Ukwazisa: Igudi njengeGuardian yenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Umgaqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo ngomnye wezona ndlela zisisiseko zokukhusela kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo esesikweni nesemthethweni. Ijaji, njengoko isebe likarhulumente libekwa ityala lokutolika nokusebenzisa umthetho, isebenza njengomgcini-phambili wala malungelo. Ngokudibanisa umgaqo-siseko wokuchaza, ukuphatha imicimbi yempatho-siseko, ulawulo lweziphathi-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lwezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla ziphefumlela ubomi kwisithembiso esingeyo senkqubo efanelekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima engundoqo ekuxhaseni amalungelo afanelekileyo, uphandoqo lwendlela esetyenziswa ziinkundla, kunye noxanduva imingeni esongela umsebenzi obalulekileyo.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Imilinganiselo Eqhelekileyo Nengaqondakaliyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifakwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine weSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sivakalisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuba yi-#820; unyuswe ngobomi, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, i-” umqathango osetyenziswa kuqala kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yafaka olu khuselo kumazwe ngakuMphetho we-14, oqulethe ulwimi olufanayo. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente simele sihlonele ubulungisa obungundoqo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yokungacaluli ijolise kwiinkqubo kunye nenkqubo urhulumente amele azilandele ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye ipropati. Iziqalelo zomthetho ziquka isaziso sesenzo esicetyisiweyo, ithuba lokuviwa phambi komenzi-zigqibo ongakhethiyo, ilungelo lokunika ubungqina kunye nokubiza amangqina, kunye nelungelo lokunika icebiso. Umba wesibonelelo Maws v. Eldridge (1976)[[FL:1] umisele uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokufumanisa oko kufanelekileyo: iinkundla zilinganisa umdla wobuqu kwisibonda sobucala, umngcipheko wokunganyanisileyo phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo, kunye norhulumente ekhoyo, kunye &817; izilangazelelo zolawulo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko efunekayo ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo. Iye yasetyenziselwa ukukhusela amalungelo afana nomtshato, ukuba ngumzali, ukuthintela ukukhawulela nokuzilawula komzimba. Ngoxa inkqubo efunekayo, ephikiswayo, ephantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezomthetho ihlala iyisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekuthinteleni ukufikelela umthetho. Ijudicary ̱ ukucaciswa kwayo yombutho oqhelekileyo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi komthetho kuyaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha, ibonakalisa ukutshintsha kwamaxabiso e-socicietary kunye nokuqiqa komthetho.

I Judiciary’ imisebenzi yeCore ekuKhuseleni Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Ijaji yenza iindima eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo ezinyanzelisa inkqubo efunekayo. Le misebenzi ayingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; ibalulekile kumthetho nasekumeleni ukuphunyezwa komthetho.

Ukutolika iMithetho namalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko

Embindini we-judiary ̱ indima ingumsebenzi wohlolo lwempinda yecala. Iinkundla zimisela ubugqeba bemithetho, imimiselo, nezenzo zegunya. Xa umthetho ungqubana nenkqubo efunekayo, iinkundla ziyawubetha okanye ziwucuthe umsebenzi wazo. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] Goldberg v.Kelly [1970], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ephethe ukuba abamkeli bentlalo banelungelo lokuva phambi kwenzuzo yabo, iinkundla ziyawuyeka, ukutolika okanye ziwucuthe umva umgaqo ofunekayo ngaphezu koluhlolo. Oku kubonisa indlela iinkundla ezimele zifake ngayo i-gronalkte.

Ukutolikwa kwesigwebo asingomsebenzi ozenzekelayo. Abagwebi baqwalasela umbhalo, imbali, umzekelo, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zezigqibo zabo. Ingcaciso engaguqukiyo iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela isebenza ngokufanayo, ithintele ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ongekho ngqiqweni. Umsebenzi wokucacisa i-̱ ukwanabela ukucacisa ulwimi olucacileyo lwemithetho, iqinisekisa ukuba abemi bafumana isaziso esicacileyo sehambo eyalelweyo.

Ukuqinisekisa Izilingo Ezifanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokusesikweni lisiseko senkqubo efunekayo. Ijaji ijonge icandelo ngalinye lolwaphulo-mthetho nomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ubulungisa. Inxalenye engundoqo iquka:

  • Iintendelezo ezicalucalulo: Abagwebi kufuneka bazibeke ityala xa kuvela ungquzulwano. INkundla ePhakamileyo i’ izigqibo kwi Caperton v. A.T. Coyal Co. (2009) ibambe ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna inkxaso- phinda idityaniswe xa ijaji ifumene iminikelo yephulo engaqhelekanga kwiqela, ngaphandle kobungqina bobunyani bemkhethe.
  • Ilungelo lokunika icebiso: Umzekelo wophawu oluphawu olubalulekileyo Gideon v. Wainright (1963) yandisa uHlaziyo lweSithandathu nelungelo lokucebisa bonke abamangalelwa belizwe. Izigqibo zicacisile ukuba olu lungelo ludibanisa kumaqondo abalulekileyo engtshutshiso kwaye lusebenza ngokuphosakeleyo kwizinto ezithwala ixesha elinokubakho kwintolongo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukubhekisa phambili kunye nenkqubo enyanzelekileyo: AbaKhuseli banelungelo lokunqumla amangqina ee-eximine kunye namangqina alungileyo angaphantsi kwepoena. Amajaji awanyanzelisa la malungelo ngokususa ubungqina obungathembekanga kwaye anike inkxaso xa kuyimfuneko.
  • Inkcazo yetyala: inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba abamangalelwa baziswe ngezityholo ezithile ezibachaphazelekayo ngolwimi abanokuluqonda. Iinkundla zilahla amatyala angacacanga kakhulu okanye angasimiseli umthetho.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Ukhetho lwe-juring: Ijusi iqinisekisa ukuba amarhoqo agweba athathwe kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo loluntu kwaye i-voir ekhwankqisayo ivumela ukuchazwa kwekhethe.

Ukuhlola Izenzo Zolawulo

Amaziko olawulo anamandla amakhulu okulawula ukugcinwa kwe-intwala, iingenelo, ukufuduka, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kolawulo. Izigqibo zohlolo lweziko-mali ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana nemigangatho efanelekileyo. Oku kuqukwa: ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu anika isaziso esaneleyo namathuba okuviwa; nokuba izigqibo zazisekelwe kubungqina obuqinisekileyo; nokuba imigaqo yeziko lolawulo ayilwayo na isiseko esisisiseko. [[FLT: 0] Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004), iNkundleko ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ummi ovalelwe njengenkundla yotshaba kufuneka afumane isaziso esinentsingiselo kunye nethuba lokukhuphisana ngesiseko somngeni lwakhe phambi komenzi-endiswano, ukugatya urhulumente ongoongongasayinwanga kugwetyelwanga kulawulo lwesizwe olungangonga.

Ukunika Iindlela Zokuchasana Kwenkqubo Efanelekileyo

Xa amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo ephulwa, ijaji inegunya lokuyila amayeza afanelekileyo. Ezi zisenokuquka:

  • Uxinzelelo lobungqina: Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene nenkqubo efanelekileyo, efana nokuvuma izono ngokunyanzelekileyo okanye ukuphengulula okungekho mthethweni, bungakhutshwa ekucinyweni.
  • Ukungaqiniseki kwezityholo: Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo apho imicimbi karhulumente engenakulungiseka engenakulungiseka, iinkundla zingakulahla ukumangalelwa ngekhethe.
  • Abaxhasi bamatyala amatsha: Ukuba iimpazamo zemvelaphi zichaphazela iziphumo, iinkundla ezidlulisela iziphumo zisenokuchaphazeleka kwiinkolelo kunye nokuyalela imicimbi emitsha.
  • IiNkundla zeNtloko ze- zingakhupha imiyalelo enyanzelisa amaziko karhulumente ukuba amkele iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukungagqibeki: Phantsi kwama-42 U.S.C. 763, abantu ngabanye bangamangalela amagosa karhulumente ngembuyekezo yemali yenkqubo efunekayo yokwaphula umthetho.

Ukufumaneka konyango olusebenzayo kubalulekile; ngaphandle kwazo, inkqubo efunekayo iyakuqinisekisa ukuba izakungaphumi. Ijudiary ̱ amandla okunyanga asebenza njengesithintelo nxamnye nehambo engafanelekanga yexesha elizayo.

Uphawu lwemeko yohambo olulandelwayo oluxonxiweyo yi Jadiciary

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zachaza indlela elungelelaniswe ngayo inkqubo efunekayo. Ukuqonda la matyala kusinceda siqonde indlela ijaji eye yandisa ngayo yaye yaphucula ngayo imigaqo yokhuseleko.

[[UMTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Inkundla yathi ukuncinwa kwetyala kubangela umsebenzi wokwazisa abakrokrelekileyo ngelungelo labo lokuthula, ukuba nantoni na abayithethayo ingasetyenziswa nxamnye nabo, kwaye banelungelo kwigqwetha. Izilumkiso eziqhelekileyo imanda ziyimveliso engqalileyo yokuchazwa kwenkqubo yokuzikhulula kweSindululo seFind Find Constst ̱ zikhusela ekuzichaseni ngokwaso, okuthi iNkuNkundla idibekele kwimigaqo emiselwe ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uMura uhlala engukhuselo olunamandla ekuchaseni nokuvunywa kwenteko.

[[UMTL:0] Kwiwinship (1970)

INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa buyimfuneko kumthetho-siseko ekumangalelweni kwabantwana, njengakumatyala abantu abadala abaphuli-mthetho. Eli tyala liqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna umgangatho ophakamileyo wobungqina xa umntu i̱ inkululeko isengozini, igatya ingcamango yokuba imilinganiselo ephantsi iyasebenza kulutsha.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Njengoko kuphawulwe ngasentla, uGidiyon wamisela ilungelo lokunika icebiso kubo bonke abamangalelwa abangomatyala abangakwazi ukufikelela igqwetha. Inkundla ngokucacileyo yasilawula isigqibo sayo sangaphambili kwi- Bratts v. Brady (1942)[FL:1]], eyayifuna icebiso kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo. UGidiyon ubonisa ukuba ijudiary ̱ ikulungele ukulungisa iimpazamo zayo zangaphambili nokwandisa inkqubo yokukhusela okufanelekileyo ukuphendula kwimilinganiselo esesikweni.

[[UMTL: 0] Roe v. Wade (1973) kunye nePlanned Parents v. Casey (1992

Ngeli xesha kuxutyushwana, la matyala amela ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo encinci efunekayo yokukhusela ukuzimela. INkundla yalamkela ilungelo elisisiseko lokuzimela ngokwayo elibandakanya ibhinqa i̱ isigqibo sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa, nangona iphantsi komthetho emva kokusebenza kwayo. INkundla kamva yathatha indawo yeRoe̱ ilungelelanisa isiseko somthwalo ongafanelekanga kwi-Casey, ibonisa indlela uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo olunokuvela ngayo ngolwazi lwezamayeza nangoluntu.

Ucelomngeni kwiJadicary’ Indima elindelekileyo

Nangona umsebenzi wayo ubalulekile, abagwebi bajamelana nemiqobo emininzi ekhuselayo.

Uthintelo lwezibonelelo kunye nogcino-lwazi loonobumba

Iinkundla kulo lonke elaseUnited States zitsala nzima ukuthwaliswa kwetyala elinzima, ukungonelanga kwemali, kunye nesiseko sokwaluphala. Iinkqubo zokhuselo ezinzima zixinezelekile ingakumbi[, nabakhuseli badla ngokuthwala amakhulukhulu amatyala ngexesha elinye. Eli tyala likhulu likhokelela ekungxamiseni ityala, uphando olunganelanga, kunye noxinzelelo lokumangalelwa ukuba bafumane ityala elinobuvutho. Xa abamangalelwa bengenamdla wokufumana umelo olusebenzayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo iyaphosazeka. I-American Bar Association kunye neSebe lobulungisa liye labiza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuxhaswa kwemali ngenxa yokuzikhusela, kodwa inkqubela ihlala ingalungalingani.

Inkxalabo Yokugweba Nokungakhethi Buso

Bias ̵ nokuba kusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, imeko yentlalo, okanye ingqiqo ̵ ingakuphelisa ukungakhethi bucala kwetyala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ichaphazela isigqibo sokugweba-senza kwimimandla enjengesahlulelo, ibheyile, kunye nezigqibo zokuthembeka. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kokuzinziswa kokhetho lomthetho, ingakumbi ngokhuphiswano lwemirhumo yezentlalo, ingakumbi ngemirhumo yemirhumo, inyusa inkxalabo malunga nokungakhethi babagwebi bephondo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ngalo mbandela kwiimeko ezifana nolucelomngeni lwe-Minnesota. Umphetho (2002:1], uchaza ukuba kulinganiselwe ukuvalwa kwemiqathango yemiqathango ebhaliweyo kwiimbono zabo ezingomthetho. Ukuthelekiswa nokuthetha ngenkululeko ngemfuneko engakhethi-jaji.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nenkululeko Yokugweba

Ukugcina ukuzimela geqe kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Xa abagwebi besoyika ukuziphindezela kwizigqibo ezingathandwayo, amandla abo okunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko ayathintelwa. Izisongelo ziquka: imigudu yowiso-mthetho yokususa iinkundla zolawulo, ukukhutshelwa kweejaji ngemithetho ethile, nokungathobeli imithetho yenkundla ephakamileyo. Ulawulo lwenkundla olunolawulo oluphezulu i̱ luvala ukuvalwa komthetho kunye nolawulo lweBiden i-̱ inkqubo yokukhongozela ityala yabafundi bobabini babona iinkundla eziphantsi komhlaba zikhupha imimiselo ebangela ukurhoxatyelelwa kwezobupolitika. Ngoxa ukuzimela ngokwezigwebo kungqine ukuba kuvumile, ukuvavanywa komthetho ngamnye.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Neengxaki Zenkqubo Eziza Kulandela

Ngamaxesha obunzima, ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo luyaba lukhulu. Emva kohlaselo olungu-9/11, urhulumente wabamba amakhulu abantu ngaphandle kwetyala, wadala iintlanganiso zomkhosi zotshaba, kwaye wabandakanyeka kwintlawulo engenasiqinisekiso. Ijaji yaphendula ngokumisa igunya layo lokuhlola izenzo zegunya. [[FLT: 0] Rasul v. Bush (2004), iNkundla yenze ukuba iinkundla zelizwe zinegunya lokuva izibongozo zenkundla zelizwe kwiGuantamo Bay. [[FLT]] Bushmateenne bvuev. [2003], iNkundla yenze iBhile iKSti ye-OultsP &panelt17; i-fievess, i-fieeeeeeject, i-edentias, i-eving

Umgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke Nokuthemba

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kubalulekile kwijudicary ̱ okusebenzayo. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba iinkundla zikho ngokweembono ezigqwethekileyo, zinobungendawo, okanye zingasebenzi, basenokuphelelwa yintembelo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwemiyalelo yenkundla, ukuphaphamisa okungaphezulu, kunye nokungabi nakumandla athe kratya. Ukugcina ukukhanya nokuthembeka kungumngeni oqhubekayo.

Ukuqinisa iJadicary’ Indima elindelekileyo

Ukuze ixhase inkqubo efanelekileyo, ijaji namanye amasebe kufuneka athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo. Icebiso liquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali eyongezelelweyo yeenkundla nabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. ubuncwane obaneleyo buqinisekisa ukuchongwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukumeleka okufanelekileyo, kunye nokufikelela kwiingcali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umahluko okhoyo kwibhedi. abagwebi abagqwethekileyo bazisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo, ukunciphisa ubungozi bokucinga kweqela kunye nomkhethe opheleleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imilinganiselo ecacileyo yetyala. Ukukhutshwa kwemali kunye nohlolo oluzimeleyo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha lunceda ukugcina ukungacaluli.
  • ikhusela inkululeko yokulawula. Ama- States kufuneka acinge ngeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokukhetha kunokuba athathe unyulo oluququzelelweyo, kwaye iintlawulo zendlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ziphephe ukupheliswa kwenkundla okanye amanyathelo okulawula.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imfundo kawonke-wonke. Iinkundla zingasebenzisa ubugcisa, uluntu, kunye namaqabane eendaba ukuchaza amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo kunye nendima yejaji.

Isiphelo

Ijudiary ihlala ingundoqo wenkqubo efunekayo eUnited States. Ngokucacisa ngenyameko okubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko, ukuqwalasela ngokuphaphileyo isenzo sikarhulumente, nokunikezelwa kwezenzo ezifanelekileyo, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba idinga lenkqubo efanelekileyo aliyonto nje engabonakaliyo. Ukusuka kwigunya ukuya ekululekeni ukukhusela ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni, izigqibo zomthetho zibumba amavandla okuhlala kukho. Kodwa inkqubo ayiphelelanga. Iingxaki ezifana nenkxaso, ingxubevange yezopolitiki, kunye neengxaki zokhuseleko lwesizwe zifuna ingqalelo engapheliyo neyona nto ibalulekileyo. I-judicary, ezimeleyo nenonelisa ngokupheleleyo, ibalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho nokukhusela amalungelo abantu bonke abangeneyo nxamnye negunya lorhulumente. Njengoko uLuxel Frankfur Frankfur, i-520; imbali enkulu yembali elawulwa yi-proviced, ngoku, njenge-N.N.N.

ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona ushwankathelo lwenkqubo eyiyo Iqumrhu loLwazi lomthetho , iNkundla ePhakamileyo & #8217; isigqibo ku i-Bhoumediene v. Bush[[FLT:]] [4] udlula kwi-Oyez, kunye i-Melikan Bay Bay Complete ̱ oovimba kwi-out kwi-FLT.]