Indima yamaqela obuchule ekulungiseni uguqulo kunye nonyanzelo

Amaqela olawulo-bume bedemokhrasi ebesoloko eyinxalenye yesiseko senkqubo yedemokhrasi, esebenza njengebrorho phakathi kwabenzi benkqubo noluntu. Le mibutho inegalelo ekulungiseni imithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemisebenzi yokunyanzelisa elawula ushishino, ukukhusela amalungelo, kunye nokuphendula imingeni. Ngokudlulisela izilangazelelo zoluntu oluthile, iziphumo, okanye ushishino, iqinisekisa ukuba iintetho ezahlukeneyo ziviwa rhoqo kwiinkqubo zomthetho kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, impembelelo yamaqela oonontlalo-ntle iye yakhula ngokugqithisa, ngokukhuthathiswa kwenkqubela-phambili yonxibelelwano, ukuphakanywa kwabantu, ukuphaka kwanda, nokuntlukwano okukhula kwemibalo yemeko, imicimbi yoonontlalo-manani, kunye nempilo kawonke.

Ngelixesha abagxeki maxa wambi bejonga amaqela asebenza ngokusemthethweni njengezinto eziphazamisa inkqubo, indima yabo ekunikezeleni ubuchule, ukumela abemi abangaphantsi kwe-antswana, nokubamba abalawuli abanobutyala baqashelwa ngokubanzi njengeyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo. Eli nqaku lihlola imilinganiso emininzi yamaqela e-adocacy `intlobo zawo, iindlela zawo, iimeko, iimvavanyo, imingeni, kunye nee-tragorio zexesha elizayo `ibonisa ukujonga ngokunzulu indlela ababumba ngayo imiqathango kunye nokuzigcina besebenza ngayo namhlanje.

Ukuqonda Amaqela Abalawuli

Amaqela olawulo alungelelaniswe abantu okanye amaqumrhu afuna ukuphembelela inkqubo yoluntu, ukwabiwa koovimba, kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziza kuqala kwiinkqubo zobupolitika, zezoqoqosho, okanye zentlalo. Ahlukile kumaqela ezobupolitika kuba ajolise ingqalelo kwimiba emincinane kunokuba afune ukulawula. Injongo yawo ephambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zawo ziboniswa kwimithetho, kwimimiselo, nakwimimiselo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo.

Kukho iindidi ezininzi ezibanzi zamaqela akhabhayo, nganye enezakhiwo neendlela ezahlukeneyo:

  • Imibutho enengeniso engangeni manzi: Ezi ziquka inkxaso-mali, amaqela abantu abanomdla woluntu, neziseko ezisebenza ngaphandle kwentshukumisa yengeniso. Imizekelo iquka iWorld Wildlife Fund kunye neAmerican Heart Association. Isoloko ixhomekeke kwiminikelo, iminikelo, inkxaso yamatsha - ntliziyo ukuxhasa umsebenzi wayo wokuxhasa i-andoca.
  • Intshukumo ye-Grassroot: Le yimigudu esezantsi eqhutywa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo kunokuba iseke amaziko. Iintshukumo ze Grasroot zingavela ngokukhawuleza xa kucingelwa ukuba kusisisongelo okanye ukungabikho kobulungisa, njengokuba kubonwa ngoMatshi okanye ngentshukumo yemozulu echaphazelekayo eqhutywa bulutsha. Amandla azo akwintsebenziswano noxinzelelo lukawonke wonke.
  • Imanyano yomsebenzi wobugcisa: Amaqela amele imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo `njengeAmerican Medical Association' okanye iMelika Bar Association(advocate) yemigaqo enceda amalungu awo. Asoloko esebenzisa ubuchule bobugcisa obubalulekileyo nokuthembeka kwiingxoxo zolawulo.
  • Imibutho ekhoyo: Amamanyano amela abasebenzi nabameli bamalungelo emisebenzi, imivuzo elungileyo, kunye neemeko zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo. Bezinamandla ngokwembali ekulungiseni umgaqo wemisebenzi.
  • iitanki zokucinga: Ngelixesha zingacalulwa njengamaqela okubhala, khawucinge ukuba amatanki aqhuba uphando kwaye avelise iingcebiso zenkqubo ezisoloko ziphembelela umgaqo. Iintlangano ezifana neBrookings Institution okanye iLifa lemveli lilungelelanisa kunye neembono ezithile zengqondo kwaye zivelise ubungqina obusetyenziswa ngabameli.

Ezinye zigxininisa kwimibandela ethetha ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho, ngoxa ezinye zigxininisa kwimfundo kawonke wonke, ukuphembelela ngokuthe ngqo okanye ukubandakanyeka kokhetho.

Ukuphenjelelwa

Amaqela asebenzisa uludwe lweendlela zokuyila umgaqo nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ziyagcinwa. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokusebenza kuxhomekeke kubuncwane beqela, imeko yezobupolitika, kunye nemeko yemeko. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kungundoqo wokuqonda indlela esebenzayo ngayo, kwaye indlela amaqela empatho-mbi asebenza ngayo.

Ilaving

Ukuqhaqhatha mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokulawula. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukubhenela kwimithetho-siseko, amagosa owiso-mthetho alawulayo, kunye nabanye abenzi besigqibo ukubacenga ukuba bamkele okanye bachase iinkqubo ezithile. Ngexesha elithile abaxhasi bendalo banikela ubuchule bobugcisa, ubuchule bolawulo, kwaye banike inkxaso yezopolitiko. Ukukhuthaza ukutyhilwa kwemithetho, kodwa lo msebenzi uhlala ulilitye lembombo lobugqeba. Umzekelo, amaqela enkqeqenkqeza phambili kwimigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha igesi, ngoxa amaqela eshishino asenokunikezela ngempumelelo. Ukuphumelela kokukhuthaza ulwalamano, ixesha, kunye nekhono lokunika ubungqina obubambekayo.

Amaphulo Kawonke - wonke Nokhuphiswano Lwamajelo Orhwebo

Amaphulo kawonke-wonke ajolise ekuguquleni uluvo lukawonke-wonke aze abangele utshintsho. La maphulo asebenzisa amajelo eendaba, amajelo eendaba, izibhengezo, kunye neziganeko zikawonke-wonke ukuze kwaziwe kwaye kuququzelelwe abaxhasi. Ukunyuka kwamaqonga amanani kuthoba iindlekozo zematheko, nto leyo evumela namaqela amancinane ukuba andise isigidimi sawo. Amajelo athelekisa imicimbi yemiba kwiimeko zokuxhasa iinjongo zeqela. Umzekelo, amaqela abathengi banokuvelisa amabali athetha ngemveliso akhumbula ukuphembelela abaququzeleli bezinto ukuba benze into.

Isakhiwo Sokwakhela Imali

Amaqela ancedisanayo asoloko esebenza yedwa. Ngokwenza imibutho, amaqela angadibanisa oovimba, ubuchule, kwaye adibane. Izivumelwano zingaba zezokwexeshana, zizenzeke ngokujikeleze iceba elinye lomthetho, okanye ixesha elide, njengakwiNgqungquthela Yolawulo yamalungelo abantu, emanyanisa imibutho yamazwe angaphezu kwama-200. Isakhiwo soburhulumente sisebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekuchaseni inkcaso edisiweyo, njengoko sivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba aqeqeshe abangenisi okanye aqalise amaphulo amakhulu.

Ukwenziwa kobuxoki nokukhutshelwa

Amaqela amaninzi alawulayo asebenzisa iinkundla ukuphembelela umgaqo. Afaka izityholo ukucel ’ umngeni imimiselo ekhoyo, ukunyanzelisa okanye atolika imithetho ngendlela entsha. Amafekta omthetho oluntu anomdla njengo-ACLU kunye nobulungisa bomhlaba akhusele imithetho yengqikelelo eyatshintsha imigaqo yomthetho. Imithetho inokuba sisixhobo esinamandla xa iindlela zomthetho zivalekile, nangona isoloko icotha kwaye ibiza imali eninzi.

Uphando nophuhliso

Amanye amaqela afaka imali eninzi ekuphandeni ukuze avelise ubungqina obuthembekileyo obuxhasa ukuma kwawo. Qwalasela iitanki kunye namaqela asekelwe kwimfundo ephambili apapasha iingxelo, amaphepha amhlophe, kunye nenkqubo encinane ebumba incoko. Le nkqubo inempembelelo engakumbi kwiindawo zobuchule bokulungisa ukhuseleko lobugcisa okanye uhlalutyo lobume bemeko-bume apho ugcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo lubalulekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala lamaqela obugqeba

Uhlolisiso olulandelayo lubalaselisa indlela amaqela agunyazisayo asebenzisa ngayo iindlela zokulawula nokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umgaqo osebenzayo.

INgxowa-mali yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EDF)

I-EDF, eyasekwa ngo1967, liqela eliphambili lokukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwemekobume eliye labumba umgaqo wokulwa nemvula ye-AS. I-EDF isebenza kunye nezazinzulu zenzululwazi, izoqoqosho, kunye nokhuthuzo lwezorhwebo. Enye yezinto eziphunyelelwayo yindima yayo enkulu ngo1990 yaba kukutshintshwa kwe-Ceally Air Act, eyathi yazisa inkqubo ye-cappe-trade-trade ye-sulfur dioxide ukulwa nemvula ene-acid. Indlela yokusebenza ye-edf isebenza kunye nezombini kunye nezoshishino zokuyila iprojectal engqini engqineke isebenza ngokunempumelelo.

Inkululeko Yabemi BaseMelika (ACLU)

I-ACLU, emiselwe ngowe-1920, yintlangano engeyoparati enikezelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu njengoko kuqinisekiswe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U. indlela yayo yokuqala i-ligtation, enengxelo yamatyala angaphezu kwama-5 000 amisele umthetho wamalungelo abantu. Iimpumelelo zemali ziquka [[[FLT: 0] Brown v.[FLT] v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo [[FLT: 1] [[FL]] [iiindlela] ekhethekileyo yemiyaleloni], ne[FLT] v.[FUP] [FUFU:] [FUFU] ithelela ityala elifutshane, ingengowona mzekelo ongundoqo). [i-ACT], i-ACT.[FUFUP]

Ingxelo zeSmersumer Republic (EyayiyiyiNtloko iUnion)

IConsumer Reports yintlangano ezimeleyo, engangeni ngeniso evavanya iimveliso kunye nabaxhasi bokhuseleko lwabathengi. Impembelelo yayo kumthetho ingekukwenziwa ngophando nangamaphulo kawonke-wonke. Kangangeminyaka, umbutho wacela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko lomatshini eyomeleleyo, kuquka iibhabhasbhasbha kunye nokungavumelani nomthetho onyanzelekileyo. Uvavanyo lwawo kunye nophando luye lwakhokelela ekukhumbuleni nasekulungiseni iinguqu, ezifana neMbutho weConsumer Product Recument Refect Reconfication Act ka 2008, eyathislated imidatemplated kwi-tom. Consumerers Witteers, ikwayithes amaziko okunyanzela ukuba asebenze kwimveliso enesiphene. “Uthemie .

Oomama Abachasene Nokuqhuba Ngemidiza (MADD)

IMADD ngumzekelo onamandla weqela lengca enolwakhiwo olunemiqathango elungelelanisiweyo. Yasekwa ngo-1980 ngoomama abanabantwana ababulawa ngabaqhubi abanxileyo, i-MADD ityhala imithetho yokuqhuba engqongqo yokunxila, kuquka ukuhlisa umlinganiselo osemthethweni womthamo wotywala begazi (BAC) ukuya ku 0. Ngokuqhubeka kweminxeba yokukhuthaza nokuphanda kwabantu, i-MADD yaphembelela ukudlula koMthetho weSizwe wexeshana lokuDaiam-D [National Age Med Actstyracly Act kunye nemithetho emininzi yomgangatho karhulumente. I-Erghdoctivement iphuculwa ngokufumana iikontimetris kunye nezigwebo ezingqongqo. Impumelelo ye-MADD ibonisa indlela ukuphumelela kwendlela yokunxibelelana kweemvakalelo nokuzingisiswa komthetho nomthetho nomthetho.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Namaqela Abaxhasi

Nangona enempembelelo, amaqela alawulayo asebenza kwindawo ezele yimiqobo. Olu celomngeni lunokuwathintela ukuba akwazi ukumisela imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba isebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

  • Inkxaso-mali kunye nobuncwane: Amaqela amaninzi, ingakumbi iingca ezingca, azama ukukhuphisana nee-lob ezimi kakuhle zoshishino. Indleko yeligiga, amaphulo eendaba, kunye nobungqina obunobuchule bungathintela, inyanzelisa amaqela ukuba abeke imibandela okanye alinganise imigudu emva.
  • Inkcaso ecacileyo kunye nokungabikho lwabiwo-mali: Amaqela alwahlulelwano asoloko ejongene nemikhosi echaseneyo okanye abalawuli abangavumelaniyo neenjongo zabo. Kwimeko-bume ezigabadeleyo, kwaneempikiswano ezisekelwe kubungqina zinokucinywa. Ukongeza, iinguqu kurhulumente zingaphelisa iminyaka yenkqubela.
  • Ukungakhathali nokunganyaniseki : Ukuba uwonke-wonke awuyiboni imbambano njengengxamisekileyo, kunzima ukukhuthaza inkxaso. Amaphulo okuxhasa okungquzulana ngokuxhathisa angenza inyani yeqela labaxhasi, njengoko ibonwa kwiingxoxo ngokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neemfuno zogoso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusingqongileyo komthetho olawulayo: Ukulawula i-byrinth yorhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nemimiselo yasekuhlaleni kufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo bomthetho kunye nemigaqo. Amaqela amancinci asenokuswela amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngaphaya kolawulo oluninzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye nokuhlambulula ipetroli: Ngamanye amaxesha, ukudibanisa nabenzi benkqubo kukhokelela ekuniseleni imimiselo ephantsi eyanelisayo nabanganeli qela okanye abachasi balo. Amaqela kufuneka alungelelanise ulalaniso ngokuthembeka kumsebenzi wawo.
  • Imiqathango yemithetho esemthethweni kwi-advocation: imithetho yokukhupha ityala, imimiselo yezemali, kunye nemithetho yerhafu ekhutshwayo yemithetho (umz., 501(c)(3) imiqathango) inganyanzela indlela amaqela asebenza ngayo. Ingeniso mayiyilandele kakuhle imali echithwayo ukunqanda isohlwayo okanye ukuphulukana nobume berhafu.

Ukulinganisa Ukuphumelela Kwamaqela Obuchule

Ukuvavanya enoba iqela lobuhlanga liyilwe ngokwenene inkqubo okanye ukugcinwa komthetho kulucelomngeni. Impumelelo ayisoloko injalo-ii-(a iqela lingakhusela iziphumo ezikufutshane, ukutshintsha ingxoxo, okanye ukuphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo yexesha elizayo. Imimiselo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impumelelo eqingqiweyo okanye yolawulo: Inani lamatyala awisiweyo okanye imimiselo eyamkelwe ehambelana nosukelo lweqela.
  • Izenzo zonyanzeliso: Unyuko luhlawulwe, lukhumbula, okanye lutshutshiso ngenxa yoxinzelelo lobugqwirha.
  • Uluvo lwePublic : ugcino-lwazi olungcolisayo olubonisa uphando oluphezulu okanye inkxaso yenkupho.
  • I-Media kunye nokushukuma kwe-: Imbono yeqela ivela ngokufuthi kangakanani kumabali eendaba nokuba iyayibumba na ibali.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iziphumo zonikezelo: izigqibo zenkundla ezimisela umzekelo okanye ukunyanzelisa utshintsho lomgaqo.

Ngoko, ukunikezela kunzima ngenxa yokuba oothunywashe abaninzi banempembelelo kwinkqubo. Amaqela oonobumba asoloko ebiza ityala ngeziphumo ezisenokuba zivela kwiziphumo ezibanzi. Amaqela asekelwe kwiziphumo zomsebenzi asebenzisa imaphu yeziphumo kunye nohlalutyo lomnikelo ukubonisa impembelelo yawo.

Ikamva Lamaqela Abaxhasi

Xa ibutho lijamelene neengxaki ezintsha nezingacombululiyo, amaqela okulawula kufuneka alungelelanise ukuze ahlale ephumelela. Izimo ezininzi ziya kuyilawula indima yawo ekulawuleni nasekunyanzeleni ukugcinwa kwemithetho kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa nogcino-lwazi

Amanani ezixhobo aguqula indlela amaqela eenkqubo zokusebenza kobugcisa asebenza ngayo. Amaqonga oluntu anceda ukuqokelela nokuqokelela imali ngokukhawuleza, ngeli lixa ugcino-lwazi luchaza amaqela angundoqo abenzi-zigqibo, imiyalezo ejoliswe kuwo, kunye nokuphumelela kwephulo lokulinganisa. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-data ye-geneology ngamaqela asekuhlaleni kungachaza ungcoliso olushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwazisa iingozi, ezifana nombathamo we-althmin kunye nokusasazeka kwe-transfermenti. Amaqela amaqela ayizifundiswa ngemicimbini ye-advocatacy aya kuba luncedo kakhulu.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Ngehlabathi

Imingeni emininzi yokulawula neyokutshintsha kwemithetho ngezantsi. "iiimeko zotshintsho, ukubhalisa irhafu, i-Intanethi, ukulawulwa kwe-intanethi, ukulawulwa kwe-intanethi."amaqela okuxhasa irhafu asebenza ngokukhula kwimida. Amaqela asebenza ngokuhambelana kwezizwe ngezizwe, abumba imibutho efana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Trade Organization, kunye neNkundla ye-International Criminal. Iintlangano ezifana ne-Transparency International and Human Rights Watch Watcheveexprustem lo tyes, uks ukunyanzelisa umlinganiselo womhlaba wonke. Amaqela eRomatikamenti akwawo afaka amaqhinga asuka kwamanye amazwe, adala ukonakalisa urhwebo lwendlela.

Intshukumo yolutsha neyokudibana

Izizukulwana ezitsha ziqhuba imifuziselo emitsha edibanisa iindlela zesithethe nesavvy yezentlalo-ntle. Ukuhlasela kwemozulu okukhokelwa nguGreta Thunberg kunye noMatshi woMbutho Wethu Wolawulo lwemipu kubonisa indlela amaqela olutsha anokuwakha ngayo ngokukhawuleza amandla kunye noxinzelelo lwabalawuli. Le ntshukumo idla ngokuthatha indlela yokudibana, inxibelelanisa imiba efana nokusesikweni, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokuxhaswa kwemekobume.

Ukwakha Ukukhululeka Ekuchaneni Nezimvo

Amaqela alwamkelayo alungelelaniswa ngokuqhubekayo ajongana nezixhobo ezisuka kubachasi abasebenzisa amaqhinga afanayo . Ukusuka kumaqela e- “astraturf” amaqela (amaphulo e-ake utyani) ukuya kutsho ekuhlukunyezweni okusemthethweni (isuti ze-SLAP). Amaqela kufuneka aqinise inkxaso-mali eninzi, ukukhusela amalungu eemfihlo, kunye nokuphuhlisa amaqela aphendula ngokukhawuleza. Umthetho ofana nemithetho ye-Anti-SLAP kwamanye amazwe unceda ukukhusela abaxhasi ekumangalelweni ngokungafanelekanga, kodwa kufuneka iingcuphelo ezininzi.

Umanyano

Amanye amaqela afundisayo ahlola unxulumano namaqumrhu kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ukuze afikelele iinjongo zolawulo. Umzekelo, i-Rainforence Alleliance iqinisa imveliso eqinileyo, idala izikhuthazo zokuxhasa intengiso. Nangona amaqabane anjalo enokuba luncedo, akwanokuba sengozini yokungqubana komdla ukuba amaqela asondele kakhulu kwizinto afuna ukuzilawula. Ukulondoloza inkululeko nokubonakala kuya kuba yinto enzima.

Isiphelo

Amaqela alawulayo angoomatshini ababalulekileyo kwimiqathango yemithetho kunye nokusebenza. Akhulisa amazwi anokungaviwa, angenalwazi, afake ubuchule kwiingxoxo zenkqubo, agcine urhulumente kunye noshishino lunetyala. Ukusuka ekukhuseleni indalo ukuya kumalungelo oluntu, abathengi, iminwe yabo ikwimithetho emininzi kunye nemisebenzi yokusebenza esiyithabatha lula. Kodwa umsebenzi wabo awuze wenziwe. Njengokuba kuvela iingxaki ezintsha kunye neendawo zezobupolitika zokushintshwa, amaqela olawulo lwezikomkhulu kufuneka aqhubeke ewakha amacebo awo, akha imibutho, aze agcine intelekele uluntu. Ikamva lommiselo liya kulungiswa kungekuphela ngabagwebi nabalawuli abanomthetho nabaquququzeleli abatheli, abanolwazi, nabaxhasi belizwe abakhuthaziweyo, nabaxhasi bezinto zezopoliti bezinto ezixhasayo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngemiqathango yamaqela eenkqubo zobugqwirha, bona [[FLT: 0] Britannica uphando lwamaqela azimeleyo kunye ne [FLT]] ALULA ulawulo olusemthethweni lwe ndawo [[. Kwimpembelelo yemekobume, hlolisisa [[[FLT:]] iNgxontela yokhuselo yemali . Ukuqonda kwimigudu yokhuseleko, ukutyelela [[FLT]] iingxelo ze-AFLT [[FLT]]]