Table of Contents
Iinkundla zisebenza njengabameli ababalulekileyo bamalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuchaza ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko nokumisela imida yokubonakalisa intetho kumabutho olawulo-mthetho. Ngokuhlolisisa imigaqo-siseko, iinkundla zilinganisa ilungelo elisisiseko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye neemfuno zoluntu, ukwenza inkqubo entsonkothileyo elawula indlela abemi abanxibelelana ngayo, ukuqhankqalaza, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala. Olu hlolisiso luhlolisisa iinkundla ezineendima ezininzi eziziphetheyo ekukhuseleni ukuthetha ngenkululeko, imigaqo esemthethweni eziyisebenzisayo, imibango yenkcubeko echaza indlela esithetha ngayo, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo abajamelana nazo ngexesha lokulinganisa umatshini.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soKhuselo lokuthetha
IsiHlalisi Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. sinikela ukuba urhulumente makangamele "ayivaleli inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela". Olu khuselo lwesiseko luye lwasebenza njengesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, simisela inkululeko yokuthetha njengenye yezona nkululeko zithandwayo eUnited States. Ulwimi olulula kodwa olunamandla lufune ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezomthetho ukuphendula iintelekiso neengxabano ezininzi ezivela kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje.
UMahluleli uOver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wavakalisa ukuba "olona vavanyo lulungileyo lwenyaniso ngamandla engcinga yokuzenza zamkelwe kukhuphiswano lwentengiso. Le ngcamango iyaqhubeka ixhasa imigaqo-nkqubo yokuLandlwa koQala kokuHlaziya, ibonakalisa ukholo olusisiseko lokuba inyaniso ivela kwingxoxo evulekileyo nakutshintshisana ngokukhululekileyo ngeembono eziphikisanayo. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhomekeke kulo mgaqo xa zivavanya imiqathango ebekwe kwintelekelelo.
Ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lwenkululeko yokuthetha ludlulela ngaphaya korhulumente wesizwe. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo samisela ukuba oorhulumente kufuneka baxhase umGaqo-siseko baze bakhusele amalungelo kuwo, kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha kunye noomatshini bokushicilela, ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba "lu manyano," kwaye kamva amatyala aqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqondo karhulumente kufuneka axhase zonke izigwebo zoQoqo-mthetho lokuqala. Oku kwandiswa kokhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kumele kubekwe kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuye kwafuneka ekuqinisekiseni ukukhuselwa ngokuzinziswa okungaguquguqukiyo kokuchaza intetho kulo lonke elaseUnited States.
Inkqubo Yohlolo - zincwadi Kwimiba Yokuthetha
Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaphikisana nendlela urhulumente anokuhamba ngayo ekuthinteleni intetho. Oku kulwisana okuqhubekayo kubonisa uxinezeleko olungokwemvelo phakathi kokukhusela inkululeko yomntu nokugcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo. Iinkundla kufuneka zihlolisise ngenyameko ityala ngalinye ukuze zibone enoba imiqathango karhulumente ekuthetheni ivumelekile ngokomGaqo-siseko okanye imela ukungagwebi okungamkelekiyo.
Ukuqiqa Oko Abahobe Bakukhuselayo Ekuthetheni
Iinkundla zidla ngokufuna ukubuzwa umbuzo womqobo: ukuba yintoni i-"pepec" ukwenzela iinjongo zoMphengululo Wokuqala, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifumanise ukuba intetho isenokunwela ngaphaya kwelizwi elithethwayo nelibhaliweyo kwindawo yehambo ebhaliweyo, apho izenzo zithumela umyalezo womfuziselo. Le nkcazelo ibanzi iyayivuma loo ntetho ithatha iintlobo ezininzi kwibutho lanamhlanje.
INkundla Ephakamileyo yavakalisa ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela okungaphezulu kunamazwi esiwathethayo, kwaye okubalulekileyo, inkundla ikwayigqala njengembonakaliso engenamazwi – ukubhabha iflegi – njengentetho yenkululeko xa yathi umthetho ochasene "nomqondiso, umqondiso okanye umfuziselo" wawuphula uMlungiso wokuqala. Oku kugqalwa kokuthetha komfuziselo kuye kwangqinelana nokukhusela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuqhankqalaza kunye nokuthetha, ukutshisa iflegi ukufaka iintambo zengalo.
INkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba intetho yokomfuziselo ikhuselwe ngokomgaqo-siseko naxa icaphukisa. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba imiyalezo engathandwayo okanye ephikiswayo ifumana ukhuseleko olufanayo lomgaqo-siseko njengentetho eqhelekileyo, uthintela urhulumente ukuba angasicimi isigama kuba nje iphazamisa imvakalelo kawonke-wonke.
Isiseko sokuqulathiweyo Kuthelekisa neMiqathango yoNyaka
Umahluko phakathi kwemithetho esekelwe kumxholo kunye nomongo wesiqulatho nongathathi-nxaxheba ufekele indima ephambili kwiimeko zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, nemithetho esekelwe kwintetho esekelwe kwinto yayo, ngelixa imithetho yomxholo ilawula ixesha, indawo, nendlela yokuthetha. Lo mahluko umisela umgangatho weenkundla ezihlolayo osebenzayo xa kuvavanywa imiqathango yokuthetha.
Urhulumente uthwala umthwalo onzima ekukhuseleni imiqathango esekelwe kumxholo, ekubeni ephantsi kohlolo olungqongqo, ngelixesha imimiselo equlathweyo-ethe ngqiqweni iphinda ihlolwe phantsi kohlobo lovavanyo oluphakathi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba banokusinda kucelomngeni. Le ndlela ilandelelwayo kwimpinda yokuhlola isiqinisekiso sokujoliswe kwemiqathango ethile okanye iimbono zijongene nolona vavanyo lunzima lomGaqo-siseko.
Imithetho esekelwe ekuzinziseni okuzingisileyo yimithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho esemthethweni kwaye isenokugwetywa kuphela ukuba urhulumente ungqinelana ukuba zilungiselwe iminqweno enyanzelisayo yombuso, kwaye umthetho wokuthetha usekelwe kwisiseko sokuqulethwe yintetho ethile ngenxa yentetho ethile exutyushwayo okanye ingcamango okanye umyalezo ochazweyo. Esi sithintelo siphezulu sikhusela ukuphehlwa kolawulo olugqwethiweyo lukarhulumente lwembono engamkelekanga ngelixa sivumela umgaqo osengqiqweni weemeko ezikufutshane.
Ityala Eliphakamileyo LeNkundla Ephakamileyo Elaguqula Amalungelo Okuthetha
Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba ngamatyala amaninzi aye aguqula ngokusisiseko ukuqonda kwethu amalungelo okuthetha ngenkululeko. Ezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo ziye zamisela imiqathango ebalulekileyo eqhubeka ikhokela iinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye yazisa inkqubo kawonke-wonke ngokuphathelele ukubonakaliswa kwentetho.
Schenck v. United States kunye novavanyo olucacileyo nolukhoyo lwengozi
Isigqibo sikaSchenc saziwa kakhulu ngokudala "ukhanyo olucacileyo nolukhoyo" intsingiselo yokuba intetho ingathintelwa ukuba inika ingozi ecacileyo nekhoyo, kwaye isigqibo sasisisokuqala ukuchaza isidekshi sokukhwaza ngobuxoki "Fire" kwiholo yemidlalo ephithizelayo. Olu vavanyo lwangaphambili lwazama ukulinganisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye nemicimbi yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, nangona kamva lungacocwa lubuye lubekwe endaweni yemilinganiselo ekhusela ngakumbi.
Schenck watshintshwa kamva yiBrandenburg v.O., eyathi intetho ingathintelwa ukuba ingabangela "isenzo esinzulu sokuchas' umthetho" lendaleko kukhuseleko olukhulu lokuthetha ibonisa ulwandiso lweenkundla lokuba intetho imele ithintelwe kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.
IBrandenburg v. Ohio kunye neNdlela ePhakathi eNgawiyo
Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabanjwa kwiBrandenburg v. Ohio (11969), urhulumente angakwalela "ukukhuthaza"", "ukukhuthaza okanye ukuvelisa isenzo esingesomthetho esisondeleyo" kunye "ngokungathi ukhuthaza okanye uphumeze isenzo esinjalo" (njengentetho kwihlokondiba elikhuthaza ukuhlasela isakhiwo esikufuphi). Oku kumgangatho kunika ukhuseleko olomeleleyo lobuhlanga ngexa uvumela imiqathango enxulumene nokuthetha okuyingozi.
EBrandenburg v. Ohio (1969), oku kwancitshiswa kumgangatho "wesenzo sobugebenga bomthetho obungalawuleki", neNkundla ePhakamileyo ihlenga-hlengisa ngamxhelo mnye ukuvunywa kweqela leKu Klux Klan ku "ugonyamelo ... njengendlela yokuphumeza utshintsho lwezopolitiko" ngenxa yokuba iintetho zabo kwintlanganiso azizange zivakalise ugonyamelo olukhawulezileyo, okanye olusondeleyo. Esi sigqibo sandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukhuseleko olukhululekileyo lokuthetha ngokwahlula phakathi kobugqhinga obucacileyo kunye nokukhuthaza okungqalileyo.
Ukukhuthaza inyathelo lokuthetha kwixesha elizayo elingachazwanga kusenokungathintelwa. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba ubukhotho - melo bezobupolitika, kwanaxa bubandakanya iingcamango eziphikisayo okanye ezingqongqo, buhlala bukhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba bubangela isisongelo esikhawulezileyo sesenzo sokuchas' umthetho.
UDes Moines kunye naBafundi bamalungelo okuthetha
KwiSithili seSikolo soLuntu saseTinker, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa isigqibo ngokuchasene nesikolo, yaye kwiimbono zakhe ezininzi, iJaji uAbe Fortas yabhala ukuba abafundi aba "akwazeki amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo." Esi sigqibo sibalaseleyo samisela ukuba abafundi bagcine amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kwanakwimimiselo yemfundo.
INkundla ePhakamileyo yamisela u-"Tinker Uvavanyo", umgangatho wokuba izikolo zikarhulumente zidibane ngaphambi kokuba zivalelwe ngokwasemthethweni phambi kokuba zivale inkululeko yokuthetha okanye ukubonakaliswa kwabafundi, kwaye ukubonakaliswa kwasimahla kwabafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke kungathintelwa kuphela ukuba kusongelwa ngokwezinto eziphathekayo nangokonakaliswa okuthe kratya kwenkqubo yemfundo, okanye kungenelwe amalungelo abanye. Oku kuvavanya amalungelo abafundi akhululekileyo okuthetha ngokuchasene nezikolo kufuneka bagcine imeko-bume yemfundo enocwangco.
Intetho engachaphazeliyo, engachananga, efuziselayo ayinakukhangelwa kuba ibangela abanye bangakhululeki, kwaye ukunxiba iingalo zomfuziselo akunakuboniswa ukuphazamisana nengqeqesho yesikolo. Lo mgaqo ukhusela imbonakalo yoxolo yabafundi ngeli lixa zivumela izikolo ukuba zithethe ngokuphazamisana nyhani nenkqubo yokufunda.
Imigangatho ye-New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ne-Sullivan
Kwisigqibo esiqulunqiweyo somgwebi uWilliam J. Brennan Jr., abagwebi bamisela umgangatho omtsha, ophezulu kwintelekelelo, kufuna abachazi-magama ukungqina "ubungendawo obuqhelekileyo," ithetha amazwi onzakalisayo enziwe ngolwazi olupheleleyo lokuba yayibubuxoki kwaye ingakhathali ngeyona ndlela ngenyaniso, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba ingxelo idibene novavanyo "lwesenzo sobugqhinga", akukho mthetho wesizwe onokuthi uphikise inkululeko eqinisekisiweyo ngumgaqo-siseko woshicilelo. Esi sigqibo siphendulisa umthetho wokunyelisa idelelo kwaye sinikeze ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lokushicilela.
Kwiimeko apho le ngxelo ibhekiselele kwigosa likawonke-wonke okanye kumntu othile, iqela elichaza ukunyeliswa kufuneka libonise ukuba isithethi sasebenzisa "ububi obuqhelekileyo," oko kukuthi, ulwazi lokuba le ntetho yayibubuxoki okanye yayikukungakhathali yinyaniso yayo okanye inkohliso. Lo mlinganiselo uthe kratya ubonakalisa ukubaluleka kokugqabaza okuqinileyo ngemiba yabantu, kwanaxa ingxubusho enjalo iquka iintetho zobuxoki ezithiwe ngokholo olulungileyo.
UTyhini lweTexas . Johnson nomkhosi
Inkundla yayikholelwa ukuba umdla womfaki-sicelo wokuthintela ukwaphulwa koxolo awuzange uxhase ukuvumelana kwakhe kuba ihambo yakhe ayizange isongele ukuphazamisa uxolo, kwaye umdla womceli wokukhusela iflegi njengomqondiso wobuzwe awuzange uthethelele ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokubandakanyeka kwezopolitiko. Esi sigqibo sididayo singqina ukuba kwanamazwi omfuziselo ahlazisayo afumana ukhuseleko olungokomGaqo-siseko xa evakalisa umyalezo wezobupolitika.
Ityala lokutsha kweflegi libonisa isiqinisekiso senkundla sokukhusela intetho engathandwayo, kwanaxa intetho enjalo iphazamisana neemvakalelo zobuzwe ezixhaphakileyo. Ngokubeka kuqala imigaqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwimibandela yokomfuziselo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagxininisa ingcamango yokuba uHlomelo lokuqala lukho ngokuchanekileyo ukukhusela intetho edida izithethe eziqhelekileyo.
Ibhodi yemfundo yeNtshona Virginia . Barnette neColship Specing Specing
Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba abantu abanakunyanzeleka ukuba bathethe amazwi abangawakholelwayo, imisela umgaqo othi inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela ilungelo lokungathethi kwanelungelo lokuchaza iimbono zakho. Oku kuqonda ukuba isiHlomelo sokuqala sikhusela intetho nezolo kuchaphazela ukuzimela nesazela.
Umgaqo ochasene nokunyanzelwa kwentetho uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakunyanzela abantu ukuba bavakalise imiyalezo abayichasileyo okanye babe nenxaxheba kwizenzo zomfuziselo ezichasene neenkolelo zabo.
Iindidi Zokungakhuselwa Nokungathetheki
Ngoxa iinkundla ziwakhusela ngamandla amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ziyaqonda ukuba ezinye iindidi ezimxinwa zentetho zingaphantsi kokhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala okanye zifumana intsilelo enciphileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga kubalulekile ekuqondeni ngokupheleleyo ukubandakanyeka kwemicimbi yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.
Indlela Elulo Kuyo Ukwahlula Imibandela Yokuthetha
Nangona imiqathango esekelwe ekukhuselweni kwentetho ithenjiwe ingumthetho ongekho mgaqweni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba uMmiselo Wokuqala uvumela imiqathango engaphakathi kwentetho ekwimiqathango embalwa, kuquka ukuhlaza, ukuhlazisa abantwana, ukunyelisa, ukuqhatha, ukuphembelela, ukulwa, amazwi, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, kunye nokuthetha kumele iindawo apho iinkundla zigqibe ukuba ixabiso lentlalo lentetho libalwa ngaphezu kwezinto ezifuna ingxwabangxwa.
Ngokuqhelekileyo iNkundla ichaza ezi ntlobo njengezihlazo, ukunyelisa, ukuqhatha, ukuphembelela, amazwi okulwa, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, intetho engundoqo kwihambo yolwaphulo - mthetho, nemifanekiso engamanyala yabantwana. Ludidi ngalunye lunenkcazelo neemfuno ezikhethekileyo ezisemthethweni ezimele zihlangatyezwe ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe intetho ithintelwe okanye yohlwaywe.
Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla zibonisa ukungathandi ukudibanisa naziphi na iindidi ezintsha zentetho ngaphandle kokuthetha kunye notyekelo lokutolika iindidi zentetho ezingeyontetho ezimiselwe ixesha elide kumthetho wokuqala wokuHlaziya. Le ndlela ithe rhoqo yokwandisa ukwahlukana iqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo luhlala luqinile kwaye imiqathango emitsha ijongene nokuthandabuza okubalulekileyo.
Ukuvuselela Nesenzo Esingenamthetho
Ukuvuselela — intetho "elathiselwe ukukhuthaza okanye ukuvelisa isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esisondeleyo kwaye isenokuvuselela okanye ivelise isenzo esinjalo" — ayikhuselwa yiSigqibo sokuqala sokuLandliswa, kunye nesigqibo somgaqo ovela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-1969 kwiBrandenburg v.Ohio. Oku kusicatshulwa kuvumela urhulumente ukuba athintele intetho ebangela ingozi ngokukhawuleza ngoxa ekhusela ukuphikisa iingcamango eziphikisayo.
EBrandenburg v.Ohio, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi uMphetho-mda wokuqala ukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho "ngaphandle kokuba ulawulo olunjalo lujoliswe ekuvuseleleni okanye ekuphumezeni isenzo esimandundu esikufuphi solwaphulo-mthetho kwaye lungakhuthaza okanye luvelise isenzo esinjalo," ithetha ukuba urhulumente angasohlwaya "ukubekwa kwemithetho" evelisa isenzo esisondeleyo sobugwebi,' kwaye mhlawumbi ukwenza njalo," kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo akanakuthintela okanye asohlwayele "ukusetyenziswa kwegunya okanye ugonyamelo." Lo mahluko ukhusela intetho yezobupolitika xa uthetha ngezoyikiso zokwenyaniso kukhuseleko lukawonke wonke.
Ukuchasa kunye neentetho zobuxoki
Ubuxoki bokuxoka (obubizwa ngokuba "libel" ukuba kubhalwe kunye "umlandisi" ukuba uthethwa) ukuxoka phantsi kwesifungo, kunye nokuqhatha kusenokusohlwaywa, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, kwaneempazamo ezibunyani ezingakhathaliyo zingakhokelela ekumangaleleni, nangona ezo zinto zingeyonyaniso kuphela; uluvo lungasohlwaywa kwanokuba uluvo lubonwa ngokubanzi njengolungalunganga ngokokuziphatha. Le nkqubo ikhusela udumo nenyaniso ngoxa igcina impikiswano eqinileyo noluvo.
Ukuchasa yintetho yenyaniso ebubuxoki yokuba (1) kuthethwa nomntu wesithathu; (2) kwenziwa ngemo yetyala efunekayo yengqondo; kunye (3) nenzakalise igama lomntu, kwaye inyelisa, intetho kufuneka ibe kukuthethelela inyani (kunokuba nje uluvo okanye isichasi-nkcazelo esiphicokisekileyo) kwaye ikwazi ukungqinelana nobuxoki. Ezi mfuneko zingqalileyo ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ohlab ’ ityala awubi sisixhobo sokucinezela ukugxeka okanye impikiswano esemthethweni.
Ukuqonda ukuba "amabinzana athile obuxoki akanakuphepheka ukuba kuza kubakho ukubonakaliswa okuphandle nokunamandla kweembono ezicacileyo kwincoko yasesidlangalaleni nangasese," iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasichasa isigwebo esipheleleyo sokuQalisa uLwiso lokuqala kwiingxelo zobuxoki. Oku kuqwalaselwa kulungelelanisa imfuneko yokukhusela inyaniso nodumo nxamnye nenyaniso yokuba ucoselelo olugqibeleleyo lungenakubakho kwintetho yesidlangalala eyomeleleyo.
Ubunyulu Nemifanekiso Engcolileyo Yabantwana
Iinkundla zikudala zigqala ukungcoliswa kwento ephosakeleyo njengokungakhuselwayo, nangona ukuchaza oko kubangela ukungcoliswa kwemifanekiso kungqineke kunzima. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yamisela iimvavanyo ezingqalileyo zokufumanisa enoba izinto eziqulethweyo zingcolile kusini na, zifuna ukuqwalaselwa kwemilinganiselo yoluntu, enoba umsebenzi ukhuthaza iminqweno entle kusini na, nokuba awunalo na umgangatho onzulu wencwadi, wezobugcisa, wezobupolitika okanye wenzululwazi.
Iinkundla ziye zagqiba kwelokuba amanyala abantwana, uhlobo oluthile lwentetho ebonisa abantwana beziphatha ngokuphandle ngokwesini, alunalungelo lokukhuselwa kwiSindululo Sokuqala. Oku kubonisa umdla onyanzelekileyo karhulumente wokukhusela abantwana ekuxhatshazweni nasekuxhatshazweni, kwanaxa kuthintelwa ukusetyenziswa kwentetho ethile.
Amazwi Okulwa Nezisongelo Zokwenene
INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yachaza ukulwa okubizwa ngokuba "ziziinqobo" ngokuchasene noMphetho-mva weSigqibo sokuqala ngo1942, nangona kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo iNkundla iye yasikelele imfundiso yokulwa. Oku kuxinana kubonisa ukuthandabuza okukhulayo kweenkundla ngemiqathango yokuthetha okuhlazisayo nokuqonda ukuba amagama okulwa anokusetyenziswa kakubi ukuphelisa intetho engathandwayo.
Izisongelo zokwenene zimela olunye uhlobo lwentetho engakhuselekanga, iingxelo eziquka ukuchaza umntu onengqiqo enokuthi intelekelelo yokunxibelelana ibonakalisa ingcinga enzulu yokuqhuba ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni kumntu othile okanye kwiqela elithile. Iinkundla zimele zahlule ngenyameko phakathi kwezisongelo zokwenyaniso nentetho yezobupolitika okanye intetho yobugcisa yokuphepha intetho ekhuselwe ngokucaphukisayo.
Ukukhuthaza Ihambo Yezaphuli - mthetho
KwiGiboney v. Empire Shoop & Ice Co. (1949), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabamba uHlaliso lokuqala ayikhuseli "kukhankanya okanye ukubhala okusetyenziswa njengenxalenye engundoqo yehambo yokwaphula umthetho osemthethweni," njengemfuneko yempango yomphangi ekuxhobiseni izikhali okanye ukuphanga, uzungu lolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukucela ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile, nangona ulwaphulo-mthetho olungekho semthethweni luhlala lukhuselwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izaphuli-mthetho azinanzeli zifune ukukhusela iintetho ngenkululeko zonxibelelwano eziyimfuneko kumsebenzi ongekho mthethweni.
Imeko Yokuthetha Ngentiyo
Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga ngokuthetha okuthiwa yintiyo, yaye izisongelo zobuhlanga azinakuthintelwa luHlaliso Lokuqala olusecaleni kwezinye izisongelo, kwaye ukuthetha ngokobuqu ukutshabhiswa kobuhlanga kusenokusohlwaywa ngamanye amazwi okulwa, kodwa intetho enjalo ayinakohlwaywa ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba ingabantu bobuhlanga, abasebenzisa ubufanasini, abachasanayo, okanye abathiyiyo kunqulo oluthile. Lo mgaqo ubonisa ukuzimisela kweenkundla ukuba nembono egqwethekileyo, kwanangeeembono ezicaphucayo.
EUnited States, intetho yentiyo ifumana ikhuselwa ngokuphandle phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo wokuqala, osekelwe kwingcamango yokuba asiyondima efanelekileyo karhulumente ukuzama ukukhusela abantu kwiingcamango neembono abazibona zingamkeleki, zingathandeki, okanye zingqubana kakhulu, kwaye endaweni yoko, indima karhulumente kukukhusela inkululeko yabantu yokuthetha ngokuphandle kumgudu wokuvumela ukuthethwa kwabantu ngokungeyomfuneko nokungavumelani nomthetho okhuthaza impikiswano eshushu kwimicimbi yoluntu naxa impikiswano enjalo ibangela ukuba abanye bazive benentlungu, umsindo, okanye uloyiko. Oku kukwenza kube lula ukubonakalisa ngokukhululekileyo ukuthuthuzela ngokweemvakalelo, ukuthemba abemi abahlala kuwo ukuze baphikise iimbono ezimbi nabalungileyo.
Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu
Urhulumente ungayimisela imiqathango jikelele ngexesha, indawo, okanye indlela yokuthetha, ukuba imiqathango ayidibani noko kuthethwa yintetho kwaye ishiya abantu benendlela ezizizo zokuchaza iimbono zabo. Le miqathango iqulethweyo-ngangeneliyo ivumela urhulumente ukuba alawule izithuba zikawonke-wonke kwaye akhusele ungquzulwano ngexa egcina amathuba okuchaza.
Iinkundla ziqwalasela ngenyameko ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba azisebenzi njengezizathu zokuhlola okusekelwe kulwahlulo. Imiqathango esebenzayo kufuneka incede izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo, ilungiswe ngokumxinwa ukulungiselela ezo njongo, kwaye ishiye imijelo evulekileyo yolunye unxibelelwano. Umzekelo, isixeko singayibekela imiqathango iiyure ekunokusetyenziswa ngazo isandi esinyusiweyo kwiindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kokwaphula amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekile, logama lo mthetho usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abathethi kungakhathaliseki oko bakuyo.
Iyunivesithi isenokulilawula ngokufanelekileyo ixesha, indawo nendlela yokuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayiphazamisani nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yeyunivesithi. Lo mgaqo udlulela nakumaziko ahlukeneyo kawonke-wonke, ubavumela ukuba bagcine ucwangco baze bafeze imisebenzi yabo ephambili ngoxa behlonela amalungelo okuthetha.
Imeko ekhethekileyo yohlalutyo lokuthetha ngaphandle kwenkululeko
Iinkundla zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nolwakhiwo xa zivavanya iingxelo zokuthetha ezikhululekileyo ngokwemeko ethile, ziqonda ukuba ulwalamano lukarhulumente nentetho luyahluka ngokwendlela ebekwe ngayo nangendima karhulumente.
IMisebenzi yoLawulo noLuntu
Urhulumente unexabiso elininzi, kodwa unamandla angenasiphelo, okulawula intetho esebenzisa izinto zikarhulumente. Umlinganiselo wala mandla uxhomekeke kwindlela impahla ekhoyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokwesithethe kumsebenzi ochazayo.
Intetho ekwindlela ezilungiselelwe ngurhulumente nakwiipaki (ngokufuthi ebizwa ngokuba yi-"curecul forums") ikhuselekile ekucinezelweni kukarhulumente njengoko kunjalo kwimpahla yesithethi, kwaye okufanayo kuyinyaniso ukuthetha kwabafundi abakwinkonzo kawonke-wonke, ubuncinane xa intetho ingeyonxalenye yengxubusho yeklasi okanye izabelo zeklasi. Le mfundiso kawonke-wonke iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuvala izithethi ezisezikweni ezisetyenziswayo ngokwesithethe kwintetho kawonke-wonke.
Ukuba urhulumente akacalucalulo ngokwembono yentetho, urhulumente akasebenzisi izinto zakhe ukuze akhethe indlela acinga ngayo.
Iziko Lemfundo
INkundla Ephakamileyo yaphawula ukubaluleka koMphetho - Mvandla Wokuqala kwiikholeji neeyunivesithi zikarhulumente: "Iikholeji neeyunivesithi zesizwe azinakuthintelwa ekutshayelweni koMphetho-mda Wokuqala... imizekelo yale Nkundla ayiyivumeli imbono yokuba... uKhuseleko Lokuqala Lokwenziwa Komgunyaziso lufanele lusebenze ngokungqongqo kwiikoleji kunakuluntu." Lo mgaqo umisela ukuba amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo amele ahlonele amalungelo aphezulu okuthetha ngokukhululekile.
Abafundi abakwisicwangciso, abakwibanga eliphezulu, nabafundi besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo basenokuqeqeshwa ngokuthetha izinto ezizibeka esichengeni sokuphazamisa inkqubo yemfundo okanye ukusebenzisa amanyala esikolweni. Iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba amalungelo abafundi abaselula anokulinganiselwa kakhulu kunabafundi abadala okanye abafundi basekholeji, ezibonisa imbopheleleko ekhethekileyo kwizikolo ekulondolozeni imeko-bume yemfundo efanelekileyo.
Abafundisi abakhubekisi uMphetho wokuqala woHlaziyo ngokusebenzisa ulawulo lomhleli ngendlela kunye nomxholo wentetho yabafundi kwimisebenzi yesikolo eshukumayo, lo gama nje izenzo zabo zinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo namaxhala afanelekileyo angokwemfundo. Lo mgaqo uvumela izikolo ukuba zigcine imigangatho yemfundo ngoxa zithintela ukuhlalutywa kobuchule kwenkcazelo yabafundi.
Imisebenzi Karhulumente
Ngokomzekelo, abasebenzi bakarhulumente, bangagxothwa ngenxa yokuthetha izinto eziphazamisana nokusebenza kakuhle komqeshi. Iinkundla zilungelelanisa abasebenzi boluntu ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye nomdla karhulumente wokulondoloza imisebenzi ephumelelayo nehambo efanelekileyo emsebenzini.
Ubungqina obufungelweyo bomqeshwa kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kobungakanani bemisebenzi yabo eqhelekileyo bufanele ukukhuselwa kwiSihlaziyo soQondulo. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bakarhulumente banokuba nenxaxheba kwimicimbi esemthethweni kwaye bathethe ngemicimbi exhalabisayo yoluntu ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, kwanaxa ubungqina babo bunokuhlazisa okanye bugxeke abaqeshi babo.
Iintolongo Nezomkhosi
Ngokwasemkhosini waseUnited States, urhulumente wesizwe unamandla aphangaleleyo okuthintela ukuthetha kwamagosa asemkhosini, nokuba uthintelo olunjalo lungasebenza kumntu ongengowaburhulumente, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa lo mgaqo kwisigqibo esisondeleyo sesi-5 ukuya kwisi-3, Parker v. Levy (1974), xa iNkundla yayiphethe umkhosi yayingumphakathi okhethekileyo kwibutho lasekuhlaleni, nto leyo eyayifuna imigaqo engqongqo. Oku kuqwalaselwa kweemfuno zemikhosi ezikhethekileyo kuvumela imiqathango engekho sikweni kuluntu.
Xa urhulumente esebenza njengomlawuli weentolongo, unobuchule obuphangaleleyo bokunciphisa inkululeko yokuthetha yamabanjwa, kwaye nawuphi na uthintelo "olunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nezilangazelelo ezisemthethweni" lufanelekile. Lo mlinganiselo ubonakalisa ukuqwalaselwa kweenkundla ukuba abalawuli bentolongo kufuneka babe bhetyebhetye ukuze bagcine ukhuseleko nocwangco kwiindawo ezibungozi ngokwemvelo.
Ulawulo lweSebe
Urhulumente unegunya elingakumbi lokumisela imiqathango yokusasaza intetho kunomathotholo nakumabonwakude, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ugqalwa njengomnini wezixhobo zokusasaza, kusenokulawula ukuba ngubani osasaza kwinqwelo-moya yaye, ukusa kumkhamo othile, oko bakuthethayo abo basasazi. Eli gunya likhethekileyo lokuhambisa libonisa ukunqaba kosasazo olusasazwayo nobukho bosasazo obusasazwa ngokubanzi nakumakhaya.
Iinkundla ziye zaxhasa imithetho emininzi yosasazo engayi kuhambelana nomthetho ukuba isetyenziselwe ukushicilela ijelo-lwazi okanye uthungelwano lweInternet, kuquka imiqathango yomxholo kunye neemfuno zobulungisa. Noko ke, njengokuba ubugcisa buguquka kwaye ukunqongophala kwemiqathango kungenamdla, iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zihlolisisa kwakhona umgangatho ofanelekileyo womgaqo weqonga lee-media ezahlukeneyo.
Indima Yenkundla Ekulungelelaniseni Izilangazelelo
Iinkundla kufuneka zisoloko zilungelelanisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo zoluntu, kuquka ukhuseleko loluntu, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuzifihla, igama, kunye namalungelo abanye.
Inkxalabo zokhuseleko
Iinkundla zijamelene nocelomngeni olunzima ngokukhethekileyo xa izibanga lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo lingqubana nezilangazelelo zesizwe zokhuseleko. Ngoxa urhulumente esoloko ephikisa ukuba imiqathango yokuthetha iyimfuneko ukukhusela inkcazelo edityanisiweyo okanye ukukhusela ubugrogrisi, iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba amaxhala okhuseleko esizwe awabi yimiba yokucinezela okanye ukungavumelani okufanelekileyo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokubonakala kwamehlo nokhuseleko kufuneka iinkundla zihlolisise ngenyameko oko kuthethwa ngurhulumente ngoxa zivuma izisongelo-nyani kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
Amatyala embali abandakanya ii-escoon, inkcazelo eqingqiweyo, kunye nokungavumelani nemfazwe abonisa indaleko yengcamango yokugweba ngemiqathango yokhuseleko lwesizwe ekuthetheni. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zaqhubela ekukhuseleni intetho engakumbi ekuhambeni kwexesha, zifuna ukuba urhulumente abonise iingozi ezingqalileyo nezisemnyango kunokuba amkele iingcamango ezibanzi ezinokuba ziingozi.
Uphando lwezesondo
Ukungqubana phakathi kwenkululeko yokuthetha namalungelo okuzimela ngasese kuzisa imingeni eqhubekayo kwiinkundla. Ngoxa uMphetho wokuqala ukhusela impikiswano enzulu ngemiba yabantu abadumileyo nangemibandela exhalabisayo, abantu bakwaneenjongo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ukuzimela kwabo, udumo lwabo kwinkcazelo yobuxoki okanye engachananga. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe xa izilangazelelo zobuqu zingaphezulu kwemilinganiselo yokuthetha yobuqu, ziqwalasela izinto ezifana nokuba inkcazelo ibandakanya umntu othe ngqo okanye wabucala, enoba ibandakanya imicimbi yobuqu, nokuba ingeyomfuneko yoluntu, nokuba ibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni kusini na.
Ukuvela kobugcisa bezobugcisa nezonxibelelwano kuye kwabangela ukuba ezi ngxabano zikhule, njengoko inkcazelo isasazeka ngokukhawuleza nangokusisigxina kwi - Internet. Iinkundla ziqhubeka zivelisa iindlela zokuthetha nemifanekiso engamanyala, ukunxiba nezinye izinto eziphazamisa abantu, ngoxa zikhusela abantu ukuba bathethe ngokukhululekileyo ukuze bafumane iingxelo ezisemthethweni.
Intetho Yentengiso
Intetho yentengiso inendima ekhethekileyo njengomahluko wokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye naxa kungekho mqobo upheleleyo, abameli abasemthethweni bayigqala njenge "ikhuselekile," kunye nale mfundiso yokhuseleko olusikelwe umda lwentengiso ngenxa yokulingana okusemgangathweni kwiingcaciso zomthetho, okokuba ezinye iintlobo zentetho (ngokomzekelo, ezopolitiko) zibaluleke kakhulu. Lo mgangatho wokhuseleko oluphakathi lukarhulumente uvumela ukulawula okanye ukulahlekisa izibhengezo zorhwebo ngoxa ukhusela ulwazi oluyinyaniso lorhwebo.
Urhulumente unakho ukukwalela ukuxoka okanye ukukhohlisa kwentengiso, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokuxhobisa umgangatho wokuhlola ophakathi osetyenziswa kwimiqathango emininzi yentengiso. Oku kukhetha kuphawula umdla onamandla karhulumente wokukhusela abathengi kubuqhetseba nakubuqhetseba evenkileni.
Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngeenkundla Nenkululeko Yokuthetha
Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa ngokuyintloko kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika, iinkundla zezinye idemokhrasi zikwanendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe neenkundla zomGaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke zilwa neengxaki ezifanayo phakathi kwentetho namanye amaxabiso, nangona zidla ngokufikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwizithethe nenkcubeko ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu, ichaza iGama 10 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu, ekhusela inkululeko yokuthetha. Iinkundla zaseYurophu ngokuqhelekileyo zivumela imiqathango emikhulu yokungavumelani nentetho yentiyo nokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo kunokuba iinkundla zaseMerika zivumele, zibonakalise amava nemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo embali. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla eKhanada, eOstreliya, namanye amazwe aqhelekileyo aye avelisa iindlela zawo zokulungelelanisa iinjongo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye nezilangazelelo eziphikisanayo ezinjengokulingana nokulingana nesidima.
Ezi ntlobo zamazwe ngamazwe zibonisa ukuba nangona ukukhusela kwenkululeko yokuthetha kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ubuchule obukhethekileyo bokukhusela buxhomekeke kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko, kwimizekelo engokomthetho, nakwimigangatho yenkcubeko. Uhlalutyo lolwazi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchonga lungazisa iingxoxo ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nendima yeenkundla ekukhuseleni ukuchaza.
Iingxaki Zeenkundla Zexesha Elidluleyo
Ubugcisa bale mihla kunye nemigaqo ehlahlela iintendelezo zibangela ucelomngeni olungazange lubekho ekusebenziseni imigaqo yesithethe yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiimeko ezintsha. Unxibelelwano lwamanani, imigangatho yezentlalo, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, nokutshintsha kwesimo sengqondo sokuthetha intetho echaphazelekayo kufuneka ukuba iinkundla zitshintshe iimfundiso ezimiselweyo ngoxa zigcina imilinganiselo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko.
Ukutshintsha ugcino-lwazi nolwamajelo oluntu
Ukuvela kwamaqonga onxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle kuye kwadala imibuzo entsonkothileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiinkampani zabucala ezilawula ubukhulu bentetho yesidlangalala yale mihla. Ngoxa uHlomelo Lokuqala luthintela ukucocwa koorhulumente, alukuthinteli ngqo ukukwazi kweenkampani zabucala ukulinganisela inkcubeko kwiiplatfomu zazo. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe xa ukungenelela korhulumente kwiqonga kuguqula ubungcazelo bobucala kwisenzo sombuso esilawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko.
Amatyala akutshanje aye athetha enoba amagosa karhulumente avukela uHlaziyo lokuqala ngokuvala abagxeki kumaziko eendaba, enoba iqonga linokufuneka na ukuze lifumane zonke iimbono, nendlela yokulungelelanisa amalungelo abo basebenzisa iqonga okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye neemfuno zabasebenzisi ekungeneni kwifomati. La matyala afuna ukuba iinkundla zisebenzise iimfundiso ezingokwesithethe kwi-fomati nezenzo zikarhulumente kwiteknoloji ezazingekho xa ezo mfundiso ziveliswa.
Inkcazelo Nendaba Yobuxoki
Ukwanda kwenkcazelo engachananga nokuququzelelwa kwe-intanethi ngabom kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho umthetho ongakumbi wokuthetha. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise phakathi kokukhusela iingcamango zentengiso nokulungisa umonakalo wokwenene kumaphulo alungelelanisiweyo olwazi, ukugxadaza kwamanye amazwe kunyulo, kunye nenkcazelo engeyonyaniso yezonyango. Ucelomngeni lukuphuhlisa imilinganiselo evumela urhulumente ukuba alungise iingozi ezinkulu ngaphandle kokwenza izixhobo zokuphengulula iimbono ezingathandwayo okanye eziphikiswayo.
Iinkundla zisoloko zisithi intetho yobuxoki ifumana ukhuseleko oluqinileyo loMphetho-mvakalo wokuqala, ingekho intlekele ecacileyo enjengentlebendwane okanye ubuqhetseba. Le ndlela ibonakalisa ukungaqiniseki ngobuchule bukarhulumente bokufumana inyaniso nenkxalabo yokuba amagosa anika amandla okusohlwaya "amaphephandaba anyuke" ngokungenakuphepheka aya kukhokelela ekucinezeleni ukungavumelani nokugxekwa okusemthethweni.
Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Namathumbu Anzulu
Inkqubela-phambili yobuchule obungeyoyamvelo incede ukudalwa kweevidiyo zenkohliso, iividiyo ezivakalayo, iirekhodi zesandi, kunye nemifanekiso enokusetyenziswa ukusasaza inkcazelo okanye ukuphazamisana nodumo. Iinkundla kufuneka zimisele indlela ezikhoyo iiplani ezisebenza ngayo kwi-Al eziqulethwe yiAl kwaye nokuba ngaba imiqathango emitsha iyimfuneko ukucombulula iingozi ezikhethekileyo ezibangelwa ngulo bugcisa. Olu celomngeni lubandakanya ukukhusela intlalo-ntle nokusetyenziswa okusemthethweni kwe-Al ngelixa kuthintela iinkqubo zobungendawo ezinokuthi zicukucel ’ intetho yedemokhrasi okanye zingquzukise amalungelo omntu ngamnye.
IiNkcukacha Zokuthetha
Iingxoxo ezingenkululeko yokuthetha ezikolejini ziye zakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ekubeni iinkundla zilungisa iimbambano phakathi kwentetho eyomeleleyo kunye neembopheleleko ezingokweziko zokulwa iinguqu nokubandakanya. Iityala zibandakanya izithethi eziphikisanayo, ukuqhankqalaza kwabafundi, amaqela okuphendula okunekhethe, kunye nemigaqo yokuthetha. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise imigaqo emiselweyo ephathelele ukufikelela koluntu nokucalucalucalulo loluntu ngoxa zigqala iinkonzo zemfundo zabafundi kunye namalungelo abafundi ukuba bafunde kwiimeko ezikhululekileyo ekuhlaselweni.
La matyala adla ngokukhuphisana ngokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, njengoko abaqhankqalazi besithi banelungelo lokuthetha ngoxa bezama ukuthintela abanye ekuthetheni. Iinkundla zimele zigqibe xa ukuqhankqalaza kuphazamisana ngokungekho mthethweni yaye xa iiyunivesithi zimisela imiqathango ukuze kulondolozwe ucwangco ngaphandle kokucalucalulana.
Ayinagama
Le nkundla yathi iSinyulo Sokuqala sikhusela ukuthetha okungaziwayo, sixhasa abo balwela amalungelo abantu ababefuna ukusasaza incwadana ethetha ngocalucalulo, yaye inkundla yacaphula imbali ende yokupapasha iimbono ezingaziwayo okanye yabhala amagama angekho mthethweni ukuze kukhuseleke nezinye izizathu, isithi ukuvalwa kwazo zonke iincwadana ezingachazwanga kwakukukhulu gqitha yaye kwakungesosizathu saneleyo sokoyisa inkululeko yokuthetha.
Iinkundla zisoloko zithetha ngezicelo zokubhenca izithethi ezingaziwayo kwi-intanethi kwimiba ehlab ’ isidima nezinye. Kufuneka zivelise imilinganiselo ekhusela amagama angaziwayo ngeli lixa zivumela amaxhoba engozi yokwenene ukuba afune ukubuyiselwa. Oku kulinganisela kufuna ukuqwalaselwa kobugocigoci obusemthethweni, ukubaluleka kokungazazisi isithethi, nokufumaneka kolunye unyango.
Inkqubo yokuyila umGaqo-siseko
Ukuqonda indlela amatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ahamba ngayo kwinkqubo yenkundla kukhanyisa iindlela ezisebenzisekayo iinkundla ezikhusela ngazo amalungelo okuchaza amalungelo. Ukubekwa komGaqo-siseko kubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, ukusuka kwizikhalazo zokuqala ngokubhenela kwizibheno kunye nohlalutyo olunokwenzeka lweNkundla Ephakamileyo.
Ukuma Nokusesikweni
Phambi kokuba iinkundla zithethe ngesidima sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kufuneka zigqibe enoba abamangali banokuma kusini na ukuba ityala linempikiswano efanelekileyo. Ukuma kufuna ukuba kubekho ii-pointstiki ezicacileyo ukubonisa ukona okuqinileyo, ukuchana, nokungaguquguquki. Ezi mfuneko zomda ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zigqibe iimpikiswano zokwenene kunokuba zigqibe imibuzo engaqondakaliyo kwaye izigqibo zokugweba ziya kuba nesiphumo esisebenzisekayo.
Kwiimeko zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kudla ngokuvela imbambano xa abachasi-mthetho becel ’ umngeni imithetho abangekayephuli okanye befuna ukuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kwemiqathango engenakuze isetyenziswe kuyo. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe enoba isisongelo sokunyanzelisa siqinisekile na kwaye sisondele ngokwaneleyo ukuthethelela ukungenelela kwenkundla okanye enoba ityala lifike ngaphambi kwexesha.
IiNqanawa eziQhubelanayo kunye neZithintelo eziBanzi
Amatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo asoloko ebandakanya izicelo zokuthintela imiqathango yokuthetha ngexesha iqhubeka. Iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlolo olukhethekileyo phambi kwemiqathango ``izenzo zelo rhulumente ezithintela ukuthetha ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke'. Ukuqonda ukuba imiqathango enjalo iyingozi kakhulu ekuchazeni inkululeko. Umthetho onamandla ochasene nemithetho yangaphambili kuthetha ukuba urhulumente ujongene noxanduva olunzima xa ufuna ukuthintela ukupapashwa okanye ukuboniswa kwangaphambili.
Xa zivavanya izicelo zokukhululeka kokuqala, iinkundla ziqwalasela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iphumelele kwiimfanelo, ingozi engalungisekiyo, ulungelelwano lwesiko, nomdla woluntu. Kwityala lenkululeko yokuthetha, iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba imiqathango yokuchaza idla ngokubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka ongenakulungiswa kamva, ukwenza ukukhulula kokuqala kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo.
Imbonakalo Nocelomngeni Olusetyenziswayo
Imingeni yokuthetha ekhululekileyo inokuba bubuso obubonisa ukuba akukho mithetho engekho semthethweni kuzo zonke izicelo, okanye isetyenziswa, ixabana nokuba umthetho awumiselwanga njengoko kusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile. Imiqobo yobuso ijongene nemiqobo ephezulu, njengokuba abachazi-magama kufuneka babonise ukuba akukho seko lwemeko apho umthetho unokuba usemthethweni usebenza khona. Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwemingeni ekhethekileyo yetyala, kunokwenzeka ukuba iinkundla zivumele ukuphelisa izicelo ezithile ngexa zishiya umthetho ungadibaniselwa ezinye iinjongo.
Ukhetho phakathi kobuso kunye neengxaki ezidityanisiweyo luchaphazela ubuchule bokwenza uphando kunye nobungakanani boncedo lwezahlulelo. Ukungasebenzi kobuso kunika ukhuseleko olubanzi kwintetho kodwa kufuna ukudibana nemigangatho efuna inkqenkqeza phambili yomthetho. Njengoko iingxaki ezisetyenziswayo zinokuphumelela kodwa zinikeze ukhuseleko olumxinwa, lungashiya abanye besengozini kwimiqathango efanayo.
Impembelelo Yokugweba Ngokungathethi
Ukuqulunqwa kweenkundla kuphembelela imfundiso ebalaseleyo yenkululeko yokuthetha, njengoko abagwebi bechaza iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo zezomthetho nokuphendula imibuzo engokomgaqo-siseko. Ukutyunjwa koomongameli kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla eziphantsi zephondo kumisela umthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha kwizizukulwana, njengoko izigqibo zezomthetho zimisela imizekelo ekhokela amatyala kwixesha elizayo.
Iintanda-bulumko zezomthetho ezahlukeneyo zivelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwimibandela yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Izazi zoqobo zifuna ukutolika uMbetho wokuqala ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo, ngoxa abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko bephikisa ukuguqulela kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Oku kungafani kwendlela yokuthetha kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingafaniyo malunga nomlinganiselo wokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha nokungavunyelwa kwemiqathango karhulumente.
Iingcamango zeenkundla zikwachaphazela iziphumo kwiimeko zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, nangona zingasoloko zikho ngeendlela ezithelekelelwayo. Ngoxa abagwebi ababambelele kwimigaqo engqongqo nabakhululekileyo besenokungavumelani ngeembambano ezininzi zomGaqo-siseko, maxa wambi kuveliswa imibutho engaqhelekanga, njengoko abagwebi abaneembono ezahlukeneyo bemanyene ngokumanyeneyo kwimiqathango ekwabelaneni ngenkululeko okanye imibandela ekhuphisanayo efana nokulingana nesidima.
Iindlela Zokunyanga Nokunyanzelwa Kwimiba Yokuthetha
Xa iinkundla zifumanisa ukuba urhulumente waphula amalungelo okuthetha, kufuneka enze iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuthethelela loo malungelo nokuthintela ukuphulwa kwemithetho kwixesha elizayo. Imimiselo ekuthethweni ngenkululeko yokuthetha ingaquka imiqathango yokungagunyaziswa kwemiqathango engekho mthethweni, ukonakaliswa kwemivuzo yokwaphula umthetho kwangaphambili, kunye nesigwebo sokungathobelwa kwemithetho okanye imigaqo-mthetho ecelw
Isiqabu esivalekileyo sibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, njengoko sikhusela ukwaphulwa okuqhubekayo kwaye sikhusela ukubonakaliswa kwexesha elizayo. Iinkundla kufuneka zimisele ngocoselelo ukucombulula ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokumisela ngokungeyomfuneko imisebenzi esemthethweni karhulumente. Umlinganiselo wokukhululeka okungathethekiyo.
Umonakalo kwimicimbi yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo usebenza zombini iinkonzo zokonzakalisa kunye nokuthintela. Nangona imbuyiselo yemali ingenakukulungisa ngokupheleleyo ukulahleka kwamathuba okuchaza, umonakalo unganika ezinye iimpendulo zokwaphula umthetho kwangaphambili kwaye ubangele intshukumisa kumagosa karhulumente ukuba awahlonele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iimfundiso zokukhusela ezifanelekileyo zidla ngokukhusela amagosa ngamanye kwityala, zithintela iziphumo zokuthintela isuti zomgaqo-siseko.
Ulwalamano Phakathi Kweenkundla Namanye Amasebe
Iinkundla azisebenzi ngokuzimela ngokwazo xa zikhusela amalungelo okuthetha. Izigqibo zazo zisebenzisana nezenzo zamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo, zidala inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amagosa asemthethweni amisela imithetho ekufuneka ayihlole, ngoxa amagosa aphetheyo eqinisekisa ukuba loo mithetho ikho kwaye ayikhusela enkundleni. Le migaqo ilawula ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso yenkululeko yokuthetha nokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha
Xa iinkundla zivala imiqathango yokuthetha, iziwiso-mthetho zingaphendula ngokumisela imithetho ehlaziyiweyo elungiselelwe ukusingatha inkxalabo yomgaqo-siseko ngeli xesha zisafuna iinjongo zazo zomgaqo-siseko. Le ngxoxo phakathi kweenkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ingenza uphuculo lolwahlulo lwemithetho yokuthetha, njengoko isebe ngalinye lisabela kwizenzo zomnye. Noko ke, isenokukhokelela kwiimfazwe eziqhubekayo xa iintlanga zizama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukubeka imiqathango yentetho ngendlela iinkundla ezifumana ingagunyazizo.
Izigqibo zokwalathisa ulawulo zikwachaphazela ukukhuselwa okusebenzisekayo kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Abatshutshisi namanye amagosa basebenzisa ubulumko xa begqiba enoba bafanele banyanzelise imiqathango yokuthetha, kwaye ukhetho lwabo lunokuhlonela okanye lujonge imilinganiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zisenokuhlola izigqibo zokunyanzeliswa kokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, kodwa abanako ukulawula ingqiqo engqalileyo kubatshutshisi kwiimeko ezininzi.
Indima Yemibutho Yokulawula Nemibutho Eshwankathelayo
Ukuzimela ngenkululeko yokuthetha kudla ngokubandakanyeka kwinxaxheba yemibutho ethengisa ii-amicus curiae (umhlobo wenkundla) ezichaza iimpikiswano neembono ezongezelelekileyo. Iintlangano ezifana ne-American Civil Liberties Union, iFoundation for Inigly Rights and Express, kunye nemibutho emininzi yamajelo eendaba inenxaxheba rhoqo kumatyala enkululeko yokuthetha, inika iinkundla ubuchule kunye nemigaqo yokuhlalutya okungaphaya koko kuthethwa ngamaqela ngokwawo.
Iingxelo ezifutshane zeAmicus zinokuziphembelela ngokuphawulekayo izigqibo zomthetho ngokubalaselisa iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zemithetho eyahlukeneyo yomthetho, ngokunikela ubungqina obucacileyo malunga nomgaqo wokuthetha, kunye nokubonakalisa inkxaso ephangaleleyo kwizikhundla ezithile. Iinkundla zisoloko zikhankanya iingxoxo ezi-amicus kwiimbono zazo, kwaye ubukho bemichiza emininzi ye-amicu bubonisa intsingiselo ebanzi yamatyala angaphaya kwamaqela akhoyo.
Le mibutho ikhetha ngenyameko amatyala afanele ukusiwa phambi kweenkundla, ifuna izibakala ezilungileyo kunye neencwadi ezibonisa uvelwano ukuze kumiselwe imizekelo eluncedo. Ngokulungelelaniswa kwamaphulo okukhuthaza, amaqela anxibelelanayo anokukwandisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo okanye akhusele amalungelo amiselweyo.
Iingxaki Ezisebenzisekayo Zokungathethi
Ukuqonda ezi ngcamango kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba amatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo abaluleke ngaphezu kwemigaqo engekho mthethweni.
Impembelelo Yentetho Yezobupolitika
Ukhuseleko lwentetho ekhululekileyo lubangela ukuba kubekho ingxubusho eyomeleleyo yezopolitiko kunye nokugxekwa korhulumente, okuyimfuneko kwizenzo zobudemokhrasi. Izigqibo zenkundla ezikhusela ukubonakaliswa kwezopolitiko ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokwentsingiselo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, bamele baxhase iinguqu zenkqubo, baze bagcine amagosa enziwe amatyala. Ngaphandle kokukhuselwa ngokuqinileyo kwentetho yezobupolitika, urhulumente ungazithintela ukuchasana nokuzikhusela ekugxekweni.
ISihlaziyo Sokuqala sangqineka siluncedo kakhulu kumbutho wamalungelo abantu woo1950 nawowee1960, yaye izenzo ezicacileyo zabaqhankqalazi nabaxhasi zakhokelela ekukhuleni kwemizekelo yokuQalisa Umgaqo-nkqubo, ukwandisa imigaqo echazayo. Lo mzekelo wembali ubonisa indlela ukukhuselwa kwentetho okunceda ngayo imibutho yentlalo neenguqulelo zezobupolitika.
Imiphumo Kumaziko eendaba Nakumajelo Eencwadi
Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ihlala iyinkululeko exabisekileyo nebalulekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokuwagxeka amagosa karhulumente, babhenca urhwaphilizo lukarhulumente, baze basasaze izinto phantse nakuwuphi na umbandela, ongenayo imiqathango emininzi yangaphambili nezinye iintlobo zokuhlola. Izigqibo zenkundla ezikhusela inkululeko zicinezela uondaba abaphandi kunye nokuziphendulela korhulumente, zilungiselela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi.
Umgangatho wobubi omiselwe kwiNew York Times v. Sullivan, umzekelo, wenze ukuba kunikelwe ingxelo enobundlobongela kumagosa karhulumente nakwimicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke ngokunikela ukhuseleko kwiisuti zokuhlabhliswa ezicetyelwe ukugquma amatyala. Ngaphandle kolu khuselo lomthetho, imibutho yamajelo-ndaba ingabandakanyeka kwinkonzo yobuqu egqithiseleyo ukuphepha ukubiza imali eninzi, inciphisa ulwazi olufumanekayo kubemi.
Imiphumo Yokuthetha Ngamnye
Izigqibo zenkundla ezikhusela indlela umntu avakalelwa ngayo zinceda abantu bathethe, bavakalise iimbono zabo ezingeyomfuneko, yaye banikele intetho yesidlangalala bengasoyiki isohlwayo sikarhulumente.
Ukungenelela kwenkundla kumatyala anjalo kuthethelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kwaye kumisela imizekelo ekhusela abanye kwiimeko ezifanayo. Ukukhuselwa kwezi zigqibo kwenza abantu bathethe ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni.
Imigaqo Engundoqo Isebenza Kwimiba Yokuthetha
Ukuqonda le migaqo kusinceda siqonde indlela iinkundla eziyijonga ngayo indima yazo njengabakhuseli benkululeko ecacileyo.
Imbono Yokungathabathi Nto
Iinkundla zimi ngelithi urhulumente akathathi cala ngeembono eziboniswa kwintetho. Nangona maxa wambi urhulumente enokuthi alawule intetho esekelwe kumbandela okanye kudidi oluthile, akanakukhetha okanye angayithandi imbono ethile kwezo ntlobo.
Ucalucalulo lwembono lubangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokungqongqo ikomiti egwebayo yaye lungaze luvunyelwe. Kwanaxa urhulumente elawula iindidi zentetho ezingakhuselekanga ezifana nezobunyhuku okanye amagama okulwa, ayinakwenza oko ngendlela ecalulayo ngokwembono. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo yokuthetha isebenza kwiinjongo ezifanelekileyo kunokuba isetyenziswe ziingcamango ezithandwayo.
Ukutya Ngokugqithiseleyo
Iinkundla zikhupha imiqathango yokuthetha egqithisileyo, etshayelela umlinganiselo othe kratya wokuthetha okukhuselweyo kunye nayiphi na intetho engakhuselekanga ezijolise kuyo ngokufanelekileyo. Imfundiso egqithisileyo iyaqonda ukuba imiqathango ebanzi ingumlomo okhuselweyo, njengokuba abantu bephepha intetho enokuthi iwele kumgangatho womthetho nokuba ekugqibeleni ifumana ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.
Ngokufanayo, iinkundla ziwisa imiqathango yokuthetha engacacanga engakwaziyo ukunikela isaziso esicacileyo sentetho eyalelweyo. Imithetho yetyala ibangela ukungaqiniseki ngokubangela ukungaqiniseki ngoko kuvumelekileyo kwaye imema ukunyanzeliswa ngokungekho ngqiqweni ngamagosa. Le mfundiso ifuna ukuba imiqathango yokuthetha icace ngokwaneleyo ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo banokukuqonda oko kwalelweyo kwaye amagosa agunyazisayo anesikhokelo esaneleyo sokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ukuhambisa ithala elinamacala amaninzi
Xa urhulumente emisela imiqathango yokuthetha ukuze kufezwe izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo, iinkundla zifuna ukuba imiqathango ilungiswe ngokufutshane ukuze kuphunyezwe ezo njongo ngaphandle kokuthintela ukubonakaliswa okungeyomfuneko okukhuselekileyo. Lo mgaqo uthintela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzisi iinjongo ezifanelekileyo njengeenjongo zokuhlola okubanzi kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango yokuthetha ayibalulekanga kakhulu.
Uhlalutyo oluncinci lomthungi luqwalasela ukuba ngaba ezinye izinto ezingezizo ezingqongqo zingazifikelela iinjongo zikarhulumente ngaphandle kokubeka imiqathango eninzi. Ukuba urhulumente unokuziphumeza iinjongo zakhe ngolo xanduva lungabonisi mthwalo, iinkundla ziya kwenza imiqathango ebanzi ingalungelelaniseki. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuba urhulumente asebenzise ubuchule bokuyila imimiselo yokuthetha aze aqwalasele ezinye iindlela zokuyimisa.
Imithombo Yokuqonda Umthetho Wokuthetha
Abo bafuna ukuphucuka ukuqonda kwabo indlela iinkundla ezikhusela ngayo amalungelo okuthetha ngenkululeko, oovimba abaninzi banikela ulwazi olubalulekileyo kunye nohlalutyo. U.S. i-website yezentengiselwano yemfundo [ inikela izinto zokufundisa malunga namalungelo equlurreant judia kunye nomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo. [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] ibhekisa phambili kwinkululeko yeLibrebon Union [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] ibonelela iiprojekthi ezithi zemali [[FL:] [iiiiiiiiiiinkcukacha eziphezulu] [iimeko ezithe ngokukhululekileyo] [FLT] [5]
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokhuseleko Lokuthetha Ngenkululeko
Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye norhulumente ophazamisanayo. Ngokuwachaza ngenyameko amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ukusetyenziswa kwemizekelo emiselweyo, nokuphuhliswa kweemfundiso ezintsha zokucombulula iingxaki ezivelayo, iinkundla zigcina ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kwenkululeko ecacileyo nenkcubeko ekhuphisanayo. Umsebenzi wazo uqinisekisa ukuba iingcamango zokuthengisa zihlala zivulekile, ukuba ukungavumelani nokugxekwa kusenokukhula, kwaye urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuthintela ukuthetha ngenxa nje yokuba zifumana umyalezo unengxaki okanye ugxeka.
Ukhuseleko lomthetho lwenkululeko yokuthetha aluphelelanga, kwaye alufanele lube njalo. Iinkundla ziyayivuma iminqweno esemthethweni karhulumente ekuthinteleni iingozi zokwenyaniso ezinjengogonyamelo, ukutyholwa, kunye nokuqhatha. Ucelomngeni lusekokwahlula phakathi kwemiqathango efeza ezi njongo zifanelekileyo kunye nezo zilingana nokuhlalutywa kweembono ezingamkelekanga. Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka yemiqathango, iinkundla ziye zavelisa isiseko esintsonkothileyo sokwenza ezi mahluko ngelixa kugcinwa ukhuseleko olunamandla ukuze kusetyenziswe.
Njengoko ubugcisa butshintshayo yaye kuvela iindlela ezintsha zokunxibelelana, iinkundla zijamelana nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo ekusebenziseni imigaqo yesithethe yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiimeko ezintsha. Imithombo yezonxibelelwano, ubuntlola obungeyoyamvelo nezinye izinto ezintsha zifuna ukuba iinkundla zilungelelanise iimfundiso ezimiselweyo ngoxa zigcina imilinganiselo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko. Impumelelo yeenkundla ekuhlangabezaneni nezi ngxaki iya kugqiba enoba ukukhuselwa kwamazwi okuzikhusela kuhlala kunenjongo kusini na ngexesha lamanani.
Ekugqibeleni, indima yeenkundla ekulweleni amalungelo okuthetha ibonisa ukuzinikela okusisiseko kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokuzikhusela ngedemokhrasi. Ngokukhusela ilungelo lokuthetha, lokubhala, lokuqhayisa, nokungavumelani, iinkundla zivumela ukuxoxa nokutshintshisana ngeengcamango ezicacileyo eziyimfuneko ekukhululeni ibutho labantu. Lo msebenzi wokugweba ufuna inkalipho, njengoko iinkundla maxa wambi kufuneka zikhusele intetho engathandwayo nxamnye nengcinezelo yoorhulumente. Kwakhona kufuneka ubulumko, njengoko iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise amaxabiso aphikisanayo nezilangazelelo eziyimfuneko ekukhuseleni inkululeko yokuthetha.
Umsebenzi oqhubekayo weenkundla kumatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ubonisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko afuna ukuhlala ephaphile kwaye eluncedo. Amalungelo akakho nje njengemigaqo engekho ngqiqweni kodwa ngokuthethelelwa kwawo kwiimeko ezithile ezibandakanya abantu bokwenene neemeko ezingqinelanayo. Isigqibo ngasinye sokugweba esikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha sinegalelo kwimpucuko ebanzi engaphaya kwenkundla ekwakheni indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, ingxoxo, nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi bedemokhrasi. Lo gama iinkundla ziqhubeka ziphumeza indima yazo njengabalondolozi benkululeko, ilungelo elingundoqo lokuthetha ngenkululeko liya kuhlala likho yinyaniso kunokuba lisithembiso nje esingokwembali.