kwanangamalungu eqela labo. Ukwakha inkxaso ye-bipartisan kuyimfuneko kodwa kuya kusiba nzima ngakumbi. IRhuluneli kufuneka zilawule iimpikiswano ezifana namalungelo okuqhomfa, ulawulo lwemipu, ukunyanzeliswa kwezentengiselwano, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Iikona

Uninzi lwamazwe kufuneka lulungelelanise uqingqo-mali lwawo. Le mikhosi ilawula imikhosi ukuze yenze ukhetho olunzima malunga nerhafu, ukuhla kwerhafu, nokusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi. Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, inkcitho yemali ephezulu, kunye nemithetho karhulumente efuna uqingqo-mali engekho mthethweni.

Umanyano-Isizwe seeNgqino

Iirhuluneli zisoloko zifumanisa ukuba azivumelani norhulumente wesizwe, ingakumbi xa iWhite House ilawulwa liqela elichasayo. Ukungavisisani nokunyanzeliswa kokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo, imimiselo yemekobume, inkxaso-mali yezonyango, kunye nolawulo lwemeko yexesha likaxakeka lungakhokelela ekumangalelweni nasekungquzukisweni kwabantu ngokubanzi. Phezu kwayo nje le milo, abalawuli kufuneka balondoloze ulwalamano olusebenzayo namaziko asekuhlaleni ukuze bakhusele, abaxhamli-mali, kunye noncedo lwentlekele.

Ukulawula Ulindelo Nobuchule Bezosasazo

Kwixesha lemijikelo yezentlalo-ntle kunye nemijikelo yamaphephandaba yeeyure ezingama-24, abalawuli basoloko behlolwa. Igaffe, ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo-nkqubo, okanye ihlazo lingalawula izihloko zephephandaba kangangeeveki. Iirhuluneli kufuneka zinxibelelane ngokunempumelelo ngeengqungquthela, udliwano-ndlebe, namaqonga amanani. Kwakhona zikwajongene nengcinezelo evela kumaqela ee-aventiki ngasekhohlo nangasekunene, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ukukholisa wonke umntu.

Ukhetho lwe-gbernator kunye nemida yexesha

Indlela yokuba yirhuluneli idla ngokubandakanya amava ezobupolitika, afana nokusebenza njengommisi-mthetho wesizwe, igqwetha jikelele, irhuluneli, okanye usodolophu. Abalawuli banyulwa ngevoti edumileyo kuwo onke amazwe angama-50, kwaye unyulo ludla ngokubakho rhoqo kwiminyaka emine, ngaphandle kweNew Hampshire ne Vermont, apho amanani ayiminyaka emibini. Amazwe amisela imida yexesha, alinganisela izalathisi kwimiqathango emibini elandelelanayo, nangona abanye bevumela iinjongo zokukhusela i-intrechnments, kodwa kwakhona ayakwazi ukunciphisa inkumbulo yeqela kunye nokucinga okufutshane.

Iphulo neNgxowa-mali

Amaphulo okuqhuba i-gbernator abiza kakhulu kwaye ayaqhubeka esetyenziswa ngabantu besizwe. Amajelo axhomekeke kwiminikelo evela kumazwe angaphandle nangaphandle, kwiikomiti zezenzo zobupolitika, kunye neekomiti zeqela. Indleko yomjaho wokhuphiswano kwilizwe elikhulu njengeKhalifoniya, Texas, okanye iNew York anokuyigqithisa i-R350-zigidi. Iirhuluneli kufuneka zisoloko zinikela ngemali, kwanaxa ziseofisini, ukulungiselela ukuphinda zifumaneke okanye ukuqhutyelwa kwisikhundla esiphezulu.

IRhuluneli Kwinkqubo Yomanyano

IRhuluneli zisebenza njengoqhagamshelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwamarhulumente norhulumente worhulumente. Zisebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana noMedicaid, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye nemali yezothutho. Zikwadlala indima kwinkqubo yonyulo lomongameli: abaphathi-mikhosi bolawulo lonyulo (abasemadodeni abaqhelekileyo ukuphatha ukuvota) kwaye zisoloko zijongwa njengezinokuba ngabaveleli bomongameli okanye abaqhubi. Iirhuluneli ezininzi ziye zaqhubeka ukuba zibe ngumongameli, kuquka uJiminmy Carter, uRonald Reagan, uBill Cliton, uGeorge W. Bush, noJoe Biden.

Kwakhona iirhuluneli zixhasa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente wazo eWashington, D.C., ngemibutho efana ne iGatya loBuzwe kunye ne iManyano yesizwe yamaRhuluneli [. Baxhasa iBhunga kunye nolawulo lwabemi babo kwimicimbi efana noncedo lwentlekele, ukuchithwa kwemali, kunye nenkqubo yempilo. Ubuchule bokwakha imibutho yamaphondo angoorhulumente kunye nawo . /[FLT]

Ukuthelekisa Nomphathi waseUnited States

Ngeli xesha i-odoli isoloko ithelekiswa nomphathi-mikhosi, kukho umahluko ongundoqo. Abalawuli banawo amandla angaphantsi koomongameli. Imiyalelo yabo elawulayo ingapheliswa lula zizindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye iinkundla zephondo. Baswele amandla okumisela abagwebi borhulumente, ukulawula umkhosi, okanye ukuqhuba inkqubo yelinye ilizwe. Noko ke, abalawuli banempembelelo ethe ngqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla: bajongela imfundo, ukuphatha, ukukhusela uluntu, kunye nokunyamekela impilo ngendlela urhulumente angenzi ngayo.

Iirhuluneli zikwajongene neziphazamiso ezimbalwa zenkqubo yamanye amazwe, ezizivumela ukuba zijolise ingqalelo kwiingxaki zasekhaya. Ii-contipecies zazo zidibene kakhulu kunokhetho lwesizwe, intsingiselo ziyakwazi ukulungisa imiyalezo yazo ngokuchanekileyo. Isikali esincinane sikarhulumente sisoloko sivumela abalawuli ukuba bamisele utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kunorhulumente worhulumente.

Indima YeRhuluneli Kwimimandla Ephambili

Imfundo

IRhuluneli zamisela imigangatho yemfundo yemali, zimisela amalungu equmrhu lesikolo sikarhulumente, kwaye zinyanzela utshintsho kwisiqinisekiso somfundisi-lwazi, ukhetho lwesikolo, kunye nemigangatho yoqeqesho. I-The All Students Foundes Act (ESA) yanika oorhulumente ulawulo oluthe kratya kwimithetho yemfundo, isenza iirhuluneli zibe nempembelelo ngakumbi ekulungiseni inkqubo ka K-12. Imfundo ephakamileyo ikwayindawo yokuqala, iphethe iijaji ezifuna ukubuyiselwa koomatshini nokuphembelela inkcitho yemali yaseyunivesithi.

Impilo

Iirhuluneli zigqiba ukuba zingayandisa iMedicaid na phantsi koMthetho we-Affordble Care Act, thethana nee-inshorensi, zize zilawule iimarike ze-inshorensi zezempilo. Zikwalawula amasebe ezonyango karhulumente, alawula amaphulo okugonya, ukujongwa kwezifo, nokukhuseleka kokutya. Ubhubhani wesifo sobumanci, ukufa komama, kunye neenkonzo zempilo zengqondo zingxamise imingeni efuna ukhokelo olulawulayo.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

IRhuluneli imisela abagwebi (kwamanye amazwe), ixolela, imisela indlela yokulungisa isigwebo somthetho. Abalawuli abaninzi baye baxhasa utshintsho, ukubuyiselwa kweenkqubo zobulungisa, nokuncitshiswa kwamanani okuvalelwa. Kwakhona bajonge iintolongo zelifa neebhodi zelifa lesizwe, bezenza babe ngabantu abaphambili kwiingxoxo zokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi.

IiRhuluneli Ezinokuthenjwa Nemithetho Yazo

Abalawuli abaninzi baye bashiya uphawu oluhlala luhleli kwezobupolitika kunye nenkqubo yaseMerika. An Richards yaseTexas (91-1991) zazisaziwa ngomlilo wakhe wokuguqula intolongo, kunye nokwahlukahlukana korhulumente. [[[FLT:]] UMariomo [[[FLT:]] Kanux] ka-An's' ka-New York (19994) waba ngummeli onamandla nongumxhasi weenjongo eziqhubekayo. [[FLT:] uGOLET] uGO.[FLT:] [FLT] umba wakhe ulawulo lweTexandulo lwemfundo kunye nolawulo lobugranti [FUMthe , umbazwelo:] utshintsha umbangonyaka othe k[Foffrea] [F]

Isiphelo

Indima yerhuluneli yenye yezikhundla ezifuna inkathalo nezineziphumo ezinkulu kurhulumente waseMerika. Njengoko kukho amandla olawulo lwedemokhrasi abalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali, umthetho, amadinga, ulawulo longxamiseko, kunye nobuchule, abalawuli babumba ubomi bezigidi. Kufuneka baqhubele phambili ekuhlaziyweni ngokweemeko zezobupolitika, ukunqanda ukunqanda, nokuzihlolisisa okuqhubekayo koluntu ngeli xesha bekhokela amaphondo abo kwiimeko ezinzima namathuba. Njengoko oomatshini bokulawula idemokhrasi badla ngokuqala ukuzama ngemigaqo emitsha .

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona iNxulumano yamaGatya esizwe aMagunya e-ubernality, ungeno lwe-Ballopedia kumphathi wezwe, kunye neConference yesizwe yeGaqo-mthetho ye-gractial shorts yamandla e-gubernalial[.