Indima yeePacs ezinganxibelelaniyo ekuxhaseni uphando lwezopolitiko nokucinga

Iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PACs) zisoloko zisebenza ngokomthetho wezemali yephulo eUnited States, kodwa icandelo elincinci elibizwa ngokuba linendima eyahlukileyo nengasetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphaya kokunyulwa ngokungqalileyo. Ezi komiti ezizimeleyo ziphakamisa kwaye zichithe imali yokuxhasa imiba, ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa abatshazelwa, kunye ne-(______ngokuchasa uphazamiso kunye nezixhobo ezimayelayo ezimazisa inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Cinga, imimiselo, iinkqubo zophando, kunye neenkqubo zophando lwemfundo zixhomekeke kwinkxaso yemali evela kwi-paC engekho nkampani edityanileyo ukuze zive iziphumo zezifundo, iingxelo, iingxelo, kunye nokucebisa ukuba umthetho uphakame, kunye nokuthetha ngengxusa. Ukuqonda oku kuxhobisa, oko kukhuthaza, oko kubangela ukuba kuqukutyelelo, nayiphi nabani nabani nabani nakulawula iimbono ze-de .

Ichaza iiPacs Ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Ngaphantsi komthetho wonyulo kazwelonke, i-PAC engadityaniswanga yikomiti yezobupolitika engamiselwanga, engalawulwayo, okanye exhaswa ngemali ngumlandeli, umbutho wezopolitiko, okanye omnye “onxibelelanisiweyo” njengentlangano efana nombutho okanye umbutho wabasebenzi. IKhomishini yeFederal Evolution (FEC) ikhetha ezi komiti njenge “ezingadityaniswanga” kanye ngenxa yokuba zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo nayiphi na i-athom okanye iqumrhu. Le nkululeko izenza zibe nengunxaxwaleko oluthe xa zinyusa kwaye zifaka imali.

I-PAC engadityaniswanga i-PACs ingafumana iminikelo engenasiphelo evela kubantu ngabanye, nangona ijongene nemiqathango engqongqo yegalelo xa inikezela ngqo kubavumi okanye kumaqela. Bangayamkela nemali evela kwezinye ii-PACs, kwaye abanye bafumana intlawulo evela kwiziseko okanye ezinye iintlangano ezingafumani ngeniso. Ngokungafaniyo ne-PACs ezinkulu, eyavela emva kwemiqathango ekwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-2010 ISigqibo somanyano [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] isigqibo esipheleleyo [[1] kwaye iyakwazi ukunyusa inkcinkcitho ezimeleyo kunye nenkcitho ezimeleyo, i-PaCC esetyenziswa ngokwemiqathangonyaka omnye naleyo phakathi kwe-PACCC.

“ IPAC engadityaniswanga yiyo nayiphi na ikomiti yezobupolitika engeyokomiti egunyazisiweyo yomvotelwa, ikomiti yeqela, okanye ingxowa-mali eyahlukeneyo ecalucalulwe ngokusemthethweni yombutho, umbutho wempangelo, okanye umbutho wamalungu.” — IKhomishoni yeFederal Evolution

Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba ii-PAC ezingeyo-odityanisiweyo azinamdla kuko nakuphi na ukuthelekisa, umbutho, okanye iqumrhu. Zikhululekile ukumisela ezona zinto zibalulekileyo, uphando lwemiba enokuthi iqhutywe kakhulu kwimibutho emikhulu, kwaye inkxaso yeetanki ezineembono ezihambelana nothumo lwazo. Le nkululeko ingaba inamandla amakhulu kwaye, abagxeki baphikisa, umthombo wento enokwenzeka yokuba notyekelo oluluvo.

I-Ecosystem exhasayo: Umthombo

I-PAC engadityaniswanga inyusa imali ngokuyintloko evela kubantu abanikela ngemirhumo yabo yezopolitiko okanye yeengcamango. Aba banikeli bangaba ngabaxhasi abatyebileyo, oogqirha, okanye abanikeli abancinane abaxhotyiswe ngemiqathango yamanani. I-PAC encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo kukuthunyelwa kwezinye ii-PAC, ezinokukhupha iminikelo emincinane kakhulu kwimali eninzi yokuxhasa uphando. Abanye abangadityaniswanga ii-PAC nabo bafumana inkxaso evela kwiziseko zabucala, nangona ezo minikelo kufuneka ivumelane nemiqathango yomthetho yerhafuthelo ukuze baphephe ukukhutshwa kwerhafuthelo.

Iindlela zokusebenza ezingadibaniyo ne-PACs zophando lwezopolitiko kunye neetanki zahlukene. Eyona ndlela ithe ngqo kukunikela okanye iminikelo kwitanki ecingeyo engama-501(c)(3) okanye 501(c) ingalo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba i-501 (c) (3) imibutho edityanisiweyo ingavumelekanga ukuba ibandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko, ezininzi zicinga ukuba iitanki zigcina iintlawulo ezihlukeneyo 501(c)(4) ezinokuyamkela iminikelo yePAC kwaye zisebenzise iminikelo ye-PACC, ukukhuphisana, kunye namaphulo okukhuphisana. I-nee PCCs inganikezela ngezivumelwano ezithile zomvumeno zomphicotho, iingqungquthelane okanye iintlanganiso, kunye nophando lokusasaza kwimibutho kunye neengxelo zokusasazo.

Omnye umjelo oqhelekileyo kukusetyenziswa “kwenkcitho ezimeleyo” ekhankanya okanye ekhuthaza umsebenzi wetanki lokucinga. Umzekelo, iPAC engadityaniswanga ingavelisa isibhengezo sikamabonwakude esikhankanya uphando kwiqela elithile, ngaloo ndlela inyusa uphando ngelinye ixesha ixhasa usukelo lonyulo okanye ukhuphiswano lobugcisa. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, inkxaso-mali ixhasa i-tente eninzi ngokunyusa ukubonakala nokugqalwa kwegunya lemveliso yayo.

Imithombo engundoqo yengeniso yePaCs ezingaQhagamshelwanga

  • Iminikelo yobuqu [ — idla ngokuvela kulwamkelo, oogqirha, okanye abaxhasi abaphezulu benethi abavumelana nocwangciso lwempikiswano yePAC.
  • Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimibutho yeminikelo — ingakumbi kwimibutho efuna uncedo oluqhelekileyo okanye eqhubekayo exhasa uphando lwenkqubo kunye nokuxhasa kwezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziganeko zokulungisa kunye namaphulo akwi-intanethi — izidlo zesidlo se-gala, ii-webinars, kunye nezixhobo ze-drola encinci ezakha isiseko sabanikeli abaphindaphindiweyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] izibonelelo ezivela kwezinye iikomiti zezobupolitika — kuquka iikomiti zeqela okanye ezinye iiPaC ezinqwenela ukuxhasa iinjongo ezifanayo zophando.

Indlela Amalungu Angenazinxulumanisi Ahamba Ngayo Emalini Kuphando Lwezobupolitika

Ukuqonda ukuhamba okuchanileyo kwemali ukusuka kwi PAC kwimibutho yophando kufuna ukuqhutywa kwe-web yezakhiwo ezisemthethweni. Iminikelo ethe ngqo esuka kwi PAC ukuya ku 501(c)(3) itanki icinga ukuba inemiqathango enzima: 501(c)(3) ayinakwamkela iminikelo efakelwe nakweyiphi na imisebenzi yezopolitiko okanye enceda kakhulu umdla wobucala. Ngenxa yoko, inkxaso ye-PAC iquluzela kwi-etanki engu-501(c)(4) ingalo yophakatho okanye kwikomiti yezobupolitika eyahlukileyo enokuthi ingene kumsebenzi owenziwe ngophando.

Ezinye ii-PAC ezingeyo-ongeniswanga ziseka ezazo ngokwazo kwiqela lophando lwasekhaya, zisebenza ngokunempumelelo njengamatanki amancinci. Umzekelo, iBridge yaseMelika yeNyaka 21st PC ibhekisa kuphando oluchaseneyo kunye nojongo lwe-media, ikhupha iingxelo ezisetyenziswa yiDemocratic complification kunye nemibutho eqhubekekayo. Ngelinye iBrijini yezophando lwezopolitiki, umsebenzi wayo unxulumanisa kakhulu nolo lwamatanki aqhelekileyo, ukwandisa inkqubo-releving kunye nohlalut. Kwicala eliqhelekileyo, [[FLT:] Club yeGrowth PAC[FLT[FLT:] ink [3] imali yophando lwezoqoqosho kunye neokshiciso lwemiqatha yemiqathango yemiqatha yemiqatha lemiqatha, njengempembelelo yemithetho yemiba ye-PC.

Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yi-PACs engadityaniswanga ukuxhasa imisebenzi ethile yophando. I-PAC ingadibana ne-yunivesithi okanye iitanki yokucinga ukuvelisa ufundo ngomxholo othile (Ngokomzekelo, iziphumo zezoqoqosho zosikwe kwerhafu eceliweyo okanye iziphumo zemekobume zomqeshwa womthetho ogqwethekileyo. Ingxelo ephumelayo isetyenziswa yi-PAC kwizixhobo zayo zobugcisa, ezicatshuliweyo phambi kweBhunganekiso, okanye ezisasazwa kwiintatheli. Eli lungiselelo livumela i-PAC ukuba ichaze iindawo zayo zisekelwe kubungqina ngexa kunikwa abaphandi bemali efunekayo ukuze baqhubeke nomsebenzi.

Impembelelo Kuphando Lwezobupolitika: Inkululeko Nokuzihlaziya

Abaxhasi be-PAC engekho mgangathweni baphikisa ngelithi ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yophando echukumiseke ngakumbi neyahlukeneyo ngokweengcamango. Ngenxa yokuba ezi PaC azibophelelekanga nakuwuphi na umvo okanye kwiqela, bangazixhasa iinkqubo ezinokuthi zingadibanisiswa kakhulu nophando oluphakanyisiweyo lukarhulumente okanye zixhaswe kakhulu ngamaqumrhu emfundo axhomekeke kwintlawulo karhulumente. Le nkululeko yenza ukuba ukuphandwa kweendlela ezithile zenkqubo ezinokucetyiswa, ukusuka kwiindlela zonyango zonyango lwentlalo-ntle.

Uzimeleyo lwe-PAC ezingeyo-ophakathi lukwavumela ukuba zifake inkxaso yophando olucel'uvavanyo lwemeko. Umzekelo, iPAC enikezelwe kutshintsho lomthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho ingaxhasa uphando lweziphumo zezigwebo ezincinci ezinyanzelekileyo, iveze ubungqina obunokusetyenziswa ukuxhasa utshintsho lwenkqubo. Ngokufanayo, i-PAC ejoliswe kwinkqubo yezobugcisa inganikezela ngophando kugcino-lwazi, ulawulo lwezoyikiso lobuntlola, okanye ulwahlulo lwamanani olusoloko luphantsi kwemiqathango yemfundo engokwesithethe ngaphandle kokuba itsalele umdla othile wonikezelo.

Ngaphezu koko, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zisebenza njenge-injini yophando olukhawulezileyo, ithumela uphando lolwaphuko lwemiba phakathi kweentsuku okanye iiveki. Eli thuba liyahluka kwisantya esicothayo sophando lontanga kwaye linganika ulwazi olufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kubenzi bomthetho, intatheli, kunye noluntu. Ubuchule bokuvelisa uhlalutyo olukhawulezileyo lokujikeleza kwimithetho ebekwe okanye kwimithetho ebekwe phantsi okanye iziphumo-computing iluncedo kubume bezixhobo zale mihla.

Amazwi Ahlulayo Kwiingxoxo Zenkqubo

Ngophando lwemali olusuka kuludwe olubanzi lweentloko zeentloko zemfazwe kunye nabahlalutyi abazimeleyo, ii-PAC ezingeyoNxulumaniso ziqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi zivakala kwiingxoxo zenkqubo. Umzekelo, i-PAC exhasa amandla avuselelekayo ingaxhasa uhlalutyo lwetanki oluqhelekileyo lokuxhasa inkxaso-mali ngelanga kunye nengxelo yesehlo yenkqubo yoluntu yoluntu. Olu mbono luninzi lungaphucula uphando lwedemokhrasi, nokokuba icandelo ngalinye lophando lunemkhethelo we-demokhrasi.

Impembelelo kwimiqadi: Umanyano kunye neentambo

Ii-PACs ezikhoyo zisebenza kunye ne-atnki ezingezozo i-opera ezisetyenziswayo ukuze zifumane indawo zazo ngokomthetho. Intebe yetanki eqwalaselwe kakuhle yokuxhasa i-paC ingenza ngokomthetho kwi-advocara, inceda ukugunyazisa abavoti abangekho mthethweni okanye iingcali zemithetho zemithetho eqinisekisa ukuba izicelo ezithile zifanelekile. Ngokulandelayo, cinga ukuba amathanga afumana umthombo othembekileyo wemali ovumela ukuba baqeqeshe abaphengululi, bapapashe iingxelo, iziganeko zombutho, kunye nokhuphiso lwe-media.

Olu lwalamano lwe-symbiotic, nokokuba, lunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuzimela ngokwalo uphando lweetanki. Abahlalutyi bathi iitanki ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwimali ye-PAC zisenokuvumelana neziphumo zazo ukuze zikholise abanikeli bazo, zicinezele izigqibo ezinokuthi zishenxisele abaxhasi be-PAC. Ithuba lokuqinisekisa ukuba ucalucalulo lukho ngokwenene: i-antergion efumana isiphiwo esikhulu esisuka kwi-PAC senkxaso ekhutshwayo yokurhoxandulisa i-ntelo inokungakunga ekupapazeni uphaza uphando olubonisa ukuba ukupheliswa kongcoliso okanye ingozi kubathengi.

Ukubonakala ngaphaya kolwazi kuyinto enxulumene nexhala. Amatanki amaninzi acinga ukuba akufuneki ukuchaza imithombo yemali yawo ngeenkcukacha, okwenza kube nzima kuwonke-wonke ukuqwalasela ukuba ufundo oluthile luphenjelelwe ngabahleli bezopolitiko. Iqela logcino-lwazi livulelelane kakhulu. Abanye bacinga ukuba iitanki zityhila abanikeli bazo, kodwa iingxelo zabo azifani.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngozi, abaninzi abacinga ukuba amathanga agcina imilinganiselo engqongqo yangaphakathi ukuze alondoloze imbono yawo. Basenokungayamkeli inkxaso-mali evela kwiimeko ezicacileyo, bamkele imigaqo ethintela abanikeli ekuphembeleleni iisigqibo sophando, baze basebenzele ekuhloleni oontanga okanye ekuqinisekiseni. Ucelomngeni kukulungelelanisa imfuneko yemali yokwamkela i-PAC kunye nokunyaniseka kwengqondo okufunekayo ukuze kuvezwe uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo.

Imizekelo yokucinga ngolwalamano lobugqabi kunye neePacs ezingadibaniyo

  • Ilifa leLifa leMveli [Ngoxa iLifa leMveli ngokwalo lingu 501(c)(3), umbutho wayo woodade iLifa leMveli leMelika (a 501(c)(4)) libandakanyeka kwimpatho yezopolitiko kwaye linokwamkela iminikelo evela kwi-PACs. I-PAC edityaniswe neziphumo ezithelekelelwayo ezidla ngokuxhasa iPromathelisa iProrial Action’s procession kunye nokusasaza.
  • Inxulumani yeMelika yeNkqubela - Ilungu letanki elihamba phambili elingu 501(c)(4) ingalo, i-CAP Action, isebenza ngokusondeleyo ne-PAC egunyazisiweyo ukuphuhlisa uphando lwenkqubo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo. Ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zixhase iingxelo zeCAP ezingendlela yonyango, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Iqumrhu le-CATO — Eli tanki licinga ukuba lifumana inkxaso-mali evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka nabo banika i-PACs engekho mdibanweni. Ngexesha i-CATO ingayivumeli iminikelo ngqo ye-PAC, imisebenzi yayo yokufundisa idla ngokucatshulwa kwaye inyuswe ngee-paC zenkokhelo zabo ezizimeleyo.

Ukuqwalasela Ulawulo Nemigaqo

I-PACs esemthethweni elawula isakhiwo esingadityanisiweyo nenkxaso yazo kuphando ludityanisiwe kumthetho wezemali yezemali, umthetho werhafu, kunye neemfuno zokutyhila. I-FEC ibeka iimfanelo ezingqongqo zokuxela kwi-PAC, ifuna ukuba banikele iminikelo neenkcitho phezu kwemiqobo ethile. Noko ke, ezi ngxelo zigxininisa kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko zobupolitika ``iminikelo'', iikomiti zeqela, kunye nenkcitho yemali ezimeleyo, kwaye iinkcitho yemali yemali yophando. I-PAC yenza ukuba inike ingeniso emalunga nama-501(c)(4))) ingaxela ukuba yenzelwa injongo yokukhuthaza unyulo, kodwa inika iinjongo zemfundo okanye uphando olupheleleyo ingavelisi.

Umthetho werhafu wongeza omnye umaleko ontsonkothileyo. Inkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi (IIRS) ivumela 501(c)(3) imibutho ukuba ifumane iminikelo evela kwii-PAC logama nje inika inkxaso yoncedo, yemfundo, okanye yenzululwazi kwaye ayiyimiqathango yokwalelwa komsebenzi wezobupolitika. Ii-PAC ezinikelayo kwi-501(c)(3) kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba umnikelo awugcinwanga ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika. Ngoko ii-PACs ezininzi zinikela ngemibutho eluncedo okanye imali emiselweyo edibanisa inkcitho yezopolitiko okanye engeyo ye-APG.

Inkxalabo yezemali ixhomekeke ekuboneni nokuziphendulela. Xa i-PAC engadityaniswanga nemali iprojekthi yophando echazwe ngoku kwintengiso yezobupolitika okanye kubungqina obuyingqungquthela, uluntu lufanele lwazi imvelaphi yemali. Abameli abaliqela abafuna utshintsho baye babiza ukufuna iinkcazo zeetanki kunye neentlangano zophando ukuchaza amagama abo banikela ngePAC, noko ngeminikelo ngaphezulu komqobo othile. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yangoku isebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yokuba i-PAC ngokwayo kufuneka batyhile abani babo, ngoko umxokelelwano wemali ungafunwa ziintatheli ezizimiseleyo okanye amaqela ajongileyo.

Isiphelo: Indima Elungeleleneyo Kwintetho Yedemokhrasi

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ihlala kwindawo enzima kwimekobume yezopolitiko yaseMerika. Ngokuthumela imali yabucala kuphando lwenkqubo nokucinga ngemisebenzi yeetanki, inceda ekuxhaseni izibonelelo ezingokwasemthethweni ezazisa ingxoxo yemithetho kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ukuzimele kwazo kumaxhoba namaqela kubavumela ukuba bahlolisise iingcamango ezinokuba yingozi kakhulu kubadlali abaphambili bezobupolitika, kwaye amandla abo okuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza abenza bakwazi ukusabela kwiimbambano ezivela ngexesha lokwenene.

Kodwa kwaukuzimela okukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha kukwafuna uphando. Ukungabikho koxanduva olungqalileyo kubavoti, kunye namalungiselelo athile emali, kuphakamisa imibuzo esemthethweni malunga nokuba ngoobani abanomdla okhoyo. Itanki elithe lafumana imvume eninzi evela kwi-PAC enemiqathango ecacileyo isenokuzama ukugcina ukuthembeka kwayo njengomthombo wenjongo yokuhlalutya. Umngcipheko “wokufuna ukugada”" / / //apho uphazo oluphakanyisiweyo lwe-PAC luchazwa njengoluvo oluzimeleyo qhaqhelileyo, olufuna ukuphaphaphakanyiswa ngabasebenzi noluntu noophando.

Ekugqibeleni, indima yee-PACs ezingeyoyonkxaso ekuxhaseni uphando lwezopolitiko kunye neetanki azincedi ngokupheleleyo okanye azinanto yakwenza. Luphawu lwedemokhrasi yobuninzi apho imali yabucala, iingcamango zobuqu, kunye nenkqubo kawonke wonke idibana khona. Igalelo elingcono kukubonakala: ukucaciswa ngokucacileyo kwemithombo yemali, imigaqo yokuziphatha eqinileyo kumaqumrhu ophando, kunye nokuthenjiswa kwemi efuna ubungqina obungaphaya kobugqwesi. Xa ezo ziququ zisel-nci zise kwindawo ethile, ii-PACs zisebenza njengenjini eluncedo yemiqathangomganiso ngaphandle kokuthomalalisa ingqibelelo yophando oluxhomekeke kulawulo-melo lwedemokhrasi.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo, jonga kwiKhomishini yoNkqululo kwi-PAC imimiselo, i- i-openserets ugcino-lwazi lokufumana iminikelo yezopolitiko, kunye ne i-PROGPS yohlalutyo lobutyala betanki.[FLT:]]