Umanyano lwamaqumrhu kawonke-wonke (PPP) luye lwavela njengecebo elilelona libalulekileyo lokulungisa inkcitho yamanzi. Njengoko oorhulumente ehlabathini jikelele bezama ukulwa neenkqubo zokulwa nokwaluphala, ukwanda kwabemi, kunye neziphumo ezikhulayo zemozulu, imfuneko yobugcisa benkxaso-mali kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo zobuchule bezemali ezitshayelelweyo azikhange zidibanene nesiseko solawulo lukawonke-wonke kunye nolawulo lwentlalo-ntle lwentlalo lwezikomkhulu, impumelelo yomsebenzi, kunye nobugcisa. Kwicandelo lamanzi, ezi misebenzi ayinxulumani nje ngokwakha imibhobho kunye nezityalo; bamalunga nokuphinda kuqwalaselwe indlela iinkonzo ezinokuxhaswa ngayo ngokuqhubekayo nangokungalinganiyo. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuvavanywa kweqonga lwePPPPS, ukuqwalanisa iziphumo, iintlobo zezixhobo, iinzuzo, iziphumo zokwenene, kunye neziphumo zehlabathi.

Isakhiwo sePPP kuManzi

Imodeli yesithethe yenkqubo yamanzi exhaswayo ekuhleni kwaye esetyenziswayo ikhokelele kwimpumelelo ebalulekileyo ekufumanekeni nasekuxabisekeni kwenkulungwane edluleyo. Noko ke, isikali sotyalo-mali lwangoku kunye nolwexesha elizayo sifuna ukudlula kakhulu kumthamo wolawulo woorhulumente abaninzi. IBhanki yehlabathi iqikelela ukuba amanzi asemhlabeni wonke kunye nezibonelelo zobugqeba zezixhobo zogutyulo zifuna amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka ukuhlangabezana noMgalelo woPhuhliso 6. Ukunqanda okunelisa izinto eziphambili, ukukhuphisana nemijeko yezobupolitika kudla ngokuphumela ekungapheliyo phantsi komphicotho. IPPPPS ibhulela lo msantsa ngokuvula intloko-mali kunye nokusungula izivumelwano ezithe kokugqibela, izivumelwano ezisekelwe kwiziphumo ezihambisana neziphelo.

Ngapha koko, iPPPs ithetha ngokunqongophala kolawulo olululo kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Abasebenzi abasebenza kunye nobuqu bazisa ubuchule ekuyilweni, ekwakheni, kunye nemisebenzi abasenokuba abameli bakawonke-wonke abangayifumani. Oku kudluliswa kolwazi kunokuthi kukhokelele njani ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwempumelelo . Ukusebenzisa amanzi angeyo-emini, ukuphucula amandla asetyenziswayo kunyango, kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchule kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola amanani. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuguqula umngcipheko othile (ngokulibazisa okanye ukunyuka kwexabiso lombalo) kuqabane labucala, oorhulumente banokufumana ukuqiniseka okungakumbi nexabiso lemali.

Iimodeli zohlobo lwePPP zeprojekthi zamanzi

I-PPP iquka intlukwano yamalungiselelo, ngalinye elifanele iindidi zeprojekthi, iimfuno eziyingozi, kunye nemekobume elungele ukulawulwa. Ukuqonda le mizekelo kubalulekile kubagcini-zimo ezifanelekileyo ukuze bakhethe isakhiwo esifanelekileyo.

Isakhiwo-solawulo (DBO)

Ngaphantsi kwesivumelwano se-DBO, iqabane lobuqu linomthwalo wokuyila, wokwakha, kwaye lisebenzise isiseko samanzi esinexabiso (umz., isityalo sokukhupha inkunkuma okanye isikhuseli sonyango lwamanzi amdaka) kwixesha elithile elisisigxina. Icandelo likawonke-wonke ligcina ubunikazi lize limisele imigangatho yokwenza. Le mizekelo isebenza kakuhle xa igunya likawonke-wonke linobuchule obunamandla kodwa lifuna uphuhliso lwabucala kunye nempumelelo yomsebenzi. Izivumelwano ze-DBO zisoloko ziquka ukuhlawulwa okusekelwe kwimiqulu yemveliso nomgangatho womsebenzi, zidala izisusa ezinamandla zokusebenza.

Yakha- I- ofisi- Yesitalaton (BOT)

Kulungiselelo lwemali yesibini, isalathisi somsebenzi wemali, ukwakha, kunye nokusebenza kwesi sibonelelo ukwenzela ixesha lokuvumela, eliqhelekileyo iminyaka engama-20-30, emva koko ukuba ngumnini kubuyela kurhulumente. Le mizekelo iqhelekile kwimisebenzi emikhulu, engundoqo, efuna ulawulo olukhulu okanye amaziko anamandla ahamba ngamanzi. Ingeniso isuka kwii-patroli zomsebenzisi okanye kwintlawulo karhulumente (intlawulo eluncedo).

Iinkcitho

Izivumelwano zinika umsebenzisi wabucala ilungelo lokulawula nokusebenzisa umbane wamanzi wonke okanye indawo echazwe kakuhle ixesha elide. Umsebenzisi unoxanduva lotyalo, logcino, kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo, ingeniso evela kubaphathi-mikhosi. Icandelo likawonke-wonke ligcina ulawulo kunye nobunikazi bezixhobo. Izivumelwano ziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe anjengeFransi, iSpeyin, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseLatin America. Zifuna ulawulo olunamandla ukukhusela abathengi nokuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi yorhwebo iyafezekiswa.

Izixhobo

Ngaphantsi kwerenti, iqabane labucala lisebenza lize ligcine inkqubo ekhoyo, ngeli lixa icandelo likawonke-wonke ligcina iimbopheleleko zotyalo-mali. Lo mzekelo udla ngokuba litye elinyathelayo ukuya kwiiPPP ezibanzi, uvumela oorhulumente ukuba baphucule ukusebenza kakuhle ngaphambi kokunikezela kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu. Izivumelwano zenkcubeko zixhaphakile kwimibutho yoqoqosho etshintshayo apho icandelo labucala lisakhula khona intembelo.

Iingenelo Ezingundoqo ZePPP kwiMibutho Yamanzi

Iinzuzo zePPP zidlulela ngaphaya kokudityaniswa okulula kwekomkhulu labucala. Xa zicwangciswe kakuhle, zidala umjikelo olungileyo wenkonzo ephuculiweyo, ukulondolozwa kwemali, nokuthenjelwa kwabantu.

Ukuthundeza Iimali Zobuntlola

Ii-PPP zitsala abanikazi bemali yempesheni kunye neenkampani ze-inshorensi, ezifuna imbuyekezo ezizinzileyo, ezidityanisiweyo, ezidityanisiweyo, ezibuyisela kwimpahla yamanzi. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo ongxamisekileyo wemali koorhulumente kwaye kubavumela ukuba banike imali kawonke-wonke enqabileyo kwezinye izinto eziphambili njengeenkqubo zentlalo-ntle okanye ukusabela kongxamiseko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ii-PPPPS ziye zanyusa ukurhoxiswa koqhagamshelwano lwamanzi kuluntu olungagcinwanga, ingakumbi kummandla we-pei-urban kunye nemimandla yasemaphandleni.

Ubuchule bokusebenza nokungahlaziywa

Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni bathenjiswa ukucutha iindleko, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngamanzi, kunye nokuphucula impumelelo yamandla ngenxa yokuba ingeniso yabo ixhomekeke ekusebenzeni. Umzekelo, iPPP eSenegal icuthe amanzi angangeniyo ukusuka kwi-30% ukuya ku-15% phantse kwishumi leminyaka, ikhulula imiqulu ebalulekileyo kubathengi abahlawulayo. Izihlolo ezikwenye indawo, ulawulo loxinzelelo, kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa yi-auto zisetyenziswa lula xa iqabane lobuqu lithwala iindleko kwaye livuna iinzuzo.

Umngcipheko wokufuduswa nokukhutshwa

Ixabiso lolwakhiwo, ukulibaziseka, nokungagqibeki komsebenzi ziqhelekile kwimisebenzi emikhulu yezibonelelo. I-PPP yabela aba mngcipheko kwiqela elikwaziyo ukuwalawula. Icandelo labucala lithatha umngcipheko wolwakhiwo nonyanzelo (ngee parameters ezivumelanayo), ngelixa icandelo likawonke-wonke ligcina ulawulo kunye nomngcipheko wezopolitiko. Le nkqubo yomngcipheko, xa ilungelelaniswa, ikhokelela kucwangciso olusengqiqweni lweprojekthi kwaye inciphisa amathuba okukhutshwa koqingqo-mali okubangela ukusetyenziswa kwemali okuqhelekileyo.

Ukufika kweprojekti

Ngenxa yokuba amaqabane azimeleyo ahlawulwa kuphela xa iimpahla zisetyenziswa kwaye kusenziwa imigangatho yokusebenza edityanisiweyo, anezikhuthazo ezinamandla zokugqiba imisebenzi ngexesha okanye ngaphambi kwexesha. Iiprojekthi ezininzi zamanzi zePPP zinikezelwe ngesantya esiphezulu kunemisebenzi yeqela likawonke-wonke engqineke yizityalo ezikhupha amanzi eOstreliya kwaye unyango lwamanzi amdaka lusebenza eIndiya.

Ucelomngeni Olumandundu Nokuzibeka Esichengeni

Nangona zithembisa, iiPPP ezisemanzini aziloncedo. Zidala ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo, ulawulo kunye nocelomngeni lwentlalo olumele lulawuleke ngokunempumelelo.

Uyilo oludityanisiweyo kunye nobuntlola

Izivumelwano zePPP azigqibekanga ngokuzenzekelayo . azinakukwazi ukuxela kwangaphambili yonke iziganeko zexesha elizayo. Izivumelwano ezenziwe ngokungekho mgangathweni zingakhokelela kwingxolo exabiso eliphezulu, iimbambano, okanye ukungaphumeleli komsebenzi. Imibandela engundoqo iquka ukungacaci kakuhle kwemiqathango yolungiso, iziphumo ezinganelanga zolungiso lwe-atting, kunye neentetho ezingaqondakaliyo malunga nokunyanzeleka kwe-amandla. I-Mitigge ifuna izivumelwano ezisesikweni, iziphathi-mali ezinamavane, kunye neenkqubo zokucacisa ezicacileyo. IBHANGEND PPP iziko zemali ezifumana inkxaso eninzi kwimisebenzi yamanzi. [[FLD:1]

Ukungabi Nabungozi Nengozi Yezobupolitika

Amanzi aluncedo ngokwezobupolitika. Ukufumana kwakhona iindleko nokutsala utyalo-mali lwabucala, amatshaji kufuneka abekwe kumgangatho ogquma umsebenzi, ugcino-mali, kunye nexabiso elikhulu. Noko ke, ukunyusa izalathiso kumgangatho wokufihla amaxabiso kungabangela isiphithiphithi soluntu, ingakumbi kwizindlu eziphantsi kwemali. Iingingqi zidla ngokuxhathisa ukunyuka kwemijelo engekho mthethweni, ukwenza ukungahambelani phakathi kwezivumelwano zesivumelwano kunye nento yokwenene yezobupolitika. Oku kungakhokelela kwiimpikiswano, ukudityaniswa kwemali, okanye ukuphelisa. Iindlela zokunyusa inzala ziquka ukuhlahlela isantya somyuluko ngokuthe ngcembe, zizalisekisa izakhiwo zentlalo-ntle (iziqobo zobomi), kunye nokuseka imibutho ezimeleyo yokulawula izigqibo ze-politiki. [FLDiced CD]

Ulawulo kunye nolawulo

Ubuchule bolawulo nobuchule bolawulo be-PPP bubalulekile. Ngaphandle kwayo, abasebenzisi bobuqu bangasikeka iikona okanye basilele ukukhonza kwiindawo ezinzima. Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo aswele ubuchule, imali, kunye nobuchule obusemthethweni obufunekayo ukuqhubana kunye nolawulo lwePPPS ngokunempumelelo. Ukwakha ulawulo ngoqeqesho, uphando, nokusetyenziswa koncedo lobugcisa bangaphandle kuyimfuneko kwimpumelelo yePPPPPP. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe efana General Ater shartcation inikezela ngoovimba bolawulo lwamanzi.

Ukulingana nokufikelela

Kukho ubungozi obuthi iPPPs ibeke phambili abathengi abakwizixeko ezinengeniso eninzi nabemizi - mveliso kubemi basemaphandleni namahlwempu. Iimfuno ezizizo zokwandisa ukhupho lwenkonzo kufuneka zicaciswe kwaye zinyanzeliswe. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuluntu kwiprojekthi kunye nocwangciso lokwahlula i-ankile kunganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiPPPP zinegalelo ekufikeleleni jikelele. Ezinye iiPPP eziphumelelayo eLatin America ziquke ii-defish ezisuka kubasebenzisi bemizi - mveliso ukuya kubathengi abahlala khona, zigcine imali ngexanduva eyandayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Labantu Basemhlabeni Wonke: Izifundo Ezafundwayo

Uhlolisiso lwezibonelelo zehlabathi lokwenene lubonisa iimeko apho ziphumelela okanye zingaphumeleli khona. Ezi meko zilandelayo zibonisa izifundo ezingundoqo.

EManila, ePhilippines

Ngo-1997, iMetropolitan Waterworks kunye neNkqubo yeSewerage (MWSS) yanika izivumelwano ezibini zeminyaka engama-25 kubasebenzisi bama-ofisi baseMpuma naseNtshona Metro Manila. Emva kweengxaki zokuqala . Ukuquka ukudityaniswa kwemali kunye nokudityaniswa kwesivumelwano kuphucule ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kwamanzi. Izinxulumaniso zanyuka ukusuka kuma-58% ukuya kuma-95% abemi, angeyo-randices, amanzi ahla kakhulu, kwaye ubunjani benkonzo buphuculwe. Impumelelo ibangelwa kukulungisa ulungiso oluzimeleyo, utshintsho olunxulumene nokunyuka, kunye nokusebenza kwebhethsi. Abagxeki bephawu lokuba ulwando oluphezulu kakhulu, kodwa urhwebo lwayandiswa kwindawo ekhoyo, i-247, i-eavention, ngokufuthi i-oxilongo.

São Paulo, eBrazil

Ngeli xesha i-São Paulo ingundoqo yamanzi asetyenziswayo ehlala inguwonke wonke, urhulumente wasebenzisa iiPPP kwiiprojekthi ezithile, ezifana nenkqubo yeCantareira kunye nonyango lwamanzi amdaka. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yiPPP yenkqubo yokuvelisa amanzi eSão Lourenço, eyandisa unikezelo kumakhulu. Iprojekthi yanikezelwa ngexesha kwaye phantsi koqingqo-mali, ngenxa yolwahlulo olucacileyo lweziphumo kunye nomngcipheko osebenzayo. Noko ke, ebudeni bonyaka ka-2014-2015 wembalelane, inkqubo ejongene noxinzelelo, i-PPPPS ayinako ukuthatha indawo kubaphathi bogcino lwamanzi abadityanisiweyo kunye nemilinganiselo efunekayo kwicala elisecaleni. Isifundo: PPPPS kufuneka ifakwe kucwangciso olubanzi.

I-Senegal

I-PPP ye-Senegal ukubonelela ngamanzi asedolophini − irenti/imodeli ye-affermage `idla ngokucatshulwa njengempumelelo kwi-Afrika esezantsi. Imo yelizwe yahlala iluncedo kunye noxanduva lotyalo-mali, ngelixa umsebenzisi wabucala elawula imisebenzi kunye nokugcinwa. Ii-Tariffice zalawula, amaxhoba omsebenzi adityanisiwe, kwaye ubunjani baphuculwa. Ukugqunywa kweDatarka eDakarakthi yanwebeswa kakhulu, kwaye i-ukhuthazo ezingundoqo zaba luncedo ngokwemali. Imeko ezingundoqo zazizibondalzizo zezopoliti, ukuzalisekisa kunye nobuchule obuqikelelweyo obulungeleneyo obuneyo bokuphatha uluntu. Umgangatho wamanzi inkqubo yabhala le meko njengomzekelo omhle.

Ukusilela Nobungxengxezi

Asizizo zonke iiPPPP eziphumeleleyo. Kwizixeko ezinjenge Cochabamba (Bolivia) kunye neBuenos Aires (Artentina), imvume engenziwanga kakuhle ekhokelele kwimida yenkanunu, iimbambano zenkonzo, kunye nesivumelwano sokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano ekugqibeleni. Ityala leCochabamba (1999-760,000) libandakanya isivumelwano esinika amalungelo apheleleyo kwaye livumele ulwando olukhawulezileyo, ukudubula okukhulu kwemibhiyo nokuguqukela ekulawuleni uluntu. Isifundo sicacile: PPPPPs kufuneka zibe mhlophe, ngokunxibelelana okunentsingiselo nolawulo oluqinileyo lwengingqi. Ngaphandle kokuthenga uwonke-wonke--intengiselwano kunye nezikhuseli zezentlalo, kwanezivumelwano zesandi zobugcisa zinokungaphumeleli.

Izenzo ezingcono zokwakha iiPPP eziphumeleleyo

Ukuzoba kumava ehlabathi, zininzi iindlela ezingcono zokuyila nokusebenzisa iiPPP zamanzi ezinceda umdla woluntu.

Yakha Imisebenzi Yomthetho Neyokubuyisela

Imithetho ecacileyo echaza ukuqokelelwa kwePPP, ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano, izisombululo, kunye nomthetho wokwalathisa i-application isisiseko. Umlawuli ozimeleyo onobuchule kunye negunya lokumisela oomatshini kunye nokuqwalasela ukusebenza komsebenzi kunokuzinciphisa izigqibo kunye nokwakha intembelo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho enikezelweyo yePPP kuludwe lweenkqubo zobugcisa.

Isiqinisekiso esicace gca nesiQuquzelelayo

Vula, ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano kunciphisa ukurhwaphiliza nokuqinisekisa ixabiso lemali. Ukwenziwa kwangaphambili okusekelwe kubuchule kunye nobuchule bemali, amaxwebhu okufaka imali afanelekileyo, kunye nokutyhilwa kwasekuhlaleni kwesivumelwano (ngokukhusela okufanelekileyo ngemfihlo) kunceda ukwandisa ukuthembana. Izicelo ezicetyiswayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngenyameko ukuphepha inkxwaleko yomdla.

Jolisa kucaciso olusekelwe kwimveliso

Izibophelelo kufuneka zichaze iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo/umz., imilinganiselo yamanzi yomgangatho, ukuqhubekeka komsebenzi, ukugquma amaxhoba ngezantsi kunento efakwa kuqala. Oku kwenza amaqabane azimeleyo abhetyebhetye ukuze afumane iziphumo. Izibonisi ezicacileyo zokusebenza ezinokuqinisekiswa zibalulekile.

Ubuchule bokulungisa ubuchule bokusebenzisa umatshini

Iingozi kufuneka zabelwe iqela elikwaziyo ukuzilawula. Oorhulumente kufuneka bagcine ulawulo kunye neengozi zobupolitika, ngoxa amaqabane angawethu ethatha inyathelo lokwakha, lokwenza umsebenzi, kunye nelokufuna iingozi. Amaqabane kufuneka aquke iindlela zokulungisa utshintsho olusekelwe kukwehla kwamaxabiso, ukutshintshisana, kunye neenguqu, kwakunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela umva phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga.

Abaxhasi Abanemali Nokukhusela Abathengi

Unxibelelwano loluntu ngexesha loyilo lweprojekthi, ucwangciso lomthetho olucacileyo, kunye nobuchule bokuzisola kwabathengi kunye nokulungisa izinto ziyimfuneko. Ii-gaffayiti okanye inkxaso-mali ingaqinisekisa ukuba zikho iimali kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. IPPP kufuneka iquke iimfanelo ezicacileyo zokwandisa inkonzo kwimimandla engaphantsi kwenkonzo, kunye nezigwebo zokungadibani.

Yakha ICandelo likaRhulumente

Oorhulumente kufuneka bafake ingeniso ekuqeqesheni nasekugcineni abasebenzi abanobuchule ukuze banxibelelane, babonise, balawule iiPPP. Iiyunithi zePPP ezinikezelweyo kwimali okanye kwimisebenzi yezenkxaso-mali zingqineke ziphumelela kumazwe amaninzi. Uncedo lobugcisa oluvela kumalungu amazwe ngamazwe lungavala umthamo webrorho ebudeni besigaba sokuqala.

Ikamva LeePPP kwiZibonelelo Zamanzi

Xa ujonga phambili, iiPPP zingenza indima enkulu ngakumbi njengokuba amanzi enyusa imingeni. Utshintsho lwemozulu lubangela imfuneko yokufumana izibonelelo ezinamandla . njengokususa amanzi, ukuwasebenzisa kwakhona, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi oqhwithela olufuna ikomkhulu kunye nobuchule obubalulekileyo. IPPP ingakhawuleza ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo zobugcisa. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kweenethwekhi zamanzi ezichuliweyo, amawele amanani, kunye nokuvuzwa kwe-AIII-drive kunika amathuba amatsha okuvelisa icandelo labucala kwi-PPPP.

Izixhobo ezintsha zemali ezinika imali, kuquka amaqhina aluhlaza kunye nemali edityanisiweyo, zidityaniswe nePPP ezikhoyo ukutsala impembelelo yabatyali-mali kunye nokunciphisa ixabiso lekomkhulu. Intsingiselo kwizivumelwano "zokusebenza-esekelwe" ezinika iziphumo ezifana nokuncitshiswa kwamanzi okanye ukuphucuka kombane okukhulayo. Kwangaxeshanye, kukho ulwamkelo olukhulayo lokuba iPPPPP zimele zidityaniswe kwaye zilondolozwe ngokusileyo. I-World Bank Water Platection kunye nezinye iziphumo zophuhliso lwamandla zikhuthaza "ustable PPPS" ukuba ulwelo lwemozulu, ukujikeleza kwesini, ukulingana kwendawo, kunye neenzuzo zoluntu.

Njengoko ibutho labantu lizabalazela ukufumana amanzi acocekileyo nogutyulo emhlabeni wonke ngowama-2030, iiPPP ziza kuhlala zisesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo, nangona singafezekanga. Impumelelo yalo iya kuxhomekeka ekuthandeni kwezobupolitika, kwingqibelelo yeziko, nakukuzimisela ukubeka umdla ebantwini kwisivumelwano ngasinye. Ngokufunda kwiimpumelelo nokungaphumeleli kwangaphambili, abafaki-nxaxheba banokuyila ubudlelane obuza kunceda abantu kunye nesijikelezi - langa.

Isiphelo

Umanyano loluntu oluzimeleyo lunika indlela ethembisayo yokulungisa izibonelelo zamanzi ezifunekayo ehlabathini ngokudibanisa ulawulo lukawonke-wonke nekomkhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Xa lucwangciswe kakuhle kwaye lulawulwa, lungakhawulezisa utyalo-mali, ukuphucula umgangatho wenkonzo, kunye nokwandisa ukufikelela. Kodwa azisithathi-nxaxheba kulawulo olunamandla lukawonke-wonke. Ezona PPPPP ziphumelelayo zezibonisa ngokucacileyo, eziqulukileyo, kwaye ezifakwe kwisakhiwo solawulo lwamanzi esineeholitiki. Oorhulumente, uluntu, kunye nabavelisi-mali-mali, ucelomngeni kukuyila unxibelelwano oluhlonela ixabiso loluntu lobudlelanelo ngelixa kulawula amandla obuqhelene. Ngokwenziwa okuqikelelo, iiPPPPS zinokuba yi-injini enamandla yokuphuhlisa amanzi asebenzayo kwinkulungwane yama-21.