Njengoko ixesha lokuphila linyuka kwaye umlinganiselo wokuzala uncipha, amazwe ajongene notshintsho olungathethekiyo. Ngonyaka wama-2050, inani labantu abaneminyaka engama-60 nangaphezulu lilindeleke ukuba lifikelele ku-2.1 amawaka ezigidi, ukusuka kwiwaka lezigidi ngonyaka wama-2019, ngokwe iZizwe ezimanyeneyo [. Oku kutshintsha kweendawo ezinxinzelelwayo kwinkqubo yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni, izibonelelo zezempilo, kunye neentengiso zemisebenzi. Indlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo ngokubhekisele kakhulu kwimodeli yabo – kwimimiselo yezobupolitika, yezoqoqosho, kunye nezakhiwo zezentlalo ezilawula izigqibo. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile ekuqhubeni inkqubo yokwenziwa nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhoyo kuxhasa uluntu olusaluphalayo.

Imboniselo yeemodeli zolawulo

Iimodeli zolawulo azinakusetyenziswa nge-odoli; zikho ngohlobo olubonakalisa izithethe zembali, izithethe, kunye nezinto eziphambili zezoqoqosho. Iindidi ezintathu ezibanzi – ulawulo-melo olukhululekileyo, ulawulo-melo, kunye nolawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo lolawulo-bulusi – ngalinye lamkela iindlela ezicacileyo zokufumana intlalo-ntle kunye nokhuseleko lwakudala. Ezinye iintlanga zikwadibanisa, zidala iinkqubo ezixubanisayo ezijongene neenkcazelo ezilula.

Ulawulo Oluyinkululeko

Ulawulo-lawulo-mgangathweni lwezibonelelo, njenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, iKhanada, ne-Australia, zidla ngokubeka iliso lomsebenzi womntu ngamnye kunye nenkqubo yentengiselwano. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu zinikela umnatha osisiseko, kodwa urhulumente uyimisela ngabom indima yayo, ukhuthaza iimpesheni zomqeshwa, iiplani zomqeshi-mhlala-phantsi, kunye nemali egciniweyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu lwase-U.S. ixhaswa ngenkxaso-mali ngerhafuthe-ntelo kwaye inika i-ntengiso esezantsi, ngelixa ii-akhawunti zerhafuthe ezithenjiweyo ezifana ne-401(k) kunye ne-IRASssssss faka umngeni wotyalizo womhlala-mhlala-phantsi kubantu abadala. Utyalo womntu okhulileyo udla ngokuba ngumxube we-mali kawonke (Mecare) kunye nezicwangciso zobuqu, eziphuma kwinkcushorensiba yabantu abadala abaninzi.

Le milinganiselo ingumzekelo ingena kuthintelo kunye nokhetho lwabathengi, kodwa isenokukhokelela ekugqumeni izikhewu kunye nokungalingani. Abaphezulu abaphezulu abahlawulwayo, abo banemisebenzi, kunye nabambalwa basengozini yokufumana ubuhlwempu kwimihlala-phantsi. Ngokutsho kweECD, iUnited States inenye yezona nani ziphezulu zobuhlwempu phakathi kwamazwe aphucukileyo, ngokwemo-methezekileyo ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwizisombululo ezisekelwe kwintengiso zezoqoqosho kunye nolwazi lwemali.

Imithetho Elawula Uluntu

Ngokwahlukileyo, ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo lwentlalo olufana ne-Sweden, iJamani, iNorway, neDenmark zibeka urhulumente kwingingqi yentlalo-ntle. La mazwe asoloko esebenza jikelele, iinkqubo zonyango lwerhafu ezikhuselweyo kunye neenkqubo zoluntu ezilungiselelwe ukunikela intlawulo yempesheni yoluntu ezilungiselelwe ukugcina imigangatho ephilayo kubudala obudala. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yempesheni ye-demfa yaseSweden, idibanisa icandelo elihlawulwayo elinobugqeba elilawulwa ngurhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlawulwa okubanzi nokungena engozini. Imodensi ye-inshorensi yentlalo yelizwe iquka i-inshorensiverensile yexesha elide, ngokomzekelo, intsika enikezelweyo engekho kwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Ulawulo-melo loluntu lukwafak ’ isandla kakhulu kwimigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo yokwaluphala – ukunyanyekelwa kwabadala, iinkonzo zokubuyisela umva, amaziko okunyamekela uluntu, neenkqubo zokufundisa ubomi bonke. Umphumo udla ngokuba kukungafumani nxaxheba kwamandla aphezulu abasebenzi abakhulileyo, iziphumo ezingcono zempilo. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zifuna intlawulo ephezulu kwaye zisoloko zivumelana ngokwezobupolitika. Njengoko abantu beminyaka yobudala, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lujongene neengcinezelo ezinyukayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ukwandisa iminyaka yokudla umhlala phantsi, ukutshintsha imigangatho yemali, ukutshintsha ingeniso, kunye nokuphucula imigaqo eluncedo ekulondolozeni iziphumo zocombululo.

Umbhali

Iimodeli zolawulo lombhali, ezifumaneka kumazwe afana neTshayina, iRashiya, iVietnam, neSaudi Arabia, zisoloko zinyanzelisa utshintsho oluphezulu ngaphandle kokhangelo lukawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu zingahlulwa, ezineengenelo ezincinane kubasebenzi basekuhlaleni kunye nezokhuseleko oluncinane kubasebenzi basemaphandleni okanye abangacwangciswanga. Umzekelo, iTshayina, iye yayandisa ngokukhawuleza inkcitho yayo yokhuseleko loluntu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, kodwa imisantsa ephawulekayo isekho phakathi kwabemi basedolophini nasemaphandleni. IBhanki yehlabathi encinane kakhulu] iphawula ukuba abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-40% abasebenza kwinkqubo esemthethweni yomhlala-mali, ishiya abantu abadala abaninzi abaxhomekeke kwinkxaso yentsapho okanye abambalwa.

Ulawulo olugunyazisiweyo lungazalisekisa utshintsho olutshayelela umhlala-phantsi ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ukungabikho kwee-cheke kunye nolungelelwano kusenokuphumela kwiingenelo ezingentle okanye ukurhoxiswa kwemali. Ngaphezu koko, imiqathango kwibutho labemi kunye nezixhobo ezizimeleyo zonxibelelwano ingafihla impembelelo yokwenene yemigaqo-nkqubo yabalupheleyo ababuthathaka. Kwezinye iimeko, oorhulumente abanolawulo olungqongqo basebenzisa iinkqubo zentlalo njengezixhobo zokulawula kwezobupolitika, besasaza iinzuzo kwimimandla okanye kumaqela anyanisekileyo ngoxa betyeshela abanye.

Iiyatha Neemodeli Zokutshintsha

Amazwe amaninzi ayazibetha ngoyaba intlawulo elula. Ngokomzekelo, iJapan idibanisa inkqubo yoluntu yempesheni yoluntu nezithethe ezinamandla zentsapho zokhathalelo lwabadala, kodwa ikwabonisa imingeni yokungaqhami okuphezulu nobude bobomi obugqithisileyo. ISingapore isebenzisa iqhinga elinyanzelekileyo lokulondolozwa kwemali (iNgxowa-mali yemibutho) elawulwa ngurhulumente kodwa elawulwa ngumntu ngamnye, ukudityaniswa kweemeko zolawulo lwedemokhrasi olukhululekileyo nolwentlalo. Amazwe ase-Latin America afana neChile angooovulindlela kwiimpempempempe eziphezulu phantsi kolawulo-mpaka zolawulo lwemikhosi yoozwilaliso, kamva aphinde aphinde aphelise amaqela entlalo emva kokutshintshwa kwedemokhrasi. Ezi ndlela zokungena kwi-dmokhrasi zibonisa okokuba ngumlawuli abalawulayo, ngokufuthi ngokweenzalo lwezingcipheko kunye neenko lwezopolitiki.

Iindlela Zokuthetha Nabemi Abalupheleyo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumzekelo olawulayo, onke amazwe kufuneka ajongene neemeko ezifanayo zabemi: bambalwa abasebenzi abathatha umhlala-phantsi, baninzi abafumana iindleko zempilo, batshintshe izakhiwo zentsapho.

Utshintsho Oluye Lwalahlwa

Iinkqubo zepension ngumgca ophambili wokhuseleko lomgangatho omdala. Iinguqu eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • ukwandisa iminyaka yomhlala-phantsi ukudibanisa nolwandiso lobomi. Amazwe amaninzi sele enyuke ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya kubudala bama-67 okanye 68. Umzekelo, iUnited Kingdom ihamba ukusuka kuma-66 ukuya kumashumi ama-66 ukuya kuma-2046, ngoxa iJamani yaphakamisa iminyaka yayo esezantsi yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ukusuka kuma-65 ukuya kuma-677.
  • Ukwanda kwenani legalelo [ ukugcina amanqanaba emali. Le ndlela ijongene nokungalawuleki kwezobupolitika kuba inyusa iindleko zabasebenzi nabaqeshi. Ulawulo-mthetho lwentlalo olufana neFransi luye lwafumana imibhiyozo yoluntu ngenxa yotshintsho lwempesheni olunika intlawulo.
  • ukusukela kwintlawulo--as-go ukuya kumacebo axhaswayo, apho imali egciniweyo ithengiselwa khona kwiimarike zemali. Ukutshintshela kweChile kwii-akhawunti zomntu ngamnye ngowe-1 1981 kwakhuthaza amazwe amaninzi kodwa kamva ubungqina butyhile iindleko eziphezulu, intengiso esezantsi, kunye neengenelo ezingentle kubasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi, nto leyo ebangela ukutshintsha okungalinganiyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
  • Ukudibanisa inkqubo yolungiso oluzenzekelayo ezidibanisa iingenelo kubude bobomi, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, okanye amaxhoba okufumana imali. I- Sweden “inkqubo yokulungelelanisa izinto ezizenzekelayo” inciphisa iinzuzo xa izinto zingasebenzi, umzekelo onyusa ukulondolozwa kodwa unokuba yimpikiswano yezobupolitika.

Imizekelo yolawulo olulawulayo enokuba nempembelelo enokwenzeka. Ulawulo-melo lwezibonelelo olukhululekileyo lusoloko luxhomekeke kwimibutho ebanzi yezobupolitika kunye neenguqu ezithe zathe ngcembe, ngelixa ulawulo olunegunya lungasebenzisa amatshintshi angalindelekanga. Noko ke, ukuthembana nokulungelelanisa izinto kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba naluphi na utshintsho luphumelele.

Ukukhuthaza Ukwaluphala Okusempilweni

Ubomi obude buxabisekile kuphela ukuba buphilile. Iimali zokukhusela ukunqanda izifo ezingapheliyo, nendlela yokuphila esebenzayo zinokunciphisa umthwalo kwiinkqubo zonyango zize ziphucule nomgangatho wobomi.

  • [[NTL:0] Ukufikelela okungahambelaniyo kwinkathalo engundoqo kunye nokuxilonga kwiimeko ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, isifo seswekile, kunye nomhlaza. Ulawulo-mthetho lwentlalo lunikela ezi nkonzo ngexabiso eliphantsi okanye ngaphandle kwexabiso, ngoxa idemokhrasi ezikhululekileyo zinokuba nezithuba zokugquma okanye ngaphantsi kwabaphezulu abanokungakhange bafumaneke.
  • Ukukhuthaza umsebenzi womzimba kunye nokuzibophelela ngokwentlalo ngeenkqubo zoluntu, ukwakhiwa kwedolophu elingana nobuntu, kunye nezithuthi ezincinane. Inkqubo yeJapan “Freai Kippu" (amathikithi olwalamano lonxulumano) ikhuthaza amatsha abasebenzi bokuzithandela ukunceda akhulileyo ukuba batshintshisele abanye iimali abanokuzisebenzisa kamva – umzekelo wokuyila wenkathalo yoluntu.
  • iinkonzo zonyameko zabadala eziquka ukunyanyekelwa kwasekhaya, ukuncediswa, nokunyanyekelwa kwamakhaya abalupheleyo. I-inshorensi yexesha elide ye-Jamani igquma zombini iziko lolawulo kunye nekhaya, inika iintsapho ubulula. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-United States ixhomekeke kakhulu kuMedicaid, egquma kuphela inkathalo emva kokuba abantu abadala bedibe imali yabo, idala “umgibe wokuzinzisa weentsapho eziphakathi.
  • Ubugcisa bokulungisa izinto [[FLT: 1] obufana ne-teleheath, izixhobo ezicocekayo, kunye neenkqubo ezintle zasekhaya zinganceda abantu abakhulileyo endaweni. Iinkqubo zokufunda nokubhala zamanani zibalulekile ukukhusela “ulwahlulo-hlula-hlula-hlulo” phakathi kwabemi abadala, abathi babalasele kakhulu ekufumaneni okusezantsi nakusemaphandleni.

Ulawulo loMsebenzi noMsebenzi

Ukuphelisa ukuncipha kwemikhosi yabasebenzi, oorhulumente banokukhuthaza abasebenzi abadala ukuba baqhubeke beqeshwa ixesha elide kwaye batsale abaphambukeli abatsha. Imizekelo yolawulo-mthetho olulawulayo ibumba impumelelo yala maqhinga. Idemokhrasi yoluntu inikela amalungiselelo anokuguquka, inkxaso-mali ehlawulwa ngokutsha, kunye nokhetho oluncinane lwemali yomhlala-phantsi olwenza umsebenzi ube nomtsalane. Ulawulo-siseko lwedemokhrasi oluzimeleyo lugxininisa ekususeni imiqobo efana nocalulo lobudala nokunika abaqeshi babo iintshukumisa ukuba baqeshi abakhulileyo baqeshwe ukuba baqeshwe.

Inkqubo yohlaziyo ingummandla onovelwano oluchukumiseke kakhulu. Ulawulo lolawulo lobucukubhede-bhede lungasebenzisa ukufuduka ukuze kuzaliswe ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi kodwa lusoloko luthintela ukuhlaliswa okusisigxina neengenelo zoluntu. Ulawulo-moya lwentlalo luye lwamkela abaphambukeli ngokwembali ukukhuthaza iziseko zerhafu, kodwa utshintsho lwakutshanje lwezopolitiko luye lwazisa ulawulo oluqinileyo oluqinileyo. Kulawulo-democractation, ingxoxo yokufuduka i-luthel ichaphazela amandla okuyila amacebo amanani abantu abahlala ixesha elide. Ngokutsho kwe- INFLTMERGenetary Fund , kwanamazwe amaninzi aphucumileyo, kuya kufuna ukudityaniswa kotshintsho ukuze kulondolo logcino lwezi.

Ukudibana Kwesizukulwana Nenkxaso Yentsapho

Kwizithethe ezininzi zesithethe, intsapho isengunogada ophambili kubantu abadala abakhulileyo. Ngokomzekelo, izithethe zeMpuma Asia, zinezithethe ezinamandla zobungcwele babantwana, kodwa ukuhlala ezidolophini kunye neentsapho ezincinane kuyayiphelisa le nkxaso. Ulawulo lobungqongqo lungagunyazisa iimbopheleleko zentsapho kumthetho-------Democracy of Parents Act yaseSingapore ivumela abantu abadala ukuba bafake ityala abantwana babo ukuze bafumane inkxaso yemali – ukanti amanyathelo anjalo kunzima ukunyanzeleka. Ulawulo-demokhrasi lunika iingenelo oluthe ngqo lwentlalo-ntle emakhaya, lokwenza imigaqo-demokhrasi elungele ukunikezela kweentsapho zabo kwimiqathango yoluntu, ngethuba eliqhelekileyo kulindele ukuba iintsapho ziphumele imiqobo eshicimbini yenkonzo kawonke.

Ukulingana kwemibutho kuyinto exhalatyelwe kakhulu. Abasebenzi abaselula bajongene neerhafu eziphezulu kunye neminikelo yokuxhasa abantu abadala, ngoxa bekwajongene neengxaki zabo zezoqoqosho ezifana netyala labafundi kunye nemali yokuhlala. Iimodeli ezikhuthaza iiprojekthi ezibonisayo, ezizinzileyo zenkxaso-mali kunye nengxoxo exhasayo phakathi kwezizukulwana zikwisikhundla esingcono sokugcina intlalo-ntle. Umzekelo, iDenmark, isebenzisa “ukuhlahlela iziphumo zesizukulwana” inkqubo yokuvavanya iziphumo zexesha elide zemithetho kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yobudala.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Nangona zingafani, zonke iinkalo ezilawulayo zijamelana nemiqobo eqhelekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni nabantu abalupheleyo. Eyona nto inzima iquka ukunqongophala kwemali, ukunyuka kwexabiso lezonyango, ukungalingani kolwazi, nokuxhathisa kwezobupolitika ekuguquleni imicimbi. Umgaqo wexesha elizayo kufuneka ulungelelanise imbopheleleko yemali kunye nomanyano lwentlalo, ukuqhelanisa neenguqu zezobugcisa namanani abantu ngaphandle kokushiya abantu abachanabekayo.

Ukunqongophala kwemali kunye neengcinezelo

Njengoko umlinganiselo wabarhoxi benyuka kubasebenzi, iinkqubo zemali-eyi-e-e-e-homfor-eyent zijongene nentsilelo yesakhiwo. Imisebenzi yokuba iindleko zomhlala-phantsi zikawonke-wonke kwizoqoqosho ezihambele phambili ziza kwanda ngo-1/3% we-GDP ngo-2050, ngoxa impilo kunye nenkxalabo ende yexesha lokunyamekela inganyuka ngenye 2-4% ye-GDP. Amazwe anezoqoqosho olungacwangciswanga, njengeIndiya neBrazil, aya kufumana kunzima kakhulu ukuqokelela iminikelo nokunikezela nokubonelela indalo yonke.

Izicombululo ziquka ukunyusa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ukunciphisa inzuzo yokufumana umhlala-phantsi ophezulu (ukuvavanya) kunye nokwandisa ukubuyiselwa kotyalo-mali kwimali yobutyebi obuphezulu. INgxowa-mali yeRhulumente yePension Global, eyakhiwe kwingeniso ye-oyile, yimodeli yendlela amazwe atyebileyo anokuyifaka ngayo imiqathango emiselwe ixesha elide. Noko ke, ezo ndlela zifuna ulawulo olunamandla kunye nokuzinikela kwezobupolitika okude okusenokuba kusweleka kwimithetho engazinzisingisiyo.

Indleko yezonyango

Abantu abadala basebenzisa inxaxheba enkulu kakhulu kwizixhobo zonyango, ingakumbi kwiminyaka yabo yokugqibela. Ukuqulatha iindleko ngaphandle kokwabela inkathalo kulucelomngeni kuzo zonke iimodeli zolawulo. Imikhosi ephakamileyo iquka imizekelo yexabiso elisekelwe kwixabiso, incoko yamaxabiso eziyobisi (exhaphakileyo kwidemokhrasi), kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamayeza okukhusela. Amagosa orhulumente anokubeka iibhanki ezingqongqo, kodwa oku kunokukhokelela kwizixhobo eziphantsi kwemigangatho kunye namaxesha amaninzi okulinda.

Ubugcisa bunika isithembiso: i-telemedicine inciphisa imithwalo yokuhamba, uhlolo oluncedisiweyo lwe-Al lungacutha iindleko, kwaye iinkqubo zokulawula izifo ezingapheliyo zingalibazisela ixesha elininzi. Kodwa ulwahlulo lwamanani – phakathi naphakathi kwamazwe – luthetha ukuba abantu abadala abangakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala kakuhle okanye abakwazi ukungena kwi-intanethi encinane bangashiywa ngaphandle. Iimodeli zolawulo ezingenisa kwimipu ebanzi kunye noqeqesho lwamanani zisenokubona iziphumo ezingcono.

Ukungalingani Kwabantu Nabemi Abaneemeko Ezininzi

Ukwaluphala akuchaphazeleki kuwo onke amaqela ngokulinganayo. Amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane esizwe, abasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi, nabo basebenza imisebenzi engacwangciswanga badla ngokufumana umvuzo omncinci wobomi, abakwazi ukufikelela kwimihlala-phantsi yabaqeshi, kunye nempilo ephezulu. Kwizixhobo zolawulo-melo ezizinzileyo, iinkqubo zemarike ezisekelwe kwintengiselwano zingawakhuphi amaqela angenalu hlobo kodwa zisenokuzama ukufikelela amaqela aphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu, njengabemi abaphambukeleneyo okanye abangenamakhaya.

Imithetho ethetha ngezi ntlawulo iquka iityala lomhlala-phantsi kwiminyaka yokunyamekela abalupheleyo, iingenelo ezincinane, kunye nokufikelela kuluntu olugciniweyo. I- World Health Organization [ ikhuthaza izixeko ezisezindala ezicinga ukuba zifumaneke, zithatyathwe kwintlalo-ntle, kunye nokhuseleko kubo bonke abahlala khona abadala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafumana malini okanye bavela phi.

Ukuthanda Kwezobupolitika Neziko Lezoburhulumente

Ukhuseleko lwentlalo oluguquliweyo luyingozi ngokwezobupolitika, njengoko ngokufuthi lubandakanya ukunciphisa iinzuzo okanye ukunyusa irhafu. Kwimijikelezo emifutshane yolawulo-melo, imigangatho encinane yokhetho ingadimanisa ukucinga okude kudala. Ulawulo-melo lwentlalo luxhomekeke kwisivumelwano esibanzi kodwa ubuso bungabhebhexeshwa kwimiba ehlawulwayo. Ulawulo lobucukubhede-thetho lungathatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kodwa lungaswela iindlela zokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo ngokunempumelelo. Ukwakha ukuthemba uluntu ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo, ukuphunyezwa okuneenkqubo ezicacileyo, nokubophelela abagcini-mathingi.

Intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke inokuba luncedo. IKhomishini yeNkcubeko eHlanganisiweyo yeNkqubo yoMthendeleko eDibanisiweyo kunye neNtlanganiso yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle yomhlaba wonke inceda ulwazi lwabelana kunye noncedo lobugcisa. Amazwe angafunda kwiimpumelelo nokungaphumeleli komnye, alungelelanise izisombululo kwiimeko zawo zokulawula.

Isiphelo

Indlela isizwe esizilawula ngayo ngokusisiseko indlela esixhasa ngayo abemi baso abalupheleyo. Idemokhrasi yenkululeko igxininisa uxanduva kunye nokhetho lwentengiso, idala ululuvo kodwa kwakhona ukungalingani. Ulawulo-lawulo-mthetho lwentlalo lunika ukhuseleko jikelele, oluxhotyisiweyo, ukufikelela kwixabiso eliphezulu. Ulawulo lobucukubhede bungabangela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, kodwa ngokufuthi ngokulahlekelwa kukucaca nokugquma kwemiqathango yamaqela asezantsi.

Akukho ndlela inye egqibeleleyo enika isisombululo. Imodeli nganye elawulayo kufuneka ibambene neengcinezelo zemali, iimfuno zempilo, kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha kwamanani abantu ngoxa igcina umthetho kunye nomanyano lwentlalo. Eyona migaqo ephumelelayo iza kuba yileyo isekelwe kubungqina, ilungelelanisa iimeko, kwaye ibeke phambili intlalo entle yabantu abadala njengenxalenye engundoqo yebutho labantu. Ngokuqonda indlela eyahlukileyo yokusingatha ezi ngxaki, abenzi benkqubo bayakwazi ngayo ubuchule bobugcisa obuzinziwa ngokuzinzisayo kwaye obuqule, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubomi obude buphila ngesidima nokhuseleko.