Iikomiti zisebenza njengee-injini zomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho, zisebenza njengeeprojekthi eziphambili apho kuhlolwa khona imithetho ecetyiweyo, kuphikiswana ngayo, kwaye kucocwa ngaphambi kokuba zifike kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Kungekuko ukuba nje zizinto ezithe ngqinelana nemithetho, la maqela mancinane emimiselo okanye amagosa asebenza njengebhulorho egxekayo phakathi kwabenzi bemithetho-rhulumente, ebangela ukuhlolisiswa kwemiba entsonkothileyo engenakukwazi ukumelana nayo kwindibano enkulu. Ngokuva, ukuphengulula, nokunyusa, ukubumba, ukubumba okuqulunqizekelelwa kwaloo nkqubo kawonke ngendlela enzulu, ukugqiba ukuba ziziphi iingxaki ezifumana ingqalelo kunye nendlela ezinokuthethwa ngayo ekugqibeleni.

Indalo Nenjongo Yazo

Ikomiti yikomiti encinane yequmrhu elikhulu lowiso-mthetho, esebenza ngeembopheleleko ezithile zokuphucula ukuphumelela nobuchule. Le mithetho iqhele ukuba nkulu kwaye ingasebenzi; ummisi-mthetho omnye akanakuba ngcali kuyo yonke imibandela. Iikomiti zivumela amalungu ukuba afunde kwimiqathango ethile yezopolitiko. Ngokufana nezonyango, irhafu, irhafu, okanye imfundo, kwaye iphuhlisa ulwazi olunzulu olunzulu. Le migaqo ikhokelela ekwenzeni izigqibo ezithe ngqo kunye nolawulo olunempumelelo ngakumbi lwamaziko aphetheyo.

Iikomiti zingahlelwa ngokwexesha lazo nangobungakanani bazo:

  • Iikomiti zezemali ze- ezi zikhona ngaphaya kweentlanganiso zowiso-mthetho kunye neendawo eziphindaphindwayo. Imizekelo iquka iKomiti yezemali yeNdlu yeNdlu ye-U.S., iKomiti yeNdlela yeNdlu kunye noMathelo, kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yokuKhetha i-UK yeZiko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iikomiti ze-'FT' (Ukhetho okanye Olukhethekileyo): ziqiniselwe injongo ethile, efana nokuphengulula isiganeko esithile okanye ukufundisisa umba wexesha elifutshane. Bakuba befumene ingxelo yabo, ziyanyibilika.
  • IiKomiti ze- Eziqulunqwe ngamalungu asuka kuwo omabini amagumbi endlu yowiso-mthetho e-bimearal. Alungelelanisa inyathelo kwimicimbi efuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-kambre, njenge Komiti yezezoqoqosho eManyeneyo kwi-U.S. Congress.
  • IiKomiti ze-Conference: iziqu ze-Ad hoc zenzelwe ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yendlu neNdlu yeeNdlu zemithetho enye. Umsebenzi wazo udla ngokuba liqonga lokugqibela phambi kokuba irejista igqithe zombini iigumbi.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Amacandelo amancinci: phakathi kwekomiti ejolise ingqalelo nakwimibandela emincinane. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeMpazamo ineekomiti ezincinci zokuqesha ezolimo, zokukhusela, amandla, nezinye iindawo ezininzi.

Indaleko yeenkqubo zeeKomiti

Inkqubo yekomiti eyaziwa namhlanje yavela ngokuthe ngcembe. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zangaphambili, njengePalamente yamaNgesi, zazineekomiti ezimbalwa ezisisigxina; umsebenzi omninzi wenziwa kwigumbi elipheleleyo okanye ngeekomiti ezikhethiweyo zokwexeshana. EUnited States, iKhomishini Yokuqala (1789) yayila iikomiti ezimbalwa ezidityanisiweyo, kodwa inkqubo yayingenasakhiwo. Kwade kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwathi iikomiti ezimiyo zaba yikomiti ezimiselwe ngokusemthethweni, yaye iNdluvo yalandela inkqubo yekomiti emileyo yeekomiti ngo1816, kwaye iNdluvo yabonisa ukwanda komthetho nemfuneko yokuzihlola.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iikomiti zaba namandla, ngamanye amaxesha zifumana igama elibizwa ngokuba “ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezincinane.” Phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, izihlalo zeekomiti kwiBhunga le-U.S. zaba nempembelelo enkulu, ukulawula imimiselo, ukuva, kunye nokufakelwa kwetyala. IiNguqulo kwii-1970 ngo-1970 .ezinje njengeLegislative Reorgantation Act ka 1970. //_____walulaza amandla eesihlalo ngokufuna iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezingakumbi phakathi kwekomiti kwaye ivumela ukufikelela koluntu ngokubanziwa ngokubanzi. Ngokufanayo nokuzivelela kwendaleko yemithetho-palamente: i-United Kingdom yasungula inkqubo eyandileyo yesebe enxulumene nemithetho karhulumente ngo1979, ukuphakamisa uphandoqonganiso lwenkqubo karhulumente, ngokulandela izincomo zekomiti yeKomiti yePicure.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yeKomiti

Iikomiti zifeza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ezenza zibe nendima ephambili ekwenzeni inkqubo:

Impinda yoMthetho kunye nokuphawulwa

Emva kokuba kuqaliswe isindululo somthetho, kubhekiselwa kwikomiti enegunya phezu kombandela wayo. Ikomiti ihlola ityala, ibamba amava ukuba aqokelele igalelo, kwaye ihlalisa “uphawu” iintlanganiso apho amalungu acinga khona ngokubuyiselwa komthetho. Inkcazo yomthetho ikhutshiwe. Izipheliso zingaguqula imali eninzi ngokuphawulekayo ``idityaniswe ngemali, ukususa amalungiselelo, okanye ukudibanisa iintwana kwizicelo ezininzi. Imithetho yokuguqula ikopi, ukuba ivunyiwe yikomiti, ixelwe emva kwigumbi elipheleleyo kunye nezincomo. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango lithetha ukuba iimali ezininzi azishiyi nakushiya ikomiti, ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuphulaphula

Ukuvakala kuwona msebenzi ubonakalayo weekomiti. IiKomiti zibiza amangqina ``kuquka amagosa karhulumente, iingcali, abameli bamashishini, kunye nabemi-"to) zingqina umthetho ocetyiswayo okanye ziphande ngemibandela exhalabisa abantu. Iindlebe zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ziqokelela ulwazi, iimbono ezahlukeneyo, zibonelele iqonga lemfundo kawonke-wonke. Inkqubo yokubuza inokuba ngqongqo, amalungu aphengulule ukungavumelani okanye akhuthaze izikhundla. KwiBhunga lase-U.S.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

IiKomiti zinendima ebalulekileyo yokuvelela. Zihlola indlela imithetho ephunyezwa ngayo ngabameli abaphetheyo, zihlolisisa inkcitho, zize zihlole inkcitho etyholwayo okanye ukungalawuleki. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekuhluleleni iinkqubo zamandla. Umzekelo, iKomiti yendlu yase-U.S. ekuLungiselweni koMkhosi noRhulumente kunye neKomiti yeCante yoKhuselo lweHlabathi nePublications, icela amaxwebhu, kwaye ibiza amagosa ukuba angqine. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, khetha abalungiseleli nabakhonzi basekuhlaleni ukuba baphendule, ngokufuthi ivelisa iingxelo zenkqubela yenkqubo yemo yezo mithetho.

Uphando

IiKomiti zingandulula ii-arhente kwimiba emikhulu ```ii-scandal''', iintlekele, okanye iingxaki zolawulo. Olu phando lubandakanya amandla angaphantsi kwepona, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nokuqokelelwa kobungqina. IKomiti yeWatergate (1973-1974) kunye ne 9/11 Commission iyimizekelo yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Iingxelo zongeniselo zinokukhokelela kwiinguqu zemithetho, iinguqu zolawulo, okanye kwanazo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, iikomiti zoqingqo-mali zinendima ephambili. Zihlola izicelo zoqingqo-mali zomphathi ophetheyo, zibamba amatyala, zivelise iindleko zokuchitha imali. Iikomiti zokuhlohla zinika iimali ezithile iinkqubo. Ngokulawula imiba yemali, ezi komiti zinempembelelo enkulu kwiinkqubo eziphambili zenkqubo nemisebenzi karhulumente.

Icebiso nemvume (ISibonelelo)

KwiNdlu yeeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, iikomiti zisingatha izindululo zoomongameli bezikhundla zowiso-mthetho nezezigqeba ngokuchongwa nangeevoti. Ngokomzekelo, iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iqhuba iimvavanyo ezicokisekileyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ezinokuguqula ukulungelelaniswa kwengqiqo yejaji kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Inkqubo yeKomiti eGciniweyo

Indlela esetyenziswa yikomiti ibandakanya amacandelo aliqela ahlukeneyo:

  1. [[UMTL: 0] I-Referral: Ukhokelo lwepalamente okanye umphathi-mikhosi olawulayo unika ityala kwikomiti efanelekileyo esekelwe kumbandela wayo. Ngamanye amaxesha ityala lingabhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi (i-mult-reteral) ukuba lichukumisa iindawo eziliqela.
  2. Ikomiti epheleleyo ingathumela ityala kwibhodi engaphantsi ukuze ihlolwe okokuqala. Ikomiti encinci ibamba iindlebe, yenza utshintsho, kwaye ibuyisela iingxelo kwikomiti epheleleyo.
  3. I-oyile i- ikomiti (okanye ikomiti engaphantsi) icwangcisa udweliso lwento evayo enye okanye ngaphezulu ukuqokelela ubungqina. Uluhlu lwamaNgqina lusoloko luxutyushwa phakathi koninzi kunye nabambalwa ukuqinisekisa iimbono ezilungeleleneyo.
  4. Iphawup: Ikomiti idibana ukuze ithethe kwaye ivote kwimithetho ehlaziywayo. Imithetho yemithetho yesithethe `````````'''''''' njengendlela yokulungisa nokuthetha ngemida''.' Kwindlu yase-U.S., iKomiti yeMimiselo isoloko icwangcisa imithetho ekhethekileyo ethintela ukulungiswa komgangatho, yenza iqonga lekomiti libenokugqibelela.
  5. Isigqumathelo esiphakathi: Emva kokuqwalasela zonke izilungiso, ikomiti ivota nokuba ingachaza ityala ngokulungileyo, ngokungalunganga, okanye ngaphandle kokucebisa. Uvotelo oluninzi luyafuneka.
  6. Ingxelo yekomiti echaza ityala, iinguqu ezamkelwayo, nezizathu zokuncomela kwekomiti. Le ngxelo ingaphembelela ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye neenkcazelo zogwebo kamva.

Le nkqubo yeqonga lininzi iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana intsalela epheleleyo phambi kokuba uqwalaselwe yigumbi elipheleleyo. Ngoko ke, ikwanika amathuba amaninzi okubaleka okanye ukuthintela, ingakumbi ukuba ukhokelo lwekomiti luchasa umthetho.

Impembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente

Ukumiswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yeekomiti ngeendlela eziya kufikelela ngaphaya kohlolo olulula lwezibhangi:

  • Isicwangciso se Agenda: Ngokukhetha ukuba zeziphi izivo-mali ezizakuqwalaselwa, iikomiti zigqiba oko kufumana ingqwalasela. Izinto eziphambili ngaphandle kwekomiti zisoloko ziphelelwa ngamandla nokokuba zinenkxaso kawonke-wonke ebanzi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ucoceko kunye nokucocwa: abasebenzi beKomiti kunye namalungu akhula ulwazi olunzulu kwiindawo ezithile, nto leyo ewenza akwazi ukwenza umthetho wesandi othetha ngenkxalabo yokuzalisekisa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ikomiti yeBhipartan Ukuyekelela: Ngokufuthi inika imeko- bume entle nesezantsi, ivumela amalungu ukuba athethe ngolwabo kwaye akhe isivumelwano ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela. Iqhosha i-bipartisan amatyala ."efana ne-21 Century Cures Act okanye i-Bonke APromones Suctive Act ."
  • Imfundo yePublic: Ukuchophela iingxelo, kunye nengxelo yolwazi lomsebenzi weekomiti zejelo leendaba zazisa uluntu ngeembambano zeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezikhundla zabameli bazo. IC-SPAN kunye nokusasazwa kwepalamente kuye kwenza iingxoxo zekomiti zafikeleleka kwizigidi.
  • Iimpawu neenzuzo zasekuhlaleni: Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, iikomiti/ingakumbi iikomiti zokukhupha izicelo]/imali ethe ngqo kwimisebenzi ethile kumalungu esithili. Ngelixesha impikiswano, ezi “ziphawu zendlebe” zinganceda ukudlula komthetho obanzi ngokukhusela amavoti.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Nangona zibalulekile, iikomiti zijamelene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olunokuzenza zingaphumeleli:

  • [[FLT: 0] Parisan Polassiation: Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, umsebenzi wekomiti uye waba ngumkhuseli ongaphezulu, kunye noninzi lwamaqela olusebenzisa iindlela zokuchaza ukugqwethwa kweqela elincinane nokuphuthumeka kwetyala ukuya kumgangatho. Ukuthotywa “kocwangco lwemithetho” kuye kwayenza yabuthathaka inkqubo yekomiti kwiindlu ezininzi zowiso-mthetho.
  • Ingeniso yezilangazelelo ezizodwa: amalungu eKomiti afumana iminikelo engqinelanayo evela kushishino oluchaphazelekayo lomsebenzi wawo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi oku kunokubangela uluvo oluvayo nezigqibo zokunyusa isandi kuncedo lomphinikeli.
  • [[UMKC.:0] Izibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo: Iikomiti ezincinci ezinabasebenzi abambalwa zingazama ukuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo kunye nolawulo. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezincinane, izithintelo zezibonelelo zingamisela ngokungqongqo umbilini wekomiti.
  • Imida engqukuva: Ngelixesha iindlebe ezininzi zisekuhleni, ezinye iikomiti zisebenza emva kweminyango evulekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe- “iimpawu ze-injini" (umbhalo ongapapashwanga) kwi-U.S. House kunye neentlanganiso zokunyusa impahla efihlakeleyo kunganciphisa ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Abahlalutyi abavayo Ithiyetha: batyhola ukuba iindlebe zilungiselelwa ngokuqhubekayo ukulungiselela ijelo leendaba kunokuba zifumane nyani. Amalungu angahambisa iingxelo ezibhaliweyo aze abuze imibuzo elungiselelwe kwangaphambili, ithintele ixabiso lokuhlola lobungqina.
  • Gridlock kunye noDiss: Kwinkqubo zepalamente, iikomiti zingadlula kumphathi ophezulu. E-U.S., ukusebenzisa kweNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi yemfazwe nokukhuliswa kwemibutho kuye kwanciphisa intshukumisa yokusebenza ngeekomiti, nto leyo ekhokelela kumthetho othe wabhalwa ngokhokelo.

Imbono ethelekisayo: Iinkqubo zeeKomiti

Ngoxa iikomiti zisehlabathini lonke, amagunya nezakhiwo zazo azifani nakwezopolitiko.

IBhunga laseUnited States

Inkqubo yeekomiti zase-U.S. ithathwa njengenye yeekomiti ezinamandla ehlabathini. Iikomiti ezikhoyo zinegunya elisisigxina, abasebenzi abazimeleyo, namandla okulawula ikhomputha. Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela zinika omabini amagumbi amarhoqo anamandla omthetho. Noko ke, indalo elungelelanisiweyo isenokukhokelela ekufakeni imigudu kunye neemfazwe ezilawulayo. Impembelelo yezihlalo zekomiti iye yaqiniswa lutshintsho, kodwa izihlalo zisalawula izicwangciso kunye nobuncwane babasebenzi.

IPalamente yoBukumkani eManyeneyo

Inkqubo ye-UK ixhomekeke kwiikomiti ezikhethelweyo ezinxulumene nezibonelelo eziphambili (umz., iKomiti yezeMpilo, iKomiti Yokhuselo) ezihlolisisa iinkqubo nolawulo kunokuba zenziwe umthetho (owenziwe ziikomiti zemali zikawonke-wonke ezinamalungu alinganiselweyo). Khetha iikomiti azinakunyanzela urhulumente ukuba asebenze, kodwa zinokuvelisa iingxelo ezigxekayo nabalungiseleli ababuza imibuzo esidlangalaleni. Impembelelo yazo ixhomekeke kwingxelo ye-medipolthisi noluvo lwepala. Ukususela ngo-2010, izihlalo zeekomiti zinyulwa zii-MP, zicuthe ulawulo lukarhulumente.

Umanyano lwaseYurophu (iPalamente yaseNtshona Koloni)

Iikomiti ezimileyo zePalamente yaseYurophu (umz., iiKomiti zeMekobume, Zezothutho, okanye zeZizwe Ngezizwe) zidlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokungaqiniseki. Zimisela abaququzeleli abalawula umthetho kwiinkqubo zokulungisa nokuthethana neBhunga. IiKomiti zinamandla kuba iPalamente ingumxhasi-mbutho kwimimandla emininzi yezomgaqo-nkqubo, kwaye iindawo zeekomiti zidla ngokuba ngumtya wokudibanisa i-plenaring.

Ezinye Iinkqubo

Kwiipalamente ezininzi zeWestminster (i-Canada, i-Australia, iIndiya), iikomiti azinamandla kangako kunase-U.S. ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ulawula ummiselo wemithetho ngokungqongqo. Noko ke, utshintsho kumashumi eminyaka adluleyo luye lwaqinisa iikomiti ezikhethiweyo eKhanada nase-Australia ukuba zongamele. Kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho enengqeqesho eqinileyo, iikomiti zisoloko zithotyelwa phantsi kokhokelo lwamaqela, zinciphisa amandla azo okwenza umsebenzi wokuzimela.

Utshintsho Neenkcubeko Zexesha Elizayo

Ukulungisa ubuthathaka obukhoyo nokuziqhelanisa nokucombulula iingxaki, iikomiti ziyaqhubeka zitshintshwa.

  • Ibonisa ngaphaya: Ngoku izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zihlala kulo lonke uqukuqelo lwekomiti kwaye zinika iinkcazelo ezisemxhobisayo zobungqina, iingxelo, kunye neevoti. Indlu yase-U.S. ifuna ukuba zonke iiphawulo zisasazwe kwaye amaxwebhu ekomiti abekwe kwi-intanethi kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izixhobo zezetekhnoloji nezobuzwe: IiKomiti zisebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuphinda zihlolo-hlolo lweziphumo zomthetho, kunye nokuva okuzinikileyo (okugunyaziswe yisifo se-COVID-19) kunyusiwe ukufumaneka. Izixhobo ezifana nenkonzo ye-Amanani eKomiti yoLawulo ye-United Kingdom zivumela abemi ukuba banikele ubungqina kwi-intanethi.
  • Izakhelo ezithe gqolo-phambili: Ezinye iipalamente ziye zasungula “ukuvela” kunye“neenkqubo ezifuna iikomiti ukuphinda zihlole imithetho ngaphambi kokuba zihlaziyeke. Ezinye ziye zaseka iikomiti ezingoochwepheshe zokuphanda ezinamandla okuva angenasiphelo.
  • BIpartisan kunye neNguquko yeCandelo: Kumazwe amaninzi zikhuthaza iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo eziquka zonke, ezifana nezihlalo ezijikelezayo, umelo olulungelelanisiweyo lwamaqela kwiikomiti, kunye neenkqubo ezisesikweni zongeno oluncinane ngexesha lokuchongwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Staff kunye neNgqongo yeZibonelelo: Abasebenzi bekomiti enoqeqesho olungcono kunye noqingqo-mali olwaneleyo kwenza uhlalutyo olungqongqo. I-ofisi yoHlahlo-mali ye-mali ye-U.S. kunye ne-Ofisi yeNkcubeko ye-Accounting ye-Rhulumente nekomiti yenkxaso ye-ofisi ye-Rhulumente kodwa zizimele; unxulumano lobuchule obuqhubekayo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukuthatha Inxaxheba: izicelo ze-intanethi, izicelo, kunye nabemi bomgwebi ziyadityaniswa kwiindlebe zekomiti ukuqinisa igunya ledemokhrasi.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, i-website . igov iphepha lekomiti inikezela ngogcino-lwazi olunegunya kwindlu nendlu yendlu yendlu ye-U.UK] iikomiti zePalamente inikela ulwazi ngokukhetha iimibuzo zekomiti. Uhlaziyo lwemfundo, iPretance-Parliament Union ikhupha izifundo ezithelekisa iinkqubo zekomiti .

Isiphelo

IiKomiti zihlala ziyinxalenye yesiseko sezindlu zowiso-mthetho zanamhlanje, ziguqula ububanzi bemithetho yezobupolitika bube yindawo eqinileyo, ingumthetho osebenzayo. Ubuchule bazo bokuqhuba uhlolo olunenkcukacha, ubuchule obuqokeleliweyo, kunye nokwakha isivumelwano buyaqhubeka buyilo umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke ngeendlela ezinzulu. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuyilweni, kwimithombo yezobupolitika esebenzayo, nakwezopolitiko apho zisebenza khona. Njengoko amabutho ezama ukumelana neengxaki ezintsonkothileyo . "ukusuka ekutshintsheni imozulu ukuya kumgaqo wezobugcisa", indima yekomiti ezakufuneka izenze zizenze zizenze zizenze zivuke. Ukubonakala, ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa, kunye nezenzo eziquka zonke ziyakwazi ukuqinisa amandla okunceda umdla kubantu abangenamsebenzi. Ngaphandle kokungafezeki kwazo. Zizi izikhundla apho izinto ezifuna ulawulo lwemincintiselwano oluxoko luza kulawula imithetho yezigidi zabantu.