Indima Esisiseko Yamanzi Kwindawo Esetyenziswa Ngamanzi Neoli

Ubuchule be-hydrdaulic, obudla ngokuba zizinto ezidityanisiweyo, buye batshintsha ngamandla agqithisileyo ukukhupha i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo kwisakhiwo esisezantsi. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kakhulu emanzini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umxube wamanzi, isanti, kunye nezithako zemichiza zifakwa kwimichiza ephezulu kakhulu ukwenza uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo ematyeni, ivumela iihydrocarbon ezibambekileyo ukuba zihambele entlalweni.

Amanzi asetyenziswa kushishino lwe-oyile negesi agqithiswe ngaphaya kwenqanaba lokuqala lokukhupha igesi. Kubalulekile nakokwenza ubuchule obuphuculiweyo bokufumana i-oyile (EOR), ukubhola udaka, kunye nokucinywa kothuli kwiplanga eliphambili. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kule misebenzi kunika iingxaki ezicacileyo kwisigaba ngasinye, ukusuka ekumdakaninini ukuya ekulahlweni ngokupheleleyo. Imichiza esetyenziswa ekukhuhleni kolwelo lwamanzi ayahluka-hluka kakhulu kodwa iquka i-biobiocide ukukhusela ukukhula kweentsholongwane, ukukhutshwa kwemibhobho, kunye nezikali ezisindi zithintela ukukhutshwa kwemijuku. Ukumila okuzi ngqo kolu luhlobo olukhuselekileyo luyimfihlelo olukhuselekileyo lwabasebenzi, kudala uxinezeleko lwemijelo noluntu olufuna ukubonakala okupheleleyo ukuze kunciphene nempilo.

Umhlaba Ongumthetho: Ukwahlulwa Okuya Kuwo

EUnited States, indlela yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwi-oyile negesi iqhekeka kakhulu kumgangatho worhulumente, wengingqi, kunye nowasekuhlaleni. Oku kwahluka kokwenza ukungavumelani, izithuba zokuhamba, kunye nokudideka kwabasebenzi kunye noluntu.

Ulawulo Olumanyeneyo eUnited States

Kumgangatho wenkqubo karhulumente, iNtengo yeNdebelo yoKhuselo (EPA) inegunya eliphantsi kwemimiselo emininzi esesikweni. I-Defited Water Water Act (SDWA) ilawula imisebenzi yokutofela i-Infound Intellion Control. Noko ke, kukho isithuba esiphawulekayo: iPhondo le-Pilogalgy Policy Sivume ngokucacileyo: ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kolwelo olusebenzisa amanzi asebenzayo kwi-SDWA, ukukhulula ukungabikho kwe-aterterterterter edla ngokubhekiswa phantsi kwe-panel ebizwa ngokuba yi-'injini ye-ISDWA, i-SDWA, i-unterrowinginginginging efakwa phantsi kwe-paney. Le mithetho yokulawula i-Indawo ephezulu ilawula amanzi aphuma kwioli nakumsebenzi owenziwe ngegesi, kodwa ikhupha amanzi amanzi angenakusetyenziswa namanzi afumaneka ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukunyuka, ukukhusela okuninzi koondla koncedo lwamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ukusetyenziswa okuninzi nokusetyenziswa kwe-E.

I-CPF I-Ofisi yoLawulo

Amazwe angoorhulumente abaphambili bemisebenzi ye-oyile negesi, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okungqubana nokulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka. Oku kukhokelela kumahluko obalulekileyo ekunyanzelweni kwemithetho elawulayo. Ngokomzekelo, iTexas, ingqinisela ngokwembali iinguqu zamalungelo ezinto ezingqukuva kunye namanzi avumela ukuqhubekeka kombane. Ngokwahlukileyo, iNew York yasebenzisa ulawulo olubanzi lokuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kwemilingo okuphezulu kwemibhobhobho ephezulu ngo-okthayo ngo-201515 kulandelwa kwemiqathango eninzi kunye nenkqukujelo ekhuselekileyo. I-Ohio no-Oklahome ifake imithetho eqinileyo ejikeleze imithombo ephambili elungiselelwe ukurhoxiweyo ukuphelisa imithombo esetyenziswayo, ngoxa iPennsylvania ijonge kakhulu kwimigangatho ephezulu yokwakhiwa kakuhle kwe-omatilo-otafile esetyenziswayo (DEP) isebenzisa imida epheleleyo yemiqatha yemiqatha yemida ekhuba yokungcola esetyenziswayo.

Ingqikelelo lwehlabathi ekujijekeni kwamanzi

Iindlela zokulawula emhlabeni wonke zahluka kakhulu. IKhanada ixhomekeke kwimikhosi yamaphondo, kunye ne-Alberta neBritish Columbia enemiqathango yolawulo lwamanzi eyomeleleyo. I-United Kingdom ekuqaleni yavumela ukukhuthuzwa kwezixhobo kodwa yazivala ngokunempumelelo ngo-2019 ngenxa yokuxhalabela ukubangelwa kukunyikima nokungakwazi ukuxela kwangaphambili ngokuchanileyo ukunyikima. I-Australia inolawulo olungqongqo ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi nasekutyhilweni kwegesi yamalahle (CSG). Oku kuguquguquka komhlaba wonke kubonisa ukungavumelani kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kwimicimbiso enxulumene nobuchule bokulawula ukugqunywa kwe-oli enyibilikiweyo kunye nophuhliso yegesi.

Ucelomngeni Olunzima Lokulawula Amanzi

Ukulawula ukujijwa kwamanzi okuphosa ipetroli kunika ungquzulwano oluthe ngqo nolubonakalayo phakathi kophuhliso lwamandla nabanye abasebenzisi bamanzi.

Ukhuphiswano Kwimithombo Yamanzi Esetyenziswa Emoyeni

Kwimimandla eyomileyo neneemvula ezingaphiliyo njengePermian Basin (iTexas neNew Mexico), icandelo lezolimo kunye noomasipala abakhulayo bakhuphisana kwimithombo efanayo yamanzi. Ukuxhobisa kwandisa olu khuphiswano. Ngexesha lembalela, abalawuli bamanzi bajongene noxinzelelo olukhulu lokulungelelanisa ixabiso lamandla okuveliswa kwemveliso yoqoqosho kunye nemfuno esisiseko yokusela amanzi nokhuseleko lokutya. Ucelomngeni lukuphuhlisa iinkqubo eziyimfuneko eziyimfuneko kubantu ngexa bevumela ukusetyenziswa koshishino. Iimfundiso ezisemthethweni zokulawula amalungelo amanzi eNtshona . /-*

Imiqobo Ecace gca nogcino-lwazi ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi

I-data echanileyo ekurhoxeni kwamanzi isekelwe ekulawuleni okusebenzayo. Noko ke, izithuba ezibalulekileyo zogcino-lwazi zikhona. I-FracFocus, imichiza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwesizwe, iye yagxekwa ngenxa yokungangqinelani kwengxelo, ukunqongophala komsebenzi wokufuna, nokuphengulula. Amanye amaphondo afuna iinkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi nyanga nganye, ngoxa amanye exhomekeke ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela. Ukunqongophala kwemiqathango, okusezantsi, nokufikelelekayo kwenza kube nzima kubalawuli kunye nabaphengululi ukulandelela intengiso yamanzi anqamleza esityaleni. Ukuphucula ukubonakala kwedata kungumtya wokuzinziswa kwamanzi okubalulekileyo. Ngaphandle kobudoda, akunakwenzekanga kuvavanywa iziphumo ezithe ngqo kumanzi ahlawulwa ngamazwe asekuhlaleni.

Ukukhusela Ubunjani Bamanzi Angaphantsi Komhlaba Ngexesha Lokukhukuliseka

Ungcoliso lwamanzi asemhlabeni ngqo lunokwenzeka ukuba i-frocking dolder okanye i-methane ifuduka isuka kwi-irbore ukuya kwi-aquifers ejikeleze iqula. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu xa iqula lidlula emanzini okusela libeka umthwalo onzima wokufikelela kwisakhiwo esinzulu. Imithetho yokwakha elungileyo ibalulekile, kuquka iimfuno zolwakhiwo oluninzi lwentsimbi kunye nesamente, kunye noxinzelo olunzima kunye noxinzelelo oluqinileyo lwemibhobho edini. Urhulumente okhululayo ekufakeni isitofutho solwelo esiphuma emanzini esiphuma kwi-SDWA ubeka umthwalo onzima kurhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingqibelelo ye-metrarele ayizange ilala, umsebenzi onzima owanikwa kumawaka emithombo ebhobhini ngonyaka.

Ucelomngeni Lwamanzi Angcolileyo: Ukungahoywa, Ukunganyaniseki, Nezipilisi

Ulawulo lwamanzi abuyela ngaphandle .lyaziwa njenge quarterback kwaye eveliswa amanzi, luthi luyingxaki enkulu yokusingqongileyo enxulumene nomthamo ophezulu wombhobho womoya ojikelezayo. Amanzi aveliswayo asoloko evelisa i-asine (i-injini), ephethe i-oyile enyibilikayo eqinileyo enyibilikileyo (TDS) amaxesha amaninzi ephinda-phinda-phindayo emanzi olwandle, kunye nezinyithi ezinzima, izinto ezivelisa imitha yendalo (NORM), kunye nemichiza ejikelezayo.

Ukuqhatha Okubangelwa Kukudiza Okunzulu

Indlela yokuqala yokulahla amanzi amdaka sisitofu kwimithombo enzulu elahlwayo. Kude kube mvanje, oku kwathathwa njengesisombululo esikhuselekileyo nesisisigxina. Noko ke, ulwando olubukhali kumsebenzi wenyikima, ingakumbi eOklahoma namalungu eKansas neTexas, lunxulunyaniswe ngokwenzululwazi nesitofu esiphezulu samanzi amdaka kumatye angaphantsi komhlaba. IKhomishini yeOklahoma iveze iinkqubo zokukhanya okubanzi kunye nokunciphisa umthamo wemithetho esemthethweni ekuphenduleni kule ngxaki. Oku kubangele ukungqubana nokunyanzela komjelo kunyanzelenzele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezintsha zesakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba 'zibonelelo-traffic systeosystems,' apho abasebenzi bezinto zokudlala okanye abavale phantsi kwemibhobho engaphezulu kwemibhobho. Oku kumele kubonise ukuguquka kwemibhobhobho.

Izitofu eziphezulu nongcoliso lwelifa

Ukuchitheka kwamanzi angcolileyo kumatanki okugcina iinqwelo-mafutha, iingozi zokuvuza iilori, okanye imibhobho evuzayo ibangela ubungozi obucacileyo emanzini nomhlaba. Utyuwa ogqithisileyo kunye netyhefu efumaneka kwityhefu ye-meter ingabulala uhlaza, ingcolise imithombo yamanzi okuselwa, ifune ukucoca okubiza imali eninzi. Ukulawula amawaka amawaka eekhilomitha zeendlela zeloriki kunye neemibhobho, kunye namashumi amawaka eenqanawa zokugcina iitanki, kulucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo. Imimiselo yangoku ixhomekeke kwimvume jikelele nakwingxelo yobuqu, kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuzidinisa kunye nokulungisa nokuzilahlela.

Uthutho Lwamanzi Angcolileyo

Ukuhambisa amanzi amdaka esuka kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo ukuya kwiindawo zonyango okanye kwiindawo zokulahla kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekusebenziseni iilori, nto leyo ebangela ukusetyenziswa kweziphumo ezilandelayo: ukwanda kweemoto, ukonakala kweendlela, ingxolo, ungcoliso lomoya (umbhobho okhupha amanzi) kunye nomngcipheko wengozi. I-payilines yenye indlela ekhuselekileyo kodwa ifuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kunye nokuvuselelwa kwemali. Ukuphuhlisa izibonelelo zamanzi amdaka amda wesitrafiki kusukelo olubalulekileyo ekunciphiseni iingozi ezinxulumene nezithuthi.

Imimandla yobugcisa ekulawuleni amanzi

Ukuhlangabezana nomthetho kunye nocelomngeni lokusingqongileyo kufuna uphuhliso oluqhubekayo kubugcisa bokulawula amanzi.

Iinkqubo zokucoca nokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngamanzi

Ukunyanga nokusebenzisa uqukuqelo lomoya ophumayo noveliswa ngamanzi ombane olandelayo asetyenziswayo kuya kuxhaphaka. Oku kunciphisa imfuneko yokufumana amanzi acocekileyo kunye nomthamo wamanzi afuna ukulahlwa. Ubugcisa obufana nokukhutshwa komoya oshushu, ukubuyiselwa komphunga, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwemijelo ephezulu ekwixabiso eliphezulu, nangona kunamandla anokusetyenziswa nabiza imali eninzi. Imithetho egcina umsinga evumela ukuphinda usetyenziswe okanye inike iziqhumiso zokuphinda zisetyenziswe izenze zikwazi ukunyusa ulwano olu tshintsho. Uqoqosholo lwezoqoqosho lunokutshintsha kakhulu kwaye luxhomekeke kakhulu kwixabiso nakufumaneka kwamanzi acocekileyo, nangona ixabisa kakhulu.

Ukusebenzisa imithombo engaveli-Freshter

Abasebenzi bayaqhubeka behlola ukusetyenziswa kweminye imithombo yamanzi, efana namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba afana nebrackish (iipetroli ezingasebenzi ekuseleni okanye ekulimeni) okanye ezisetyenziswayo ekusebenziseni amanzi amdaka kamasipala. Ukusebenzisa le mithombo kunciphisa uxinzelelo kwimithombo yamanzi angenamanzi. Umgaqo osebenzayo kufuneka uchaze ngokucacileyo umgangatho wamanzi ukwenzela iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye unikezele ngezindlela ezintsha ezivumela ezi mithombo yokubonelela.

Iiteknoloji ezihamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi nezihamba phantsi kwenqanawa

Ubugcisa obusetyenziswa ngokuphawulekayo busebenzisa amanzi amancinane okanye amanzi angekho konke konke ayaphuhliswa kwaye asetyenziswe kwezinye iindawo. Imizekelo iquka ukusebenzisa ipropane gel, ikharbon dioxide, okanye i-nitrogen njengelwelo lokwenza umphunga. Ezi tekilknoloji zidlula uxinano lwamanzi amdaka lungangeni ngokupheleleyo kodwa zinemiqathango yazo yezoqoqosho neyomsebenzi. Ukuzinzisa kusenokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kobugcisa obutsha.

Imilinganiselo Yezempilo Yomntu Neyobume Bemeko - bume

Umthetho wamanzi osetyenziswa ekupholeni akuyongxaki yobugcisa nje; inentsingiselo enzulu kwimpilo yomntu nakwimekobume.

Impembelelo kwingingqi yasekuhlaleni nempilo kawonke-wonke

Abantu abahlala kufutshane ne-oyile ephezulu kunye nenkqubela-phambili yegesi badla ngokuxela inkxalabo ngomgangatho wamanzi, ubunjani bomoya, kunye nengxolo. Uphando lufumanise unxulumano phakathi komsebenzi opholileyo kunye neengxaki zempilo ezifana ne-asima, iingxaki zokuphefumla, kunye neziphumo ezingalunganga zokuzalwa. Amaxhala okusingqongileyo abaluleke kakhulu, njengokuba abantu abakwindawo ephantsi nabefunyenweyo besoloko bebekwe kufutshane ne-oyile namasimi egesi. Umgaqo onempembelelo emazintlungwini zentlalonyeni.

Uxinzelelo lwenkqubo yendawo ehlala kuyo kunye nokuncipha komsinga

Ukutsalwa kwamanzi angaphezulu ukuze kukhutshwe amanzi kungathoba imijelo, ingakumbi kwimijelo emincinci yamanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwindalo yasemanzini. Intlanzi nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini zixhomekeke kwimisinga ejikelezayo elungele ukuvelisa, ukuzondla, nokufuduka. Uvavanyo lokuhamba kwendalo luluncedo kodwa ludla ngokungahoywa. Ngokufanayo, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kungathoba iitafile zamanzi, imithombo esezantsi, imithombo emanzi, kunye nesiseko somsinga esixhasa i-ekholomes ngexesha lokoma.

Iindlela ezihambela phambili: Ukwakha Inkqubo yokulawula yenkulungwane yama-21

Ukulungisa ucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo lokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwi-oyile kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi kufuna utshintsho oluya kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, lulungelelanisa kunye nolawulo olukhanyayo. Akukho nkqubo inye eyanele, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwendlela yokusebenzisa i-oyile kunye nokukhupha igesi kungenza umahluko omkhulu.

Ucwangciso lolawulo lwamanzi obomi

Abalawuli kufuneka bafune abasebenzi ukunikezela ngeplani elibanzi lokulawula amanzi phambi kokuba imvume yokubhobhoza ivunywe. Ezi zicwangciso kufuneka zigqume wonke umjikelo wamanzi: i-scanding (izinto ezijijekileyo nohlobo lomthombo), ukusebenzisa (izinto ezidityanisiweyo zechemical), ulawulo (iiplani zokubhabhabha), kunye nokulahla (umthamo ofanelekileyo okanye iindlela zonyango). Oku kuhamba ngaphaya kwemiqathango yemvume yokusebenzisa amanzi.

Ulawulo oluzinzileyo kunye noHlomelo oluqhubekayo

Imithetho kufuneka ikwazi ukuqhelanisa nolwazi olutsha lwenzululwazi kunye nomngcipheko ovelayo. Amava okuhlaselwa yinyikima yimeko yencwadi esetyenziswayo kulawulo olulungelelanisayo. Njengokuba ubugcisa bokuhlola buphucula (umz., ubuchule bexesha lemichiza, ukuhlolwa kwesatellite yokudambisa kunye namatanki okugcina), imiyalelo kufuneka iguquke ukuze ifumane ezi zixhobo zitsha. Ukuvavanya amanzi asisiseko kunye nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kufutshane namanxuwa okuzobamba kuyimfuneko.

Ukunikezela ngaphaya kokubonakala nokufikelela kuluntu kugcino-lwazi

Uthemba lukawonke-wonke luyakhula xa ugcino-lwazi lufikeleleka. Ama-United States kufuneka afake imali ekuqinisekiseni iinkqubo zokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi lwawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi asebenzisa imiqulu, ukulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka, kunye nokutyhilwa kwemichiza kuchazwe ngokwendlela esezantsi, ukulungelelanisa oomatshini kwaye kwenziwe ukuba kufumaneke kwi-intanethi kufuphi nexesha lokwenene. Uhlalutyo lwenzululwazi yezoshishino lukwabalulekile kwimithetho ethembekileyo.

Ukufudusa Amandla nomgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi

Ngokwembali, inkqubo yamandla kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi uphuhlisiwe ngokuzimela. I-energy nexus yamanzi ifuna indlela edityanisiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba uphuhliso lwamandla kufuneka lubalule ngokucacileyo ukuze amanzi afumaneke kwaye ahlale eqinile. Ngokuchasene noko, ucwangciso lokulawula amanzi kufuneka lujongene neemeko zokuphuhliswa kombane kwixesha elizayo. Ukuhamba ngaphaya kolawulo olunesantya esiphezulu kuyimfuneko.

Ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ekugutyuleni kukuntsonkothile, ukujikeleza komngeni. Kufuna ukulinganisa ukhuseleko lwamandla, inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, kunye nobugosa bokusingqongileyo obunemfuneko esisiseko yamanzi acocekileyo, amaninzi. Nangona imiqobo ebalulekileyo isekhona, ukwakha inkqubo eyomeleleyo, esekelwe kwinzululwazi, kunye nokujika-jika okungacacanga kuyimfuneko kwaye kunokufumaneka.