Yintoni Indlebe Zezolawulo Ezikhusela Abathengi?

Iinkundla zolawulo zithetha ngokubekwa kwetyala okwenziwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente ukucombulula iimbambano kunye nokunyanzelisa imimiselo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yesithethe yenkundla. Kwibala lemidlalo yabathengi, ezi zikhalazo zisebenza njengenkqubo yokuqala yokugcina amashishini echaphazeleka ngokungekho sikweni, ngokukhohlisayo, okanye ngokuxhaphaza. Ngokungafaniyo namacala asemthethweni aququzelelwayo abekwe ngamaqela azimeleyo, amatyala aquququzelelwa zii-ofisi agunya elilawulayo eligunya lokuphanda izikhalazo, i-asethi ye-anticatement, kunye ne-accomplationstions. La maquke i-Foderal Tradeces Commissionervice (FC), i-APB), i-Amplifertivel Consumercial Protection Burection Burection Bureatvity Bureagement (FFB), amagqwethant, amagqwethant, amagqwethagenti amaziko asekuhlaleni, kunye neenkonzo-oood Draccut).

Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuba ibe yebhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwaye ibe yeyobuchule kunenkundla yokuchophela ityala, ukanti isabambelele kwimigaqo esisiseko yenkqubo efunekayo. Amacandelo afumana isaziso, anelungelo lokunikela ubungqina kunye namangqina anqamlezileyo, kwaye anelungelo lokufumana isigqibo esisekelwe kwingxelo. Abagwebi bomthetho wolawulo (ALJ) okanye abaphathi-mikhosi abavayo bakhokela kwezi zihlolo, bezisa ubuchule kuwo omabini amaqela omthetho olawulayo kunye nomo woshishino oluthile. Olu lwazi ludla ngokukhokelela kwimithetho engqinelanayo nenolwazi oluthe kratya kunenkundla jikelele.

Ubomi Bomzi - mveliso Wokhuseleko

Ukukhalaza Nophando

Amatyala amaninzi okuzikhusela abathengi aqala ngelikhalazo. Umntu ocinga ukuba aye enzakala lishishini, okanye ngaba likho ishishini elizithengisayo, ukuboleka izinto ezingekho mthethweni, izinto ezingekho mthethweni, okanye i-arhente engafanelekanga, ukhalaza kunye nesixhobo esifanelekileyo. Isikhalazo singadluliselwa nge-intanethi, ngeposi, okanye ngesixhobo esishushu. Xa sifumene, isebe likhalaza lokuqinisekisa ukuba sikho kusini na esikhoyo kwaye nokuba kukho izizathu ezifanelekileyo zokukrokretha ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuba iqumrhu ligqiba ekuphandeni, lingakhupha ii-poenana ukuze lifumane amaxwebhu, udliwano-ndlebe namangqina, kunye nehambo kuhlolo olusuka kuhlolo. Ngeli xesha, ishishini eliphantsi kophando linethuba lokuphendula, lokunika ubungqina bokukhuthuza, nokuxoxa ngokulungisa. Iimeko ezininzi zixazululwa kweli nqanaba ngemiyalelo okanye ngezivumelwano zokuzithandela, zithintele imfuneko yokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa xa imigudu yokuhlalisa iphulwa ingazange iphumelele okanye imvume etyholwayo imele ukuba imele ingabi nabuvuvuvu, le nkonzo iya kuqhubeka nokuqulungelana.

Ukuphulaphula Ikhalazo Nokuva

Inkqubo esesikweni iqala xa umbutho ufakela isikhalazo solawulo nxamnye neshishini (okanye intsabelo). Olu xwebhu luchaza ukwaphulwa okuthelekelelwayo kwemithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi, iinkcukacha zesiseko esiyinyaniso, kwaye luchaza isohlwayo okanye isohlwayo esiceliweyo. Impendulo isetyenziswa ngesikhalazo kunye nesaziso sokuva, esichaza umhla, ixesha, nendawo eqhubekayo. Umphendulani makafake impendulo ngexesha elimiselweyo, adla ngokumalunga nama-20 ukuya iintsuku ezingama-30, ukuvuma okanye ukukhabazamla ityala ngalinye. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula kugwebo olumiselweyo.

Iinkqubo ezivakala kuqala

Phambi kokuva, kusoloko kukho ingqungquthela evakalayo apho i-ALJ kunye namaqela ixubusha ngobungakanani bemiba, imiyalelo enokwenzeka, ukumiselwa kolwazi, kunye nentshukumo. Ukufunyanwa kolwazi lwezolawulo kudla ngomxinwa kunelokucaciswa kwemibutho yamakhaya kodwa kunika ithuba lokutshintshisana ngamaxwebhu anxulumeneyo, amatyala, kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango kwezinye iimeko. I-ALJ ingabamba ukuva kwiminxeba yokugxotha, ukunyanzela umgwebo omfutshane, okanye ukunyanzela ukunyanzela ubungqina. La manyathelo asebenza ngomngcingo asisingenge imbambano kwaye anokukhokelela ekuhlaliselweni kwasekuqaleni okanye kwimo yokushwampumlanisa.

Indlela Yokuva Enzulu

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ngosuku lokuva, umbutho uveza imeko yawo kuqala, ubiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa ubungqina benkqubo. Ngoko umphendulayo unikela ukhuseleko lwakhe. AmaNgqina adla ngokuvavanywa ngqo, anqamleze, aphinde athunyelwe. Imithetho yobungqina idla ngokukhululeka xa ithelekiswa nenkundla; amava angavunywa ukuba anokuthenjwa, kwaye i-ALJ inolwazi oluphangaleleyo ukuvavanya ubungqina. Noko ke, i-alJ ishiyekile: ubungqina kufuneka bubenobuchule, bufaneleke, buchane, kunye nezinto. I-ALJ isenokubiza ingcaphephe okanye ifune ukuba amaqela avelise i-data ethile.

Amatyala okukhusela abantu adla ngokuxhomekeka kakhulu kubungqina obubhaliweyo: izinto zokubhengeza, izivumelwano, iingxelo zemali, izikhalazo zabathengi, kunye nothungelwano lwangaphakathi. Ubungqina obucacileyo buxhaphakile kwimicimbi ebandakanya ukhuseleko lwemveliso, imicimbi yemali, okanye imicimbi eyimfihlo yamanani. I-ALJ ivavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina nobunzima bobungqina.

Ukufumana Inyaniso Nesiphelo Somthetho

Emva kokuvalwa kwetyala, i-ALJ ithatha umbandela phantsi koluleko. Kwisakhelo sonyaka esisemthethweni (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-90), i-ALJ icebisa isigqibo esinconyelweyo esiqulathe iingxelo zenyaniso kunye neziphelo zomthetho. Isigqibo sisenokuba sesokugqibela okanye, kumaqumrhu amaninzi, aphantsi kokuhlolisiswa ngabameli okanye ibhodi. I-ALJ ingafumana impendulo (ukungaqiniseki kwemeko) okanye isibonelelo, apho isigqibo siza kubandakanya iziphumo ezithile.

Iindlela Zonyango Nemiyalelo

Iindlela ezikhoyo ekuvinyweni kolawulo zibanzi kwaye zilungelelaniswa neenjongo zokukhusela abathengi. Imiyalelo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • I- Isifo sokubetha kwenqanawa kunye neMiyalelo yeDesist – ifuna ishishini ukunqanda uqheliselo olungekho mthethweni ngoko nangoko.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Restitutions okanye Revouds – kuyalela ishishini ukuba libuyise imali okanye impahla kubathengi abachaphazelekayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali ehlawulwayo – iimali ezinokulingana, maxa wambi ukuya kumashumi amawaka eerandi ngokwaphulwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izibhengezo ezinika imvume – ifuna inkampani ukuba iphumeze izibhengezo ezilungisa iintengiso zobuxoki.
  • Iinformations – ithintela ishishini ekubeni libandakanyeke kwimisebenzi ethile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izenzo ezinika imvume [[FLT: 1] – ukurhoxa okanye ukuchithwa kwelayisensi ezingoogxa okanye ezoshishino.

Kwakhona eli qumrhu lisenokufuna ukuba ishishini limisele iinkqubo zokuthobela, lithobele ukugada, okanye linikele ingxelo ngamaxesha athile kumbutho.

Ukuthelekiswa Nokuxolelwa YiNkundla

Ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe kolawulo kunika iingenelo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo kunezomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yisantya. Ityala eliqhelekileyo lolawulo lingaconjululwa kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezili-12, kanti ityala likarhulumente kwinkundla yephondo lingathatha iminyaka emininzi. Iindleko zisephantsi komthengi (ongafuni mvume yabucala) norhulumente (osebenzisa iinkqubo ezihambayo). Ubuchule be-ALJ kumthetho wabathengi bukhokelela kwiziphumo ezithe ngqo nezingaguquguqukiyo.

Noko ke, kukho iingxelo zorhwebo. Iindlebe zolawulo jikelele azinikezeli kwiityala zabachopheli-tyala, ezithi abanye bazijonge njengelahleko yasekunene okusisiseko. Ukutyhilwa kulinganiselwe ngakumbi, okusenokungawaniki mdla amaqela afuna uxwebhu olubanzi. Ngaphezu koko, izigqibo zombutho zinokubheniswa ngqo kwinkundla yezicelo zesebe, kodwa umgangatho wokuhlola ubekelwe ixesha elifutshane: iinkundla ziya kuxhasa oko kufunyenweyo kombutho ukuba kuxhaswa bubungqina obucacileyo. Oku kuthabatha ixesha kunokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ngeshishini ukubhukuqa umthetho ochasene nomthetho ongalunganga.

Kubathengi, indlela yolawulo idla ngokufumaneka. Abafuni kufaka ityala labucala; umbutho usebenza njengommeli wabo. Kwelinye icala, abathengi banokungabi nanxaxheba ngqo ekuphulaphuleni ngokwabo . Bangabizwa njengamangqina kodwa bangengawo amaqela aqhelekileyo. Isebe limela umdla kawonke-wonke, hayi umonakalo othengisiweyo. Ngoko, nangona iindlebe zomphathi zinokunyanzela ishishini ukuba litshintshe izenzo zalo lize linike udidi lwabathengi imbuyekezo, umthengi ngamnye ofuna imbuyekezo ethile yengozi yobuqu angafuna imbuyekezo ezithenjiweyo.

Ingxamiseko Engundoqo Neenkqubo Zeendlebe Zayo

IKhomishini yoThambelo loManyano

I-FTC yinkqubo eyintloko yesebe elimisa imithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi kushishino oluninzi. Ukuchotshelwa kwayo imithetho yezolawulo kulandela imithetho yesithathu yeFTC yeMithetho. I-FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection iphengulula kwaye ibonise ukwaphula umthetho. Izaphula-mthetho zibanjwe phambi koMgwebi woMlawuli woMthetho woLawulo, kwaye isigqibo sokuqala sinokubhenela kwiKhomishini epheleleyo, kwandule ke kwiNkundla yeSibheno se-ozwe sezibheno. I-FTC inegunya lokufuna zonke iimpendulo ezidweliswe ngasentla, kwaye inkqubo yomthetho womthetho wokuvuma isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Isebe loKhuselo lwezeMali loMsebenzi

I-CFPB iphatha iimveliso zemali zabathengi kunye neenkonzo, ezifana nezindlu zetyala, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, kunye neemali ezibolekisiweyo zabafundi. Inkqubo yayo yokulawula izifungo ilawulwa liCandelo 1053 loMthetho weDodd-Frank-Frank kunye neMithetho yeCFPB yeNkqubela-Msebenzi yoMgaqo-siseko. I-CFPPB isebenzisa ii-ALJ kunye namandla okunyanzela izigwebo zabemi ukuba zifikelele kwizigidi eziyi-R379 ngosuku.

Inkqutyana ze-Aspectal zoBukhosi

Urhulumente ngamnye unegqwetha jikelele okanye icandelo lokhuseleko labathengi eliqhuba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, iSebe leMicimbi ye-California lisingatha ukuva nokunika ingqeqesho koochwepheshe, ngeli xesha i-ofisi yeSizwe yaseNew York isebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo ukunyanzela i-General Business. Iziphumo zisoloko zicombulula imida ecacileyo kwaye zinokufakwa kwimijelo kuneyolawulo. Kodwa, ziyahluka-hluka ngokokukhuselwa kwenkqubo yezokhuseleko kunye nokufumaneka kwesibheno.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Namalungelo Awo

Iimvo zolawulo ziphantsi kweemfuno zomgaqo-siseko zomgaqo-siseko zomgaqo-siseko wenkqubo ofanelekileyo phantsi koMphetho-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba kwintsebenziswano karhulumente esongela inkululeko okanye inzala yempahla yomntu, umphulaphuli unelungelo lokuphawula, ithuba lokuviwa, umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi nkunzi, kunye nesigqibo esisekelwe kwingxelo. Le migaqo isebenza kumashishini nabantu ngabanye.

Amalungelo omgaqo-nkqubo aquka:

  • Isaziso esibhaliweyo sezityholo kwaye isenzo esicetyiweyo.
  • Lixesha elisengqiqweni lokulungiselela ukuzithethelela.
  • Ilungelo lokugcina isiluleko.
  • Ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina nokubiza amangqina.
  • Amalungelo okunqamleza i-eximine amangqina angalunganga.
  • Ilungelo lesigqibo esiquka izinto ezifunyenweyo nokuqiqa.
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela kwisigqibo sokugqibela senkundla.

Kubathengi, ilungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba linokuba lincinane. Ngokuqhelekileyo umthengi akangombutho nje oqhelekileyo, kodwa iziko kufuneka liqwalasele ubungqina nobungqina. Amanye amasebe avumela abathengi ukuba bangenelele abantu kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo indima yomthengi yeyobungqina okanye inkxalabo.

Amandla Nobuthathaka Beendlebe

_Iimpawu

Ukuva kolawulo kunika iingenelo eziliqela ezibangela ukuba zibaluleke ekunyanzelweni kokhuseleko lwabathengi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuphiso: ALJ nabaphathi-mikhosi abavayo basebenza ngobuchule kumthetho wolawulo nowokulawula, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo zolwazi oluninzi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impumelelo: Ityala lihamba ngokukhawuleza kunasenkundleni, kucutha ixesha abathengi abalinde uncedo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ugcino lwentengo: urhulumente uthwala ixabiso lenkqubela-phambili; abathengi abahlawuli nto ukuba bathathe inxaxheba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungaxenga-tshintshi: imithetho ecacileyo ivumela umgama obanzi wobungqina, ukwenza kube lula ukungqina imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okubi.
  • Izixhobo zokwahlula: Imisebenzi yezobugcisa ingalungisa isiphumlisi esigqitha koko inkundla inokuyalela, njengokufuna amanyathelo okulungisa ushishino ngokubanzi.

Ubuthathaka

Phezu kwazo nje ezi nzuzo, ukuva kolawulo kujongene nokugxekwa okufanelekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilack of Transparency: Ezinye iziphumo azivulekanga kuwonke-wonke okanye azinakubhalwa kakuhle, zinciphisa ukubekek'ityala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungalingani kwezixhobo: Amashishini anezinto zokongamela ezibalulekileyo anokulikhupha iqela elisemthethweni lombutho, ingakumbi kumasebe karhulumente amancinci.
  • [[Ukwamkelwa:0] Uqinisekiso lwamaNgeniso: Le nkqubo ingaba yingxalabo kubantu abangaqhelananga nemicimbi esemthethweni, ibathintele ukuba bangahambi phambili.
  • IRefreeds ezidityanisiweyo: Ngelixesha umbutho ufumana isiqabu esiphangaleleyo, umthengi ngamnye akanakuyifumana ilahleko yakhe ngaphandle kokumangalelwa.
  • Ukuchaphazeleka kokubanjwa okunokwenzeka: Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi ngamanye amaxesha abameli basondele kakhulu kushishino abalulawulayo, bathobe unyanzelo olungqongqo.

Ekubeni esazi ezi ntsinda - badala, amaziko amaninzi aye avelisa utshintsho: akwenza lula ukukhalaza, anike abaxhasi, anikele ngezinto zekhompyutha, akhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo.

Iminqweno Yakutshanje Nezinto Eziphawulekayo

Kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuye kwaba sesazulu samadabi aphezulu abathengi abakwipropati ephezulu. Ityala le-FTC ngokuchasene neenkampani ezininzi ezinetyala loqheliselo lokukhohlisa laphumela kwinani elingamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ekuhlawuleni. Inyathelo leCFPB nxamnye nomboleki omkhulu wosuku lokuhlawula lakhokelela kwisohlwayo sezigidi ezingama-500 zezigidi zeerandi kunye nemfuneko yokuyeka ukuhlawula iindleko ezingekho mthethweni. Ezi meko zibonisa impembelelo enkulu yomthetho wolawulo.

Enye intsingiselo kukusetyenziswa kolawulo ekuthethweni kwimicimbi yogcino-lwazi kunye nemicimbi yekhompyutha. I-FTC ibangele izenzo kwiinkampani zokusilela ukukhusela ugcino-lwazi lwabathengi, okuphumela ekuvumeni imiyalelo efuna iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezibanzi kunye nophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo. Ukwanda kwezibhengezo ze-algoriccc crimp kunye nokubhengezwa kwe-Alpha kukhokelela ekuchotshelweni kwamalungu enoba amashishini asebenzisa iinkqubo ezizihambela ngokwawo ukucalula ukulwa kwiiklasi ezikhuselweyo.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, amagqwetha jikelele aye asebenzisa iindlebe zolawulo ukulwa nee-propocall, iminikelo yokubonelela yokuqhatha, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabaphathi-ndlu. Izenzo zonyanzeliso lorhulumente olungelelanisiweyo zidla ngokufikelela kwisiphelo kwityala lolawulo elidibeneyo apho oorhulumente abaninzi banikela ubungqina kunye.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Kubathengi Nakumashishini

Kubathengi

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ishishini liye lawaphula amalungelo akho athengwayo, ukufaka isikhalazo kwisebe elifanelekileyo kungabangela ukuchotshelwa kwemicimbi elawulayo okungabangela isiqabu kwinkqubo yonke. Ukwenza isikhalazo sakho siphumelele:

  • Qokelela onke amaxwebhu: izivumelwano, iirisiti, ii-imeyili, izibhengezo naziphi na izivumelwano neshishini.
  • Kucace uze ukungqale oko kwenzekileyo nendlela okukwenzakalisa ngayo.
  • Nika igama elipheleleyo nenkcazelo yeshishini.
  • Ziphoseni ngokukhawuleza izikhalazo zenu; imimiselo emininzi yemilinganiselo elinganiselweyo iyasebenza.
  • Khangela enoba eli qumrhu liyazamkela izikhalazo ezingachazwanga, kodwa ukuchaza igama lakho kusoloko kunceda ekuphandeni.

Kwakhona usenokuqhagamshelana nombutho othengisayo othengisa imali eninzi ukuze ufumane ukhokelo okanye ufumane igqwetha elinokukumela kwisenzo esithile sobuqu. Nokuba umbutho uthe wahlasela le meko, ungathetha negqwetha ngomonakalo wakho.

ISebe

Amashishini ajongene nesikhalazo solawulo kufuneka asithabathe nzulu ukususela ekuqaleni. Sabele kwisikhalazo esikwisakhelo sexesha, ugcine iirekhodi ezifanelekileyo, uze uqwalasele ukuququzelelwa kwesiluleko esinamava kumthetho wolawulo. Indlela esebenzayo isenokukhokelela ekuhlalisweni okanye ekucuthekeni kwemeko. Ngexesha lokuchotshelwe, enikela ubungqina obucacileyo nobulungelelanisiweyo; kulungele ukuthethelela izenzo zakho ngogcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo. Khumbula ukuba i-ALJ inengqiqo ebanzi, ngoko ke igcina isandi esiqhelekileyo nesentsebenziswano kuyo yonke inkqubo kubalulekile.

Amashishini akwafanele asebenzise iziphumo zokuchophela ityala njengethuba lokufunda, jonga iinkqubo zakho zokuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo, acinge ngeenguqu zokuzithandela ukuze kuphetshwe iimbambano zexesha elizayo.

Isiphelo

Ukuva kolawulo kusisixhobo esisisiseko sokukhusela abathengi eUnited States. Zinikela iprojekthi yobuchule apho abameli bakarhulumente benokuhlola baze balungise imisebenzi yezoshishino engekho semthethweni, belungelelanisa imfuneko yokuthabatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela. Nangona kungekho zingxaki zithile . Ngokungathi ngaba baninzi abasebenzi abanokungenelela kwaye basenokukwazi ukumelana namandla angenabuchule afanelekileyo okukhusela amalungelo abantu nokukhuthaza ukuthembeka kwentengiso. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ntshukumo zisebenza ezi zinto ezinika abathengi inkxaso yokufuna uncedo xa besotywa naxa besebenzisa iimbopheleleko zolawulo. Njengokuba imithetho yokukhusela abathengiselwayo iqhubeka nokuphendula kwiinkqubo ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nezokuthengisa, ngokungathandabuzekilyo ukumelana nobunzima obuphambili.

Kulwazi oluninzi kulawulo lokhuseleko lwabathengi, tyelela i FTC Iphepha elinyanzelisayo, 'CFB] Izenzo zonyanzeliso[, kunye ne [[FLT:] uRhulumente Consumer Let Let Leaders .