Ukusuka Kwienguqu Ukuya Kuphanga

IiNkqutyana zoMbutho, ezaqulunqwa ngowe-1781, zasebenza njengesakhiwo sokuqala somGaqo-siseko se-United States esanda kufumaneka. Olu manyano lwaseka umanyano olukhululekileyo lwamazwe azimeleyo kunye norhulumente ophakathi onamandla alinganiselweyo. Ngoxa olu xwebhu lwanceda ukuhlanganisa amathanga alishumi elinesithathu ebudeni beminyaka yokugqibela yeMvukelo yaseMerika, ukungalungelelani kwawo kwakhawuleza kwacaca. Kwiminyaka elishumi, isiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-gotho, iimfazwe zezoqoqosho, iingquzulwano zemithetho yesizwe, kunye nokungakwazi kweBhunga ukunyanisa inkqubo yesizwe kwenza kwacaca ukuba iMibangxube eyanele ukulawula uhlanga olukhulayo. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iMimiselo yeNkquluko yeNguqulo yamazwe azimeleyo kuthabathel

Imbali: Isizathu Sokuba La Manqaku Adalwe

Phakathi kwemfazwe yendaleko, iContinental Congress yaqonda ukuba kufuneka uxwebhu olusemthethweni oluza kudibanisa amaphondo ukuze akhuseleke kunye nonxibelelwano. IKhomishoni yesibini yelizwekazi yaqalisa ukwenza intelekelelo yamanqaku ngo1776, nasemva kweminyaka yengxoxo emalunga nomelo lwesizwe kunye nemicimbi yasentshona, uxwebhu ekugqibeleni lwathunyelwa kumaphondo ukuze lukhuthuzwe ngo1777. uMaryland yaba ngurhulumente wokugqibela ukulwamkela, ekugqibeleni ngoMatshi 1781.

Amanqaku ayenzelwe ukuvelisa urhulumente obuthathaka. Ekubeni ayesanda kulwa imfazwe nxamnye noko ayekugqala njengebuzwilakhe baseBritane, iinkokeli zaseMerika zazingakukholelwa oko zikufuna ngamandla akhethekileyo. Urhulumente ophakathi phantsi kwala Manqaku wayelincinci kuneBhunga elingakhuseli manzi apho urhulumente ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu okanye inani labantu, wayevotelwa kanye. Akukho sebe lizimeleyo ukunyanzelisa imithetho kunye negunya lesizwe lokucombulula iimbambano.

Amalungiselelo Ayintloko Amanqaku

Amanqaku amisela umanyano apho amaphondo ayenokugcina ulawulo lwawo, inkululeko nenkululeko. Iingqungquthela zazinokuvakalisa imfazwe, ziqhuba imicimbi yamanye amazwe, zenze izivumelwano, zilawule ulwalamano phakathi kwezizwe zamaMelika amaNdiya, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe. Noko ke, azinakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula irhafu ephakathi kwelizwe okanye kwezorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe, okanye zinyanzelise amarhulumente ukuba aphumeze iimfuno zawo zemali. Ezi zithintelo zazingacetywanga ukusetyenziswa, kodwa zazibonakala zisenza inkcitha ephuthelweni.

Ukuxhasa i Amanqaku afuna imvume engqinelanayo evela kuwo onke amazwe alishumi elinesithathu, umqobo ophantse unikezele imigudu yotshintsho engancedi nto. Oku kuqina kwavala urhulumente kwisakhiwo esingenakukwazi ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo.

Injongo Yamanqaku Asekuqukumbeleni

Injongo eyintloko yamanqaku yayikukulungiselela ucwangciso oluza kubangela ukuba amazwe alungelelanise imigudu yawo ebudeni bemfazwe aze alawule inkxalabo eqhelekileyo kwiziphumo zayo.

  • ukuqinisekisa umgudu wemfazwe: Congress yalawula umkhosi wezwekazi, yathethana ngezivumelwano zamanye amazwe (ngokungathandabuzekiyo neFransi), kwaye yalawula izibonelelo zomkhosi kunye nobuchule.
  • Uthethathethwano oluqulunqileyo: IKhomishini yeNkqutyana yokuNxulumanisa yabekwa ityala lokuthetha ngesivumelwano saseParis ngo1783, eyayiphelisa ngokusesikweni imfazwe yendaleko yaze yakhusela inkululeko yaseMelika.
  • I-WGOnddance ka-1785 kunye noMntla-ntshona wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo anesibhozo enkqubo yocwangco ezisungulweyo zophando, zokuhlalisa, nokulawula amazwe amakhulu asentshona. Le mithetho yavelisa umzekelo wolwandiso lwemimandla kunye nolawulo.
  • Ukuphelisa iimpikiswano zamazwe: [ Congress ingasebenza njengomlamleli xa amazwe engquzulana ngemida, urhwebo, okanye eminye imibandela, nangona ayengenalo igunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho yawo.

Kwezi ndawo, inqaku lafumana impumelelo ecacileyo. I-Westst Ordinance, ingakumbi, ithathwa ngokubanzi njengenye yeziphumelelo zemithetho engundoqo kwixesha lomanyano. Yaseka isakhiwo esicacileyo sokudala amazwe amatsha ayelingana ngokwemo neyakuqala ishumi elinesithathu kwaye iquka nokwalela ubukhoboka kummandla, imisela umzekelo obalulekileyo.

Ubuthathaka Obuphawulekayo Bemibandela Engokwalathisa

Nangona zaphumelela, iZihloko zoMbutho zachaphazeleka ngenxa yeziphene ezisisiseko zesakhiwo ezabangela ukuba ulawulo lungasebenzi. Ezi ngxaki zakhula ngakumbi njengoko iminyaka yee-1780 yayihambela phambili, nto leyo eyayisongela ukuzinza kweRiphabliki eselula.

Ayinagunya Lerhafu

IBhunga lalinokucela imali evela kumarhulumente; lalingenagunya lokumisela irhafu okanye irhafu. Ama-United States ayesoloko ehlawula inxalenye nje yoko kwacelwayo, kwaye amaninzi awazange akufeze konke. Oku kwashiya urhulumente wesizwe ephantsi kakhulu. Ayinakukwazi ukuhlawula amatyala awo, ukuhlawula inkxaso-mali yomkhosi, okanye kwanekuhlawula iindleko ezisisiseko zokusebenza. Ngowe-1786, ityala lesizwe lalingaphezu kwama-$40 ezigidi, kwaye urhulumente wayengenamali ephumelelayo.

Akukho sebe linegunya

Ekubeni kungekho mongameli okanye sebe lilawulayo, le migaqo yavelisa urhulumente owayenokumisela imithetho kodwa engakwazi ukuyenza. Kwakungekho matshini wokunyanzelisa izigqibo zombutho, ukuqokelela ingeniso, okanye ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki. Imithetho eyayidluliswa yiBhunga yayiyinkqubo ephambili; amaziko ayenokusuka nje azityeshele ngaphandle kwesiphumo.

Akukho mjukujelwa weSizwe

Ukungabikho kwenkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe kwakuthetha ukuba kwakungekho mqobo wobundilele kwiimbambano phakathi kwamazwe okanye phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe. Ngokufuthi amazwe amisela imithetho engqubanayo ngezorhwebo, imali namatyala, yaye kwakungekho ndlela iphumelelayo yokucombulula ezi ngxabano.

Imfuneko Yokuhlaziywa Ngokuphandle

Nakuphi na ukulungisa kwiMigaqo kufuna ukuvunywa kwazo zonke izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilishumi elinesithathu zikarhulumente. Oku kwayithintela ngokunempumelelo naluphi na utshintsho olunentsingiselo. Kwanezicelo ezithobayo zokunika iBhunga amandla okuqokelela imisebenzi ekungeniseni izinto ngaphandle zazivalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamajelo achaseneyo.

Ulongamo LwasebuRhulumenteni Nokungabi Namanyano

Amanqaku achaza amaphondo njengezinto ezizimeleyo. Ingqungquthela yayiliqumrhu labathunywa ababekhonza ngovuyo lweendlu zowiso-mthetho zabo zelizwe yaye babenokukhunjulwa nangaliphi na ixesha. Amazwe ashicilela ii-drecream zawo, abeka ii-arhente kwimpahla ezivela kumazwe angoommelwane, kwaye alandela imigaqo-nkqubo ezimeleyo yamanye amazwe. Oku kunqongophala komanyano lwamazwe.

Ukungakwazi Ukuphinda Ube Norhwebo

IBhunga lalingenakukwazi ukulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe okanye namazwe asemzini. Amazwe amisela imiqathango ekhuphisanayo kunye nemiqathango yorhwebo, edala imekobume ephithizelayo yezoqoqosho. Abarhwebi baseBritani, besebenzisa kakubi obu buthathaka, bazala iimarike zaseMerika ngempahla ngexesha bethintela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aseMerika. Urhulumente wesizwe wayengenalo igunya lokuziphindezela okanye ukuqhubana nezivumelwano ezifanelekileyo zorhwebo.

Ingxaki yezoqoqosho neNkqutyana

Ubuthathaka benqaku baba neziphumo ezizokwenene nezibuhlungu. Uqoqosho lwasemva kwemfazwe lwalusengxakini enzima. Urhulumente wesizwe wayengenakuwahlawula amatyala emfazwe, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aye alwa neengxaki zawo zemali. Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zawo, amazwana abeka irhafu enzima kubemi bawo, ngokufuthi efuna ukuhlawulwa ngemali enzima eyayinqabile.

Le meko yafikelela kwinqanaba lokuqhekeka entshona yeMassachusetts ngo1786. Abalimi abaninzi, ababengamagqala emfazwe yoTshintsho, babejamelene namatyala kunye netyala. Bacela uncedo kurhulumente wesizwe, kodwa izicelo zabo zatyeshelwa. Impendulo yabalimi abakhokelwa nguDaniel Shays baqalisa imvukelo exhobileyo, bavala izindlu zamatyala ukunqanda ukukhusela iinkomfa nokuhamba kwizixhobo zelizwe eSpringfield.

IKhomishini yeNkqutyana yokuVumelana yayingenako ukunyusa imali okanye amajoni okuphelisa imvukelo. AmaMassachusetts kwakufuneka axhomekeke kowawo amajoni, axhaswa ngabarhwebi abazizityebi, ukuze abuyisele ucwangco. UShays ’ uVukelo ekugqibeleni lwabekwa phantsi, kodwa lwathumela iinkokeli ezitshayizayo kumaziko ezobupolitika. Iinkokeli ezifana noGeorge Washington, uJames Madison, noAlexander Hamilton zakubona njengobungqina obucacileyo bokuba amanqaku ayesilela. Urhulumente, babephikisa, ukuba, kwakufuneka omelele ngokwaneleyo ukugcina ulungelelaniso kunye nokukhusela impahla.

Indlela Eya Kutshintsho: Ukusuka EAnnapolis Ukuya EFiladelfi

Ilinge lokuqala elinzulu lokuthetha ngeNtlanganiso i’ iimpazamo zeza kwiNdibano ka-Annapolis ngoSeptemba 1786. Kuphela ngamazwe amahlanu athunyelwe abathunywa, kwaye intlanganiso ayizange ibekho kakuhle. Noko ke, uAlexander Hamilton noJames Madison basebenzisa eli thuba ukukhupha isimemo sendibano enkulu ukudibana ePhiladelphia kunyaka olandelayo ukuya ku “ guqulela umgaqo-siseko karhulumente wesizwe owaneleyo kwi-ediamentarsty ye-Union.”

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ngoMeyi 1787. Ekuqaleni, abathunywa abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba babedibene nje ukuze bahlaziye amanqaku. Noko ke, kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba utshintsho oluncinci alunele. Abameli benza isigqibo esiqinileyo sokulahla amanqaku ngokupheleleyo baze benze umgaqo-siseko omtsha ngokupheleleyo.

Icebo LaseVirginia Necebo LaseNew Jersey

Le ndibano yayiphawulwa yingxoxo enzulu phakathi kwemibutho emikhulu nemincinane emela imelo. ISicwangciso saseVirginia, esayalelwa nguJames Madison, sacebisa ukuba kubekho indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamaral eyayinomelo olusekelwe kubemi, olwaluya kunika amazwe amakhulu anjengeVirginia nePennsylvania impembelelo engaphandle. Amazwe amancinane aphikisana neSicwangciso saseNew Jersey, esasifuna indlu yowiso-mthetho engenazigwebo emele iphondo ngalinye, ilondoloza umgaqo wamanqaku.

Ukuyekelela okuKhulu kwasombulula iNkangeleko efileyo ngokudala iBhunga leBhankal Congress: Indlu yabameli esekelwe kubemi kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi enemifuziselo efanayo kwiphondo ngalinye. Oku kwayilungisa ibhulorho yaza yavumela indibano ukuba iqhubeke.

Ukuthetha Ngemikhwa Emibini Engamanqaku

UmGaqo-siseko wawuthetha ngqo ngobuthathaka obungundoqo bamanqaku:

  • [[UMTL:0] amandla erhafu: IBhunga leBhunga lanikwa igunya kwirhafu ye-levy, imisebenzi, ii-impost, kunye nee-expostes.
  • Isebe eliphumeleyo: umongameli omnye wasekwa ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukuyalela umkhosi, nokuqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle.
  • Icandelo lomthetho elikwindawo ebanzi: INkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo zasekwa ukwenzela iimbambano ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe, izivumelwano, kunye nemicimbi yezomthetho.
  • Icandelo lohlobo lweCommerce: IBhunga lanikwa amandla okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukususa imiqobo yorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe.
  • Inkqubo yokulungisa: yivoti ezimbini-3 kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga kunye nokwahlulwa ngeekota ezintathu zamazwe yamiselwa ukulungiseka, yenza utshintsho lube nokwenzeka.
  • Igalelo lobugqnanta: UmGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano zavakaliswa njenge- “ umthetho we-spreadme welizwe, i-” ibopha abagwebi besizwe kunye nemithetho yelizwe engqubanayo.

Ingxoxo ye-Ratification: amaqela alwayo

UmGaqo-siseko ocetyiweyo wabangela ingxoxo yesizwe enobundlobongela. Abaququzeleli bomanyano, bekhokelwa nguHamilton, Madison, noJohn Jay, baphikisa ukudityaniswa. Bapapasha Iphepha loluhlu lwezincwadi [, ungcelele lweencoko ezichaza indlela inkqubo entsha enokuthi ithethe ngayo ukungaphumeleli kwamanqaku ngelixa ikhusela inkululeko. Abachasi-Federali, kuquka uPatric Henry noGeorge Mason, balumkisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wadala urhulumente onamandla onamandla oza kuphazamisa ngayo ulawulo kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

IAnti-Federalist yagxininisa ukuba irejista yamalungelo yayiyimfuneko ukukhusela abemi ekuqhatheni urhulumente. Oku kufunwayo kwakhokelela kwisithembiso sokulungisa, esathi salungisa indlela yokwandiswa. UmGaqo-siseko wasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1788 emva kokuba iNew Hampshire i-Hampshire ingurhulumente wesithoba ukuya kwi-rayding. IBhili yamaLungelo, equka ii-antement ezilishumi zokuqala, yongezwa ngo-1791.

Uthelekiso: Amanqaku eConfederation vs. umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

Ukuguqulwa koMgaqo-siseko ukuya kutsho kutshintsho olungundoqo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente waseMerika. Umahluko wawukho kwaye ukho ngabom.

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente

Amanqaku adala iKhonklathi yeNkqutyana engenagunya okanye ijaji ezimeleyo. UmGaqo-siseko waseka amasebe amathathu karhulumente alinganayo anenkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana ukuze kuthintelwe naliphi na isebe elinamandla kakhulu.

Igunya lomanyano

Phantsi kweZihloko, urhulumente ophambili wayengaphantsi kwemibutho yaye wayenokusebenza ngokuvuma kwayo. UMgaqo-siseko wadala inkqubo karhulumente apho urhulumente wesizwe wayenegunya elingqalileyo kubemi kwaye wayenokunyanzelisa imithetho yakhe ngaphandle kokuthembela kwintsebenziswano karhulumente.

Umelo

Amanqaku anika uvoti ngamnye kurhulumente ngamnye kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphi na. UmGaqo-siseko walungiselela umelo olulungelelanisiweyo kwiNdlu yabameli kunye nomelo olulinganayo kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, ulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane.

Amandla Ezoqoqosho

Lo Mgaqo-nkqubo washiya umgaqo-siseko wezoqoqosho uphelele kumarhulumente. uMgaqo-siseko wanika iBhunga igunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula imali yezorhwebo, nokulawula imali yengqekembe, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho uqoqosho olumanyeneyo lwesizwe.

Ukuhlaziywa Nokuthamba

IMigaqo-nkqubo ’ imfuneko yokulungisa okudibeneyo yenza utshintsho luphantse lube yinto engenakwenzeka. UmGaqo-siseko i’ inkqubo ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi yenza uxwebhu lukwazi ukuqhelanisa nemeko ngexesha elithile ngokulungisa nokutolikwa kwejaji.

Ilifa Lemiba Yombutho

Nangona Amanqaku eNkqutyana yoLawulo engazange aphumelele njengoxwebhu olulawulayo, ayengengowona xabiso. Baseka imizekelo ebalulekileyo yokulawula imimandla, banika isakhiwo sokwazisa i-United States ngokwentsebenziswano, kwaye banika uhlanga amava alo okuqala ngorhulumente weriphabliki kumlinganiselo welizwekazi.

Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, iimpazamo zeZihlolo zafundisa isizukulwana esisunguliweyo izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga nendlela oyilwe ngayo urhulumente womgaqo-siseko. Iingxaki ezavela phantsi kwala Manqaku zabutshintsha ngqo ubume bomGaqo-siseko. Zonke iintsilelo zazilungiswa, ukususela ekudalweni kwegunya elinamandla ukuya ekumisweni kobungangamsha borhulumente namandla okuhlola imicimbi.

UJames Madison, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, wasebenzisa amava akhe namaGatya okuvelisa inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yegunya lesizwe nolawulo lukarhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko awancedisayo ekuwudaleni uye wanyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, umnqophiso wokucinga ngocoselelo ovela kwiimpazamo ezityumkileyo zexesha lokuHlahlela.

IiNkqutyana zoMgaqo-nkqubo zisikhumbuza ukuba umgaqo-siseko ngamaxwebhu aphilayo. Kufuneka bakwazi ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo ngexesha begcina imigaqo engundoqo. Umseki wenkqubo ’ ukuzimisela ukutshintsha amanqaku ngokupheleleyo kunokunamathela kwisakhiwo esingesiso esimisela umzekelo onamandla wokuguqula umGaqo-siseko xa kuyimfuneko.

Isiphelo

Amanqaku oMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle afeza indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika ngokudibanisa amathanga ngexesha lemfazwe yendaleko nokuseka iziseko zolawulo lwesizwe. Noko ke, ubuthathaka babo benza urhulumente angakwazi ukuphumelela. Ukungabi nagunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ukungabikho kwesebe elilawulayo, kunye nemfuneko yokuvumelana ngokuvumelanayo ekulungiseni kwashiya uhlanga lungenamandla okucombulula iingxaki zezoqoqosho, iimfazwe eziphakathi, kunye nemvukelo zangaphakathi.

Ukubuyiselwa kwamanqaku noMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. yayingekokupheliswa ngokuphandle kweenjongo zeMvukelo kodwa yayikukukuphendula okusebenzayo kwiimpazamo zenkqubo yokuqala. UmGaqo-siseko wagcina imigaqo yeriphabliki eyayiqukwa ngamanqaku ngexesha esenza isakhiwo esinamandla, esithambileyo esikwazi ukudibana nohlanga i’ iimfuno. Ibali lamanqaku oMgaqo-siseko kunye nofakelo lwawo lisifundo esinamandla kwisiseko soyilo, ukubaluleka kwamaziko alungelelanisa, kunye nocelomngeni oluhlalayo lokulungelelanisa inkululeko ngolawulo olunempumelelo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda kwiManqaku oMgaqo-nkqubo woMbutho kunye nexesha lokusekwa, jonga ubuncwane obuvela kwi U.S. House of Arevesties, Library of Congress[, kwaye ibonelela ngembali entle ye-U.S. House yabameli. [[FLT:]]]