Indima ekhulayo yamasebe kaRhulumente kuLawulo lweNkqubo yezeNdlu

Iinkqubo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke zisebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokhuseleko kwizigidi zeentsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, abakhulileyo, nabantu abakhubazekileyo, ukubonelela uncedo lwendlu yokuqesha kunye nokukhetha okunokufikeleleka kokuphila. Ngoxa iSebe leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtshona Koloni (UD) limisela imigaqo karhulumente nenkxaso-mali, amasebe eendlu kunye nenkqubela-phambili yoluntu aluncedo kwinkqubo yenkqubo yolawulo. Aguqulela inkqubo yorhulumente kwimisebenzi yesebe elisemgangathweni, alawule iibhiliyo zeedolarala zemali ngokwezinto ezisemgangathweni, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba uncedo lwezindlu lufikelele abo balufuna kakhulu. Eli nqaku lihlola iimbopheleleko ezininzi zamaziko esizwe, ukuxhasa inkqubela-mali, ukuthobela kwenkqubo yempatho, kunye neengxaki ezizinzileyo abayamkelayo ukuze baphuculendlu kawonke-wonke-wonke.

Iimbopheleleko zeSebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko yeLizwe

Amasebe ezezindlu zikarhulumente asebenza njengee-asethi zokuqala phakathi kwamagosa ezindlu zorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu ezindlu oluntu (PH). Iimbopheleleko zawo zolawulo lwenkqubo, ulawulo lwemali, ulawulo lwenkqubo, kunye nokucwangcisa okucwangcisiweyo. Ngaphandle kolawulo olusebenzayo lomgangatho karhulumente, amanyathelo okufumana umngcipheko, ukungafezeki, nokusasazwa kweempahla ngokungenasiphelo.

Ulawulo loMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noLawulo

Amasebe esizwe achaza kwaye alungelelanisa imimiselo ye-HUD ukuze ilungelelanise nentengiso yezindlu kunye nezomthetho. Akhupha izicwangciso zolawulo ezilawula indlela izimali ezisasazwa ngayo, indlela ezithe zihlawulwe ngayo, nendlela ezikhethwayo zokulinda ezimiselwe ngayo. Umzekelo, urhulumente omninzi wamkele imigaqo-nkqubo yomhla womsebenzi wendawo yokuhlolwa kwezindlu phantsi kwenkqubo yokukhetha iHousesko yomgangatho womgangatho wokubeka i Voucher kumgangatho osezantsi kwiimiqathango. Ezi zicwangciso zolawulo ziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki xa zivumela uqhatho kwinkcaso lweendawo zengingqi.

Ukubonelela ngemali yokuqeshwa nokuLawulwa koHlahlo

Indima ephambili yamasebe karhulumente kukuphathwa kwemali ekhoyo yezindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa. Afumana uhlomelo lwecandelo lorhulumente lokuHlahlela iNgxowa-mali yeNdlu yeNdlu yeHloko loLokusa iNgxelo yoMkhosi kunye ne-[FLT]] iNgxontela yemali yezemali yeCandelo [[FOLT:3], kunye neCandelo lweCandelo lweSibonelelo seSahlulo se-RPhouse. Amaziko akwakhompathi-Promenti akwa-Promenti:[FT] kunye ne-Prometerstion:[5]

Ulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nokhuphiswano

Isebe lesizwe linyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa ukuthobela imilinganiselo karhulumente ngokuhlola nokuhlola ngokungqongqo. Ziqhuba Iziko Lendawo Yokugcina Izithuba [REFL:1] [[FLT]] uvavanyo lwemibutho yezindlu zikawonke-wonke, ukuhlola iingxelo zemali phantsi [ Isikhokelo soluHlungelo (2 CFR 200]),[FLT], kwaye yenza ii-actisticalstingsmentsmentsmentsmentsmentsmentsment (UMTHEtho woMbali wezakhiwo zikawonke, ] woMthendeleko wemali phantsi kwe-omatilo-mali [[FLT]]]. Xa kusithiwa kancinci [[FLT] ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho wezentengo, okanye amalungelo e-omatiko, okanye amalungelo angowabantu abangaphandle, anokulungisa imigaqo, okanye ukuxhasa, ukuphatha okusebenza okugqithisonele kwiminye kweminye iyunithi yemisebenzi, kunye nokuzinzo.

Ukwakha kobuchule noncedo lobugcisa

Njengee-PH encinci engenayo abasebenzi kunye nobuchule bokusebenzisa imithetho entsonkothileyo. Isebe lelizwe libhalela lo msantsa ngokunika uqeqesho, imigaqo-nkqubo yemodeli, kunye noncedo lobugcisa. Zifumana indawo yokugcina iimpahla kwimixholo enjenge 'Factoriffie Intefiction Confize Verification (IV') iinkqubo[[FLT: 1]], [[FLT:]] Uniformation Imeko ephathekayo (UCS)[FLT], kunye [[FLT: 4.] Imithetho ye-Fairmark Home Activection [. Ulwaleko lolwakhiwo lwendawo, amaziko esizwe aqinisekisa ukuba kwaneendlelo lwendawo ziphumele iinkonzo.

Imali ehlawulwayo

Ukulawula iinkqubo zezindlu zikawonke-wonke kufuna uluvo olunzulu lwemithombo emininzi yemali etsalwayo. Amasebe karhulumente asebenza njengoomatshini bemali, adibanisa iimali zikarhulumente, izicelo zephondo, nekomkhulu labucala ukuxhasa nokubeka izindlu ezinokufikeleleka kule mihla.

Iminikelo yomanyano nendlela equkuqela ngayo kwiPHA yasekuhlaleni

Imali eninzi yemali ekhoyo iquka iNgxowa-mali yeNdlu yeHome eBolekisayo , egquma iindleko zemihla ngemihla ezifana nezithinteli-mali kunye nokuzigcina, kunye [ i-Capital Fund[, esetyenziselwa ukubuyisela utshintsho lwexesha elide kunye nolwakhiwo olutsha. Amasebe esizwe afumana ezi mali njengezabelo eziyabini zivela kwi-HUD kwaye emva koko azibeke kwi-PHSPH esekelwe kwinani, izixaso, imilinganiselo, kunye nokufuna iingcebiso. Ulwando zoncedo, ulwando lwe-ongezelelo lwe-omatilo---omatilo---mali [FFLT] [FUT] [5] kunye nezibonelelo zemali ezi-Genethi ze-Active [FFF:]

Ityala lerhafu lezindlu ezifunyenwe phantsi, ushishino lweenqanawa zoluntu kunye

Ukwandisa ii-dola zesebe lesizwe elisikelwe umda, amasebe karhulumente axhasa umanyano lukawonke-wonke. Esona sixhobo sinempembelelo singulo i-Low-Inhooter Incorts (ZINTC)[, elawulwa ngamaqumrhu emali yezezimali zendlu. Isebe le-LiHTC linikwa intlawulo ngokhuphiswano, kwaye amasebe karhulumente amiselwe izicwangciso ze-Altation (QAP) ezithisweyo zisebenza ngokugqithisileyo kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, ezo ze-portuni, okanye inkqubela ephezulu esetyenziswa imigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza. Iinqanawa ezikhoyo phantsi kwezobuGenembutho [FFDikethi] [FD] [FT] [FFFD] [FFFFD]

Imali exhotyisiweyo yeNkxaso yeQumrhu

Uninzi lwezongezo zemali yemali yezindlu ezinikezelweyo okanye amanyathelo amanyano. Umzekelo, iTshagiton Homes Trust Fund yeTshayina ye- inikezela ngemali yomsantsa yezindlu zokuqesha ezinokufikeleleka, ngelixa i-New York’s Mitchell-Lama Program inikela ngaphantsi kwemali-mboleko yemali-mali-yorhwebo. Olu ngeniso-mali-mali-mali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali ebhanki eninzi kakhulu apho intengiso zikarhulumente apho i-mali yodwa inganele ukwenza imisebenzi ingeniso inokwenzeka. Iminyango ye-Rhulumente idla ngokusebenzisa ezi ntlobo zenkqubo zemali ngaphandleluntsko-lunt.

Izinto Ezibangela Ubomi Benkqubo Bube Nempumelelo

Akukho mbutho karhulumente unokuphumelela ekuzikhetheni. Ulawulo lwezindlu zikawonke-wonke oluphumelelayo luxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano emandla noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, amagunya ezindlu, abasebenzi benkonzo abangafumani ngeniso, kunye nabemi ngokwabo.

Umanyano neZiko leNdlu zoLuntu

Njengee-PH zasekuhlaleni abaphathi abathe ngqo bophuhliso lwezindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa. Amasebe karhulumente abanika ukhokelo olulawulayo, inkxaso, kunye nenkxaso yolawulo. Ekubuyeni, iPH ngengxelo yomsebenzi we-milingo, nikezela ii-Piecomstings jogs, kwaye thatha inxaxheba kwimpinda-mpiliso yegunya. [iiindawo yomanyano yePH] kunye ne-PH ingumqolo wengqibelelo yenkqubo yenkqubo. Umzekelo, HENXUD ISAH Uncedo lwemiqathango ye-RGUT iphepha] ichaza indlela abalungelene ngayo ulawulo lwentengo yentengiso yorhwebo yobulali.

Ukuncedisana noorhulumente bengingqi kunye neMibutho yoLuntu

Ukuzingela, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nezigqibo zesiseko zenziwa phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Amasebe karhulumente asoloko esebenzisana noomasipala ukudibanisa ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka ngeplani ebanzi. Anganika uncedo lobuchule kwii-Zoclustrary Zoing[ imigaqo-nkqubo okanye anikela iibhonasi zoxinaniso ekufakeleni amaqela afikelelekayo. Amabhunga ephondo, anjenge Izilungiselelo zokucwangcisa [mayela kwe-Metropolitan [[MPO:3], kwakhona iqabane lamaziko endlu esizwe okulungelelanisa kunye norhwebo lwezindlu, anciphisa ukungahambelani kwemisebenzi namakhaya angabizi mali.

IMibutho ePhakathi neBala leeNcwadi

Ingeniso yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekunikezelweni kwenkonzo, ukusuka kumacebiso asebenzayo ukuya kuqeqesho lomsebenzi. Amasebe karhulumente asoloko edibana namasebe oluntu okanye imibutho yoluntu enika ingcebiso ngezindlu ukulungiselela [[FLT: 0] umnikazi we-home Voucher imfundo, [ uvavanyo lwe-Fairhouse iinkonzo, kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela ukukhuselwa kwezindlu. Le mibutho ibaluleke kakhulu ekufikeleleni abantu abachaphazelekayo, njengamavarvere kunye nabasindi bogonyamelo lwasekhaya, abasenokufuna ukuxhaswa ukuze bagcine izindlu ezizinzileyo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokuhlutha Umatshini

Amasebe karhulumente aya enziwa alungelelanise amacandelo abami angenisiweyo. Abamba [[FLT:] uluvo lukawonke-wonke kucwangciso loNyaka kunye nezicwangciso zeminyaka emihlanu, abasebenzi abaphanda malunga nolwaneliseko, kunye nokuseka inkqubo ye-Advisory Boards (RABs) ukwazisa utshintsho lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, phantsi [[FLT:]] uphandleko lweminyaka emihlanu, abasebenzi be-HUD [iiiiindawo ezi-Resident, kunye nokhuphiso (ROS)[FLT], inkqubo yesebe lesizwe ebonelelo lwezentengo, abaququzelela abahlala nje kuphela ekuphuculeni inkqubo yokwenziwa kwenkqubo. Le nkonzo iluncedo kuncedo lwesebe lokusebenza ngoovimba-ooma.

Iingxaki ezinkulu Amasebe karhulumente Ajongene nazo ekulawuleni izindlu zikawonke-wonke

Nangona zibalulekile, amasebe ezindlu afumana iingxaki ezivavanya amandla awo nobuchule bawo bokuyila izinto. Ukulungisa le miba kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukhuseleko lwezindlu zikawonke-wonke.

Izakhiwo Zokwaluphala Nekomkhulu Zifuna Ibhanki

Imali kawonke-wonke yendlu kawonke-wonke yaluphala ngendlela ephawulekayo. I-HID iqikelela ukuba ikomkhulu lifuna ugcino-lwazi olungaphezulu kwee-$70 amawaka ezigidi. Uphuhliso oluninzi olwakhiwa ngoo-1950 kunye no-1960 ngoku lufuna ulungiso olungundoqo lwamaphahla, iplanga-nkqubo yombane, iinkqubo zombane, kunye nophuhliso lonikezelo. Amasebe karhulumente azama ukunikezela iimali zemali zeNkomkhulu ezisikelweyo kwiimfuno ezikhuphisanayo, ngokufuthi echaza oko kubangela ukuba izinto zibe mbi kakhulu ngexesha elithile. [[FLD:0] [RLT] I-INCOURDING REF [RAM) [RAM [FT:1] inkqubo evumela ukuba kuguqulelwe izindlu zikawonke kwiCandelo olude lweziqengqekelele-8, inika isicombululo semali ngokwesicombululo, kodwa inika isisombululo sempahla esibonakalayo esibonakalayo.

Ukubekwa Kwendawo Kwalo Lonke Igalelo

Impumelelo yokukhetha indawo yokuhlala ixhomekeke kakhulu kumnini-ndlu okulungeleyo ukuqesha iprojekthi. Kwimisika yokuqesha enzima, abanini-mali bayayeka ukwamkela iziqinisekiso ngenxa yemithwalo yolawulo okanye isihlazo. Amasebe esizwe ajongene noxinzelelo lokunyusa umlinganiselo wonyuso, olujikeleza phantse kuma-80% esizwe. Asebenzisa iindlela ezifana ukwandisa imigangatho yokuhlawula [[FLT: 1], [[FLT:]] ukumisela iibhonasi zezindlu zendlu [, kunye [[FLT] noluvolo olukhoyo lwendawo eqeshiweyo].[FLT] Alunokuqinisekisa ukuba nenxaxheba.

Ukufikelela kobulungisa, ukulingana, kunye nokuchasana

Ingqinela ukuba iinkqubo zokuhlala uwonke wonke zinceda bonke abantu abafanelekileyo ngaphandle kocalucalulo zihlala zilucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka anyanzelise ngokuthelekelela iMandla e-Fair House (AFFH) iimfuno ezigunyazisa amanyathelo asebenzayo okuphelisa imbali yocalulo. Oku kuquka ukuhlalutya okungalinganiyo kwi-ntengo kwi-ntengiso i-intelekiso-iaseko-lubala kunye nerejijiyo phakathi kwamaqela esizwe namaqela esizwe, ukudlulisela imiqobo yolwimi, nokuqinisekisa ukuba izakhiwo ezintsha ezinokulinganayo zibekwe kwimimandla ephezulu nezikolo nemisebenzi emihle. Ngaxesha linye, amaziko kufuneka alinde ukurhoxinzelelwa nxamnye neendawo xa ingingqini engenisa i-frective.[FFF]

Ukunqongophala Kwezobupolitika Noqingqo - mali

Iinkqubo zezindlu zelizwe ziphantsi kwezicelo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye nokuguquguquka kwemithetho-siseko yesizwe. Utshintsho kwirhuluneli okanye ulawulo lwendlu yorhulumente lungaguqula ezona zinto ziphambili, kushiye amasebe ukulungisa izithuba phakathi kwebhayisikile. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe aye anciphisa intlawulo zemali yokuthembeka kwezindlu ngexesha lokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, anyanzelisa amasebe ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwimiqathango karhulumente engaqinisekanga. Le -96 yenza kube nzima ukuceba ixesha elide kwaye ingakwazi ukubeka iprojectsss. Amasebe karhulumente akhulisa izicwangciso zokulungisa, agcina izibambiso apho zivumelekile, kunye nabameli bemibutho yokuxhasa inkxaso emali ekhoyo ukuhlisa ezi ngxaki.

Iindlela zokufikelela ezitsha

Ngenxa yokuba kukho ubuncwane obuncinane yaye kukho imfuneko engakumbi, amasebe karhulumente avelisa iindlela ezintsha zokuphucula izindlu zikawonke - wonke zale mihla nokuphucula imiphumo yabemi.

Uphuhliso oludityanisiweyo kunye nokuboniswa koncedo lwezinyo (RAD)

I-RAD iye yaba sisixhobo sokuguqula, ivumela ityala lobungcaphephe elisisilelayo kunye nokulingana ukuphinda kwakhiwe kwempahla ezaluphalayo. Phantsi kwe-RAD, iqela lezindlu zikawonke-wonke eliguqulelwe kwiprojekthi- Vouchers (PBVs) okanye iprojekthi esekelwe kwi-RENS , ikhulula iisivumelwano sokuzikhulula kwimithetho yemali ethintelayo. Amasebe karhulumente anika utshintsho olu ncedo ngokunika uncedo lobugcisa, ukuqwalasela izicwangciso zokuguqula, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinqobo zihlala ziqinile. Imingeni-eprojekthi ezithengwayo, apho iiyunithi zemarikethi ezithengi zifumaneka khona, zingumphumo oqhelekileyo, ukunciphisa ukuhlomelo lwemali nokuphucula ubuhlwempuko.

Ulawulo logcino-lwazi oluqhutywa nge-Drandon kunye noLuhlu lokuLinda oluPhakathisiweyo

Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente ayamkela iinkqubo zolwazi ezintsonkothileyo zokuphucula ukusebenza. Uluhlu lokulinda oluphakathi, olwabelwene ngapha nangapha kwe-PH, lunciphisa ukwenziwa kwezicelo kwaye luvumele ukuba zithelekiswe kwiyunithi ezikhoyo ngokukhawuleza. Amazwe akwasebenzisa iinkqubo zolwazi ezigobileyo ([FLT: 0]] i-GIS) ukuzoba imaphu yokusetyenziswa koncedo oluqeshiweyo, ukuphawula iindawo ezinentsebenziswano nokuphucula ulwabelano logcino-lwazi phakathi kombuso nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. [[FLTL:2]

Iinkqubo zokuNgena eziQongelelelweyo neZixhaswayo

Ukulungisa ukungabi namakhaya, amasebe karhulumente adibanisa izindlu zikawonke-wonke neenkonzo ezixhasayo. Ngaphantsi inkqubo ye-HIUD yocoselelo (COC), amasebe karhulumente anceda kwinkxaso yeQumrhu leNkqubo yokuNgena eQuquzelela (CE) emisela ezona zibuthathaka kubantu abanokuhlala kunye neenkonzo. Ezi nkonzo zoncedo ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi abaneemeko ezinganyangekiyo bafumane ulawulo lwemeko, ukunyanyelwa kwempilo yengqondo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Iprojects RAP inkqubo ecwangciekileyo ye-RCMT] ibonelelo olukhoyo lokurhweba abantu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu, ezidla ngokusetyenziswa kumgangatho wesizwe.

Iindlela zokulungisa eziluhlaza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla

Imali enyukayo exabisa umthwalo woomasebe bezindlu kunye nabaqeshwa. Amasebe elizwe akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kombane oluhlaza nge- Imfuno eziluhlaza ze-Assofts (GPNA) kunye nenkxaso-mali yemithombo efana [[ Inkqubo yokuKhuthaza uLawulo [[[FLT:]]] Ulwamkelo lwekhabhaza--mali]. Ukufakela ii-grafithi ze- window, iipanethi zesixhobo se-enjini ze-lanethi, kunye ne-enjini ze-EnergylyS kunciphisa iindleko kwaye kuphucula ukuthuthuzela. Ezinye izinto, ezifana [[FLT:] New York, ikwamisela iinjongo zekharbethi yekharbethi yezindlu, ezifuna ukuxhasa iiprojekthi ezikhoyo kwimizi-yo.

Isiphelo

Amasebe karhulumente ngawona angoomatshini abamaqumrhu abangachananga bezemibutho yezindlu zikawonke-wonke yaseMerika. Alawula imijelo entsonkothileyo yezemali, anyanzelisa ukuba luncedo nemigangatho yezindlu entle, akhe unxulumano noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye nengeniso, kwaye atshintshele ekujongeni iingxaki ezimandundu. Ukusukela ekujongeni iibhiliyoni zemali ezikhoyo kumaziko asekuhlaleni ukuze aphucule ukuguquka kwe-RAD kunye nemifanekiso yezindlu ezixhasanayo, la masebe aqinisekisa ukuba iintsapho ezifumana imali encinane zinokufikelela ekukhuselekeni, ekufikeleleni ingeniso, namakhaya alinganayo. Njengoko ukufumaneka kwemali kuya kuba ngumba ongxamiseko-mali yesizwe, ukuxhasa ulawulo oluqinileyo, ulawulo oluqinileyo, ulawulo lwangoku, kunye nokusebenza kwabemi kunye namaqabane ayaqhubeka aya kuba yimfuneko ekuzaliseni isithembiso sezindlu zikawonke wonke oluntu kwizizukulwana ezizayo.