Indima Yembono Kawonke - wonke Ekupheliseni Imilinganiselo Yoncedo Yamanye Amazwe

Kumaqela eedemokhrasi, iinkqubo zoncedo lwamanye amazwe azidli ngekwenziwa kummandla ongenanto. Ngoxa oonozakuzaku kunye neenkcubeko zophuhliso lobugcisa ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zezentlalo yezentlalo-zwe kunye nohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, amandla amakhulu asoloko ebumba imida yoko kunokwenzeka ngokwezobupolitika: ilizwi likawonke-wonke. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke, enoba lulinganiswa ngogcino-lwazi, okanye lunyuswe ngamaqela abantu abanomdla, ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha egqibayo ekuboneni ukuba uhlanga lunikela uncedo olungakanani kwaye ngubani omele asetyenziswe. Ukuqonda esi sisixhobo esisebenzayo phakathi kolawulo lwabemi norhulumente kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela inkqubela esasazwa ngayo kwixesha langoku. Eli nqaku lihlola iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngoncedo loluntu oluvela kwamanye amazwe, ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yokwenene, kwaye liqwalasela imingeni ebangelwa ziimeko ezikhoyo xa kulawulo oluntlulo lwezintlawulo oluntlulo.

Ukuchaza Uncedo lwasemzini: Ngaphezu kokudluliswa okulula

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe, olukwabizwa ngokuba yi-ODA yoPhuhliso oluPhakamileyo, luquka uludwe olubanzi lwezibonelelo ezisuka kurhulumente abanikelayo ukuya kumazwe amkelekileyo. Iinjongo zalo zahluka ngokufanayo, ziquka uncedo lobuntu, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, iinkqubo zezenkcubeko, imfundo kunye neenkqubo zempilo, kunye nokuxhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda umlinganiselo woncedo lwamanye amazwe kuyimfuneko ngaphambi kokuqwalasela indlela uluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Iindidi Zoncedo Lwasemzini

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkxaso engokwasemthethweni: Uncedo oluthe ngqo olusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye, olusoloko ludibene nonxulumano olucwangcisiweyo okanye ulwalamano lwembali. Umzekelo, iUnited States inika uncedo olubalulekileyo kuSirayeli naseYiputa ngokwezivumelwano zokhuseleko ezimileyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iminikelo yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iBhanki yehlabathi, okanye iibhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi, ezithi zisasaze imali esekelwe kwiindlela zazo. Oku kuvumela amazwe anikelayo aqokelele ubuncwane aze abelane ngoxanduva lwemingeni yomhlaba wonke.
  • Uncedo loluntu olukhoyo: ukukhululeka kwexesha lemnqakam okunikezelwe ngokuphendula kwintlekele zendalo, ungquzulwano, okanye indlala. Olu didi lusoloko lufumana eyona nkxaso kawonke-wonke ebanzi ngenxa yendalo esindisa ubomi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkxaso eChebeneyo kunye noBuko bobuGcisa: Ukuqesha, uqeqesho, kunye nobugcisa bokudlulisa ukujolise ekomelezeni amaziko kunye nekomkhulu loluntu kumazwe abamkelayo.

Umlinganiselo woncedo lwamazwe angaphandle unamandla. Ngokwembutho wezezoqoqosho Co-operation kunye nophuhliso (OECD), i-ODA esuka kumazwe angamalungu eKomiti yoPhuhliso (DAC) ifikelele malunga ne-$20222, iqhutywa ngokwenxenye yinkxaso eyongezelelekileyo ye-Ukraine kunye neempendulo zezifo ezimandundu ( [ODA CD data]). Kodwa eli nani limele inxalenye encinane yamazwe anikelayo GDP, eqhele ukuba ingaphantsi kwe-1%, kwaye uthelekelelo lwasekuhlaleni lokuba zisetyenziswe kangakanani iimpendulo ezidla ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Indlela Abahlali Abawuphembelela Ngayo Umgaqo - siseko Woncedo

Unxulumano phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo yoncedo yamanye amazwe aluchananga. Lusebenza kwimijelo emininzi edityanisiweyo, nganye ineziphene zayo kunye nemiqathango yayo.

Uxinzelelo loMkhosi kunye nokuphendula

Kulawulo-melo, amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka ekugqibeleni ajongene nabavoti. Xa uncedo lwamanye amazwe lusiba yimbambano yokhetho, abezobupolitika banxulunyaniswa ukuze balungelelanise iinkqubo zabo kunye neemvakalelo zikawonke-wonke ezixhaphakileyo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kumazwe apho ukuthandabuza uncedo lwamanye amazwe kuqhubeka ngamandla. Umzekelo, eUnited States, apho uphando lusoloko lubonisa ukuba abemi basoloko bengenamali eninzi kakhulu emalini yoqingqoqingqo-mali enikezelwe kuncedo lwamazwe angaphandle (ngokufuthi inokuba ngu 20% okanye ngaphezulu, xa ikho phantse phantse phantse ku-1%), abachazi bemi bemi beyele izivumelwano zokuphelisa iimfuno zasekhaya. Unyuselo lo lwabiwo-mali lubonisa ukuba lunamandla, ukuba maxa kudlalwano, inkqubo yokhetho lukawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, xa kuthe kuphembele impembelelo yenkqubo yolawulo.

Ukuxhobisa Amaziko Aphakathi Nesicwangciso Se-Agenda

Ingxowa-ndaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni indlela uluntu olulujonga ngayo uncedo lwamanye amazwe. Xa izibhengezo zeendaba zibalaselisa imisebenzi yenkqubela ephumelelayo okanye inkxaso kawonke-wonke etsala umdla, idla ngokunyuka. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukugquma kwenkohlakalo, inkunkuma, okanye uncedo oluxhasa ngokungaziyo ulawulo olucinezelayo lungatshabalalisa inkxaso ngokukhawuleza. Isiphumo se-CNN [[[FLT: 1]] ichaza inkcukuthetho enzulu yesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi ngeengxaki zobuntu, njengemeko ye-1999 i-Kurdish yemax e-Iraq eIraq okanye inyikima yomhlaba ye-Haiti, ikhupha uxinzelelo lukawonke kurhulumente ukuze luphendule ngoncedo. Kulamvo, uluvo lukawonke, ukuphendula ngenkcazelo ebalaseleyo kunye nokuchaza, ukuqhuba ngempumelelo kwenkqubo ekhawulezayo.

Amaqela anomdla, ama - NGO, namaphulo olawulo

Imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente namaqela angenazikhundla zobugqwirha asebenza njengemibutho encedisanayo phakathi kwabaququzeli boluntu kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Imibutho efana ne-ONTP ICandelo, i-Oxfam, kunye noogqirha abangenayo Imidali bayabandakanyeka kwimfundo yasekuhlaleni kunye nemigudu yokulungiselela inkxaso yoncedo olukhethekileyo. Kwakhona baqhuba intsebenziswano engqalileyo yamagosa karhulumente. Xa la maqela ephumelela ekumiseleni uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle njengomthetho oyimfuneko okanye umcimbi wenzala yesizwe, angaguqula imbono kunye nemigaqo kawonke wonke. Amaphulo anjengeNtloko yeJubili 2000 enzelwe inkxaso yeemeko zoncedo, ibonisa indlela okulungelelanisa iziko eziphambili, kuquka ukurhoxilongwa kweebhiliyo zemali ezingamawaka ezigidi zemali ezingamawaka eebhulomi.

Referenda kunye nolawulo-lawulo-lawulo oluthe Tyaba

Kwamanye amazwe, abemi banelizwi elithe ngqo elikwinkqubo yoncedo ngokusetyenziswa kwe-arhenda okanye amanyathelo okukhetha ibhola. Ngelixesha kunqabileyo, ezi nkqubo zinganika uphawu olucacileyo lwezinto ezikhethwa nguwonke-wonke. Umzekelo, eSwitzerland, apho idemokhrasi engqalileyo ilisiseko senkqubo yezobupolitika, abavoti baye bavavanya imibandela ethile enxulumene noncedo, njengeminikelo kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe okanye uqingqo-mali lwentsebenziswano. Aba bavoti banyanzelela ungquzulwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kokhetho oluqhelekileyo nelwenziwa yinkqubo ephambili, maxa wambi ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezibangela ukuba abasemaluntwaneni borhulumente bamangalise.

Ukulinganisa Umlinganiselo Wembono Yabantu Ngamazwe: Oko Siyakwazi

Uphando oluninzi kunye nophando oluninzi luye lwahlola izinto ezibangela ukuba abemi bathandwe ngendlela abajonga ngayo uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle. Izinto ezingundoqo ezifunyenwe kolu phando ziquka:

  • Imilinganiso yomlinganiselo: Ngaphesheya kwamazwe e-OECD, abemi bamazwe bathe qelele ukuqiqa ukuba urhulumente wabo uchitha malini kuncedo lwamanye amazwe. EUnited States, umlinganiselo woqikelelo ngu 31% woqingqo-mali lwezwe, ngeli lixa inani loqobo limalunga no-1%. Lo msantsa phakathi koluvo kunye nenkqubo yokukhetha, njengoko abemi abakholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemali kutyekele ekuthandeni kakhulu ukusikwa.
  • [[NTLA] Inkcazo yeDomestic Journic: Uhlolo lubonisa rhoqo ukuba abemi bahlahlela imiba yasekhaya efana nonyango, imfundo, nezibonelelo zemali ngaphezu koncedo lwamanye amazwe. Xa becelwa ukuba bakhethe, abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukuchitha imali ekhaya.
  • [[NTL:0] Izibuko loncedo loluntu: Ngaphandle kokuthandabuza malunga noncedo lophuhliso lwexesha elide, uncedo loncedo lwendalo kunye nongxamiseko luyalela inkxaso kawonke wonke kwiimeko zengqondo. Abantu bakulungele ngakumbi ukunceda xa bebona intswelo ekhawulezileyo namaxhoba acacileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Uluhlu lwezinto ezikhethwayo zokwamkeleka:[ Uwonke-wonke usoloko exhasa uncedo olubotshelelwe kwiimeko, njengeemfuno zolawulo olulungileyo, imilinganiselo yokulwa nokonakala, okanye intsebenziswano kwimicimbi efana nolawulo lokufuduka. Oku kubonisa umnqweno wokuziphendulela neziphumo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Parisan Divisions: Kumazwe amaninzi anikelayo, iingcamango zezobupolitika zingumqondiso onamandla wesimo sengqondo soncedo. Ekhohlo-mntu uthanda ukuxhasa uncedo lwamanye amazwe, ngexa abantu abahlalisayo bethandabuza, beyijonga njengelahleko okanye njengengenangeniso.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Uluvo Lwasekuhlaleni

Ukuhlolisisa amazwe athile kubonisa indlela impembelelo kawonke - wonke enegalelo ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zobupolitika.

IUnited States: Ulwalamano Olunehlombe Noncedo

I-United States yeyona inikezi enkulu ehlabathini, kodwa ulwalamano lwayo noncedo lwamanye amazwe lubunjwe ngumphakathi onzulu. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, amaMelika athe afumana uncedo olugqithisileyo, kwaye oku kuphosakele kuxhasa inkxaso echaphazelekayo kwimiqathango. Noko ke, xa iintlanganiso zinika ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nembono ye1% ekhoyo yoqingqo-mali, inkxaso yokulondoloza okanye kwanokwanda koncedo. Oku kucebisa ukuba [[FLT: 0] uluvo lukawonke-wonke lulungile kunembono kawonke-wonke . Ingqungqungquthela, esabela kakhulu kwiimbono ze-Genethwethwa, idla ngokuphuma kwezixhobo zoncedo lwemali, inkxaso ephambili kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zasekhaya. UPieroe, ukusungula ukubonelela okucacileyo komdlalo oluphambili komdlalo lwamanduku-emeevemental lwemeko yoncedo lwe-Genegeast (EmeARGenepar) phantsi koncedo lwe-Gene-GenePFRAP). UGeorge

IBhunga: Ukuzinikela novuselelo lwalo

I-United Kingdom yayingumxhasi ophambili wenkxalabo yehlabathi lonke yokuchitha u-0.7% ye-Gross National Infige (GNI) kuncedo lwamanye amazwe. Kwiminyaka, uvumelwano olunqamlezileyo lwaxhasa eli xhoba, kwaye uluvo lukawonke-wonke, nangona lungazange ludibene kakhulu, alukhange luyichase. Noko ke, iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho ezilandela ingxaki yemali ka-2009 kunye ne-COVID yobhubhanirfere iguqula umhlaba wezopolitiki. Urhulumente, ojongenengxaki yezezonyango lwasekhaya, waphikisa ukuba ukucutha imali kwakuyimfuneko ekulawuleni imicimbi kawonke. Abagxeki betyala inkqubela ende yexesha kunye nodumo lwe-UK. Ingxoxo ebalaselluke ngendlela uluvo lwasekuhlaleni olunokuyitshintsha ngayo [[FLD:0] kunye nokunganyibilikiswa ngokunjalo, ngokokuthelelwa kwe-ulawulo lwe-U.[FT.1], i-U.

Amazwe AseNordic: Inkxaso Kawonke - wonke

Amazwe ase-Nordic akwisikhundla esithe rhoqo phakathi kwezona zibonelelo eziphanayo ezinxulumene ne-GDP, i-Norway, neDenmark ziye zadibana ngokwembali okanye zadlula ixhoba elingu-0. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kula mazwe lubonakala luluncedo ngakumbi kuncedo lwamanye amazwe kunakwamanye amazwe amaninzi anikelayo. Oku kubhekiswa kwimiba emininzi: isithethe esinamandla somanyano loluntu kunye nolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe, amaphulo okufundisa uluntu ngenkqubela phambili kunye nee-NGO, kunye nemigangatho esezantsi yentelekiso engekho mthethweni malunga nokusetyenziswa koncedo. Imeko ye-Nordictic ibonisa ukuba ushishino oluthelweyo kwimfundo yemfundo lungenza umjikelelo olungileyo , apho oorhulumente abazizileyo nabaxhasayo banceda abantu ukuba balondoloze imigaqo-yo yoncedo olude.

Ucelomngeni Neentsilelo Zempembelelo Kawonke - wonke

Nangona imbono yabantu ingenakukhanyelwa, impembelelo yayo kuncedo lwamanye amazwe ikho iingxaki. Kukho iingxaki ezininzi ezimele ziqwalaselwe.

Ingxaki yolwazi oluphosakeleyo noLukhetho olungasebenziyo

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lulungile kuphela njengokuba ulwazi olusekelwe kulo. Njengoko imeko yase-U.S. ibonisa, iingcinga ezisasazekileyo ezingeyombono yoncedo oluthe lwandiswa zizinto ezikhethwayo ezingekho ngqiqweni. Ngaphezu koko, kubemi abaninzi, uncedo lwamanye amazwe luyimbambano ephantsi xa ithelekiswa nemisebenzi, unyango, okanye imfundo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iimbono zisoloko zingalungelelaniseki kwaye ziphenjelelwa lula ngoomatshini bokugcina ulwazi okanye ubugcisa bezobupolitika.

Ingxaki Phakathi Komnqweno Othandwayo Nosukelo Olufanelekileyo

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe lusoloko lusetyenziswa ukufikelela iinjongo ezinde zobuchule, ezifana nokwakha izivumelwano, ukukhuthaza uzinzo kwimimandla eguqukayo, okanye ukusingatha iingxaki zomhlaba jikelele ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokungalungiseleli kobhubhani. Ezi njongo azisoloko zihambisana nezikhethelo zikawonke-wonke ezifutshane, ezidla ngokuxhasa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ezibonakalayo. Umzekelo, abantu bangaxhasa uncedo lwengozi kodwa banganenzondelelo engezibonelelo zemali kwimisebenzi yenkqubela phambili yexesha elide kumazwe abuthathaka, kwanaxa oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ekuzinziseni okuhlala kuhleli. Oorhulumente kufuneka basebenzise olu xinzelelo, ukulungelelanisa ulwanolwazi ngemfuneko yokulandela inkqubo eluncedo, eluncedo yamazwe angaphandle.

Ubungozi Bendlela Yokutsala Imbumbulu

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibutho yepopulist kumazwe amaninzi anikelayo iye yabuza ixabiso loncedo lwamanye amazwe, ilubeka njengendawo yokuhlawula imali ehlawulwayo kumazwe angaphandle ngeli xesha iimfuno zamakhaya zihlala zingakhuselwa. Le ntetho inokuba namandla ngokwezobupolitika, ingakumbi ngexesha lokudodobala okanye ixesha lokungalingani okukhulu. Xa iinkokeli ze populistlist zifumana igunya, zinokunciphisa uqingqo-mali okanye ziphinde zibuyelela kuncedo oluncinane, ukhuseleko oluzingenelelayo olunjengomda okanye unyuselo lorhwebo. Oku kubangela umngcipheko wokuba uncedo lwamanye amazwe lube yi- e-atyhefu yezo lwezopolitiki zasekhaya [[FLT]], ukukhunjula ukuzinikela korhwebo olude lwendawo yezizwe.

Ukuqinisa Ikhonkco Loluntu

Ekubeni kubalulekile ukuba abantu bacinge ngezinto ezithile, oorhulumente nabameli benkqubela banokuluqinisa njani unxibelelwano phakathi kokhetho lwabemi abanolwazi nemigaqo yoncedo ephumelelayo?

  • Ukuqinisekisa uNxibelelwano loLuntu: Amasebe oMsebenzi kufuneka afake ijelo kunxibelelwano olucacileyo, olucace gca malunga nendlela uncedo oluchithwa ngayo neziphumo oluphumezayo. Amabali empumelelo, abekwe ngohlobo olufikelelekayo, angakha ukuthemba kunye nokuphikisa ingxelo engeyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intelekelelo ephononongwayo: ulwazi olulula, oluyinyaniso malunga nomlinganiselo wokwenene woncedo olusetyenziswayo lungaguqula isimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke. Abanye oorhulumente baye bazama ukunikezela ngogcino-lwazi oluchanileyo kuphando okanye kumaphulo kawonke-wonke, ngeziphumo eziluncedo kwinkxaso.
  • fract Uncedo njengeMdla Okwabelwanayo: Kunokuba bathembele kuphela kwizibongozo zokuziphatha, abameli kufuneka bagxininise indlela uncedo lwamanye amazwe olunceda ngayo izilangazelelo zamazwe anikelayo, kuquka amathuba ezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko lwempilo yehlabathi lonke, kunye noxinzelelo lofuduko oluncitshisiweyo. Olu xinzelelo lwe-Fragmatic lungatsala ngayo kubaphulaphuli ababanzi.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Engagegi vinities ngokuthe ngqo: intlupheko, njengoluvo lukawonke-wonke, amaqumrhu alawulayo, okanye amaqonga e-intanethi ukuze kufunyanwe uqingqo-mali, zinganika abantu imvakalelo yokuba ngabaphathi kwiinkqubo zoncedo kunye nokukhuthaza uphando oluthe kratya.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Uluvo Loluntu Kwihlabathi Elitshintsha Ngokukhawuleza

Ilizwe loncedo lwamanye amazwe liyajikeleza. Abanikeli abatsha, abanjengeTshayina neIndiya, benza kube nzima ukuva ingxelo yesithethe malunga nokuncedana nokuphuhliswa. Imingeni yomhlaba wonke efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezifo ezimandundu ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano yehlabathi ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili. Kwangaxeshanye, imekobume yolwazi iyaqhekeka, ngezixhobo zonxibelelwano ezisasaza iinkcukacha ezichanileyo kunye nenkcazelo engachananga. Kulo mongo, ukuqonda nokubandakanyeka koluvo lukawonke wonke kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.

Kukho isizathu sokuba nethemba elilumkileyo. Uphando lwengxelo olusuka kwiminyaka yakutshanje lubonisa ukuba izizukulwana ezincinane kumazwe amaninzi anikelayo zicinga kwaye ziyaxhasana emhlabeni wonke. I-Ipssos Imfundo yeSimi samazwe ngamazwe [ kwaye iingxelo ezivela kwiFoldiseats Development Institute [[ ibonisa ukuba inkxaso yoncedo, ngoxa ingekho i-ftformation, ihlala iqinile. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi benkqubo kukubophelela le nkxaso ngokusebenzisa umbango wamanye amazwe ngokwemi ngoncedo oluhambisana namaxabiso kunye nezilangazelelo zabemi.

Ekugqibeleni, indima kawonke-wonke yoluvo ekulungiseni inkqubo yoncedo lwamanye amazwe libali elinyanzelekileyo kunye namathuba. Linyanzelwa ngokubeka imida koko kunokwenzeka ngokwezobupolitika, ingakumbi kumaxesha obunzima basekhaya. Kodwa kwakhona idala amathuba okuba nesibindi xa abemi bebotshwa kwaye benolwazi. Ukwakha inkqubo yoncedo olusebenzayo noluxhaswayo lwehlabathi lonke akuyi kufuna nje ubuchule bobugcisa kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika kodwa kukwafuneka ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kwingxoxo yedemokhrasi[ inxulumene nabemi bemeko enzulu nezixhobo zokhetho ezifanelekileyo ezimelelwalu ncedo lwasemzini.

Kwihlabathi elidityanisiweyo, apho iziphumo zokungalingani nokungaguquguquki zinqumla imida, ilizwi likawonke-wonke liza kuhlala libalulekile kwingxoxo eqhubekayo emalunga nendlela amazwe asabelana ngayo ngobuncwane bawo kunye neembopheleleko zawo.