Indima Ebalulekileyo Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika KwiRiphabliki

Amaqela ezobupolitika abumba izicwili ezidibanisa abemi norhulumente wabo kwiriphabliki. Kunokuba zibe ziinqwelo-mafutha ezinyulwayo, ziyimibutho ephambili ekuthi ngayo imicimbi yezobupolitika elungelelanisiweyo, iboniswe, iguqulelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yabo, amandla, kunye nobuchule bobugxwayiba kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela enyanisweni ngayo idemokhrasi yale mihla. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima eninzi yamaqela ezobupolitika kwi-libraric, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yawo embali ukuya kucelomngeni olunzima abajamelana nalo namhlanje.

Iyintoni Imida Yezobupolitika?

Iqela labantu abalungelelanisiweyo bezobupolitika liqela labantu abanobudlelane bozibopho kunye neenjongo eziqhelekileyo zenkqubo, kwaye abasebenza kunye ukuphumelela unyulo, ukulawula urhulumente, nokuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo namaqela abantu abanomdla, afuna ukulawula ngaphandle kolawulo olungqalileyo, abathathi-nxaxheba kwisebe le-ofisi nabamele ukuqeshwa ukuba balawule kanye besemagunyeni. Bayizithuthi eziphambili zokukhetha izilangazelelo, ukwenza ukhetho lwabavoti, nokulungiselela ukhuphiswano olucwangcisiweyo lwegunya lezobupolitika.

Amaqela ezobupolitika njengoko siwaziyo avela ekuqaleni kwexesha lale mihla, okokuqala eGreat Britain nase-United States ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 nasekuqaleni kweye-19. EUnited States, amaqela eFederali kunye neDemocratic-Republica avela kwiingxoxo ezisisiseko zomGaqo-siseko kunye nomgangatho wamandla karhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaqela asuka kumaqumrhu angenazintsebenziswano amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela akwimibutho ehlala ihleli, iindibano, namaqonga. Namhlanje, akhona phantse kuwo onke amazwe emhlabeni, nangona iindima zawo ezithile zisuka kuxhomekeka kwimimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko nezithethe.

Iindidi Zemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zidibanisa amaqela ngamacala amaninzi. Umahluko oqhelekileyo uphakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Amaqela akwindawo enye namaqela kunye namatheko aphezulu [. Amaqela, afana nenkulungwane ye19, aye ekhetheke kakhulu, elungelelene, kwaye axhomekeke kwimibutho yobuqu. Amaqela, awaphuhlisa ngokwanda kwe-suffgege, ajolise ekwakhenini isiseko esikhulu semali ekufuneka i-inikel'imiphekethi yengca. Kutshanjenje, kutshanje, [[FLT] kutshanje, [FLT] kunye neqela elikhulu.[5]

Iimisebenzi Zezikolo Zezobupolitika KwiRiphabliki

Imisebenzi engundoqo yamaqela ezobupolitika imiselwe kakuhle yaye ixhasa impilo yohlobo lukarhulumente weriphabliki.

  • Unikezelo: Imikhosi isebenza njenge conduit yokuguqulela izilangazelelo zoluntu ezahlukeneyo kwiiplatfomu ezidityanisiweyo. Idibanisa iinketho zabemi, ivumela amazwi amaninzi avanwe ngenani elilawulekayo leenkhetho.
  • Ukubekwa kweliso lezentlalo: Ngamaphulo, ngamaqonga, nangemisebenzi yengca, amaqela afundisa abemi ngeembambano ezinkulu zosuku kwaye abakhuthaze ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Lo msebenzi wemfundo yezentlalo ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiriphabliki, apho unyulo olunolwazi luyimfuneko kwinkqubano.
  • [[NTLT: 0]] UKhetho kunye noHlelo: Ithala lophawu, ivet, kunye nenkxaso yabantu abaza kubambela isikhundla sikawonke-wonke. Le nkqubo yokuzimisa inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banomgca osisiseko wobuchule nolungelelwaniso lwengqiqo, inika ukhetho olucacileyo kwibhokisi yebhola.
  • [[NTL:0] Ulungiso lwezakhono zobupolisa: Izahlulo ziphuhlisa zize zikhuthaze imimiselo ethile yenkqubo, esoloko idityanisiwe kumaqonga eqela. La maqonga asebenza njengesivumelwano sikawonke-wonke nevoti, echaza oko iqela liceba ukukwenza ukuba lifumana amandla.
  • Umbutho woLawulo: Kwiriphabliki, iintsebenziswano zendlu yowiso-mthetho zilungelelaniswe ngokweelayini zeqela. Amaqela aMadityani abumba oorhulumente kwaye amisela imimiselo yemithetho, ngelixa amaqela amancinane esebenza njengenkcaso enyanisekileyo, ehlolisisa urhulumente kwaye enika ezinye iizicelo.
  • Ilixa-mali: linikezela indlela yokubamba amagosa anyuliweyo aphendule ngetyala. Ukuba iqela aliphumeleli ukunikela izithembiso zalo, abavoti bangamohlwaya kunyulo olulandelayo ngokuvota ngenkcaso. Lo mjikelo uthe rhoqo wokuphendula yindawo ebangela ukusabela ngokwedemokhrasi.

Isizathu Sokuba Imicimbi Ibaluleke KwiRiphabliki

Kulo rhulumente, ulawulo luxhomekeke kubantu, abalusebenzisayo ngonyuliweyo abameli. Amaqela ezobupolitika ngawona aphambili ekulungelelaniseni olu melo. Ngaphandle kwawo, abemi bebeya kujamelana nentabalala eninzi yabaza kufumana ingxubusho, benza uvo oluthe gca. Izikolo ziyenza ibe lula imeko yezobupolitika, zivumela abavoti ukuba benze imigwebo ekhawulezileyo esekelwe kwimiqathango yeqela kunye neembono ezibanzi.

Ukukhuthaza Ulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Izintlu ziguqula ubuninzi bokhetho lwabantu lube yimigaqo engqinelanayo. Zinika isakhiwo somanyano lwemithetho, ukhokelo oluphetheyo, kunye neengxoxo ezingaphakathi. Kwanakwiinkqubo ezingezoparatistiki, imibutho engacwangciswanga idla ngokuyila loo msebenzi njengamaqela. Njengesazinzulu sezobupolitika uE.Schattschneider eyaziwa kakhulu, "idemokhrasi yexesha lemveli ayicingi ukuba igcine ngokwemibandela yamaqela." Iintlanganiso zivumela ukufuduselwa koxolo kwamandla, ukusombulula ungquzulwano ngokhetho, kunye nokuguquka okuqhubekayo kolawulo-rhulumente ekutshintsheni uluvo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukukhuthaza Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika Nentsebenziswano

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlanganisa abemi ukuba baye kwiindibano nasemva konyulo. Ngokudala abantu abanenjongo enye, apapasha iimpapasho, alungiselela ukuqhankqalaza, aze aqhube iinqwelo-mafutha ezihambayo. Kubantu abaninzi, ukuba ngamalungu eqela kuyindlela ephambili yokubandakanyeka kwezobupolitika, ukusuka ekunkqonkqozeni naselugcinweni komnxeba ukuya kwiindibano kunye nokukhonza njengabathunywa. Ngokudala amaqela anenjongo enye, anceda ekulweni nobulolo nokungathobeli ekungakhathaleli kwezobupolitika. Kwi-riphabliki, imigangatho ephezulu yebutho iyimfuneko ukugcina urhulumente esabela nokuthintela ukufakwa kwamandla ezandleni zabambalwa ababalaseleyo.

Ukukhuthaza ukumanyana nolungelelwano

Kwiriphabliki esebenzayo, amaqela atsalela ungquzulwano lwezopolitiko kwibala lemidlalo elikhethiweyo endaweni yezitrato. Alungiselela indlela elungelelanisiweyo yamaqela awahlukeneyo yokukhuphisana ukuze afumane igunya ngaphandle kokubhenela kugonyamelo okanye kwisiphithiphithi samakhaya. Ngokwamkela imithetho yomdlalo nokuzingisa ukuthobela iziphumo zonyulo, amaqela aqinisa ukufaneleka komgaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi wokuzinzisa ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuluntu oluneentlalo okanye inkcubeko ezinzulu okanye ezoqoqosho.

Ukunxibelelana Phakathi Kwabemi Norhulumente

Izahlulo zisebenza njengendlela ezimbini zonxibelelwano phakathi korhulumente nabemi. Zidlulisela iimfuno nezikhalazo zoluntu phezulu kubenzi bomthetho, ngelixa zithetha ngexesha elinye izenzo zikarhulumente kwaye zisebenzisana nonyulo. Le mvume iyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi. Xa amaqela esebenza kakuhle, aqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ekhoswe ekuthandeni kwabantu.

Iinkqubo zeQela neMfuno Yalo kuLawulo lweRiphabliki

Inani namandla anxulumeneyo amaqela ezobupolitika kwiriphabliki, --inkqubo yeqela, ineziphumo ezinzulu kwindlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente. Iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zenkqubo ziziinkqubo ezimbini eziyinxalenye kunye neenkqubo ezininzi.

Inkqubo Yecandelo Elibini

Kwindlela yezahlulo ezimbini (njengaseUnited States), amaqela amabini aphambili alawula unyulo kunye norhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sithanda ukuvelisa oorhulumente abaninzi abazinzileyo, sikwenza kube lula ukwenza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye kukwenze kube lula ngabavoti ukunikezela ngetyala elicacileyo okanye ityala. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iinkqubo eziziicandelo ezimbini zingazicinezela ezinye iimbono, nto leyo ekhokelela kuludwe lwenkqubo enciphileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukhetho lovoti. Bangakwanokukhupha ipetrolicantium, njengoko iqela ngalinye lizama ukuzihlukanisa ngokucothayo kwelinye.

Iinkqubo ezininzi

Iinkqubo ezininzi, ezixhaphakileyo kwidemokhrasi yepalamente kulo lonke elaseYurophu, zivumela ukuba kubekho ulwahluko olukhulu lweembono zobupolitika. Oorhulumente bezentengiselwano bayinto eqhelekileyo, efuna ukuxolelwano kunye nokulalanisa. Ngoxa oku kunokukhokelela ekusebenzeni okungakumbi, kungaphumela ekungazinzini kukarhulumente ukuba imibutho ibuthathaka. Abalawuli bangakufumanisa kunzima ukuba iqela elithile liphendule xa amaqela amaninzi esabelana ngegunya. Urhwebo phakathi komelo nozinzo lulucelomngeni olungapheliyo kwi-Riphabliki ezininzi.

Iinkqubo zeDominita-Pateni

Kwezinye ii-riphabliki, elinye iqela liphumelela ngonyulo ngexesha elide, lilawula ngokunempumelelo ummandla wezopolitiko. Ngoxa amaqela enkcaso esenokubakho ngokusemthethweni, manqaphanqaphane amathuba okuthatha igunya. Imizekelo iquka i-Institutional Rrevolution Party (PRI) eMexico kwinkulungwane yama-20 okanye i-African National Congress (ANC) kwi-apartal the South Africa. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zinganikezela ngokuqhubekeka nokuceba ixesha elide, kodwa zibeka engozini yokungalawuleki, ukonakala, kunye nokukhukuliba okunentsingiselo kokhuphiswano.

Iingxaki Zemithendeleko Yezobupolitika KwiiRiphabliki Zanamhlanje

Namhlanje amaqela ezobupolitika ajongene neengxaki eziphazamisana nokukwazi kwawo ukufikelela iindima zawo.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokungamkeleki

Enye yeembambano ezixutyushwe ngokubanzi kukunyuka kwentsebenziswano yezoburhulumente, apho ukunyaniseka kweqela kudibene nokuzimelana nentlalo kunokuba kungquzulwane nemithetho. Ii-voter ziya ziwacaphulela ngokungeyomfuneko amalungu eqela elichasayo, zikhokelela ekubopheleleni, zincitshise, kwaye zophukene kwimithetho exhasa amaqumrhu olawulo-demokhrasi. Umzekelo, ukurhoxiswa kwemida ye-anti e-anti edityaniswe nokrwelo lwe-Camprate efana ne-Prebster, kunye nokunciphindwa kukawonke kunyusovoti. uphatho lophando lweziko lwedemokhrasi ye-demokhrasi luye lwathatha unyuko oluthe lwezo lwezonga kwingcubelo-etho kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ibonisa ukuba ngoku ukuchaza kobume bemeko lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi.

IPopulism kunye nokuthunyelwa kweqela elichaseneyo

Imibutho yepopulist ehlabathini lonke iye yawahlasela ngokuphandle amaqela ezobupolitika njengenkohlakalo, eziziphetheyo eziye zangcatsha "abantu" iinkokeli zepopulist zidla ngokudlula kwizakhiwo zeqela, zixhomekeke kunxibelelwano olungqalileyo nabaxhasi ngezixhobo zentlalo-ndaba. Ngoxa i populist inokuba luchanaba xa amaqela ehlukene kakhulu kwisiseko sawo, ikwanomngcipheko wokuphosa impembelelo yezakhiwo zecawa `ezinje, iindibano, kunye nedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi . Izixhobo ezichasene negalelo zinokuwaxhasa ngezixhobo ezisebenzisa amaxabiso e-athoricraliti eziwayo zigatya amaxabiso eempula.

Ukungakhathali Nokudilika Kwamalungu eQela

Kulawulo-mpukane oluzinzileyo, inani labemi abafana ngokunamandla neqela liye lancipha kakhulu. Abahlali badla ngokuzibiza ngokuba ngabazimeleyo, kwaye ukukrola kwamalungu eqela kuye kwancipha. Le ntsingiselo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-paraxpasion sync, inciphisa amandla amaqela okuqokelela abavoti-nxaxheba nokuphakamisa iingcambu zemali. Abaphantsi, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abaselula, bayaqhubeka bephelisa unxulumano lwamaqela nonyulo. Ngaphandle kwebheji enzulu yabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, amaqela aba xhomekeke kakhulu kubanikeli abafumileyo nakumaziko aqeqeshiweyo, nto leyo enokuthi aguqule izinto zabo eziphambili.

Impembelelo Yemali Kwezobupolitika

Imali echithwayo iye yanyuka kakhulu kwiiriphabliki ezininzi, inyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo engathethekiyo yabantu abazizityebi, amaqumrhu, kunye namaqela anomdla okhethekileyo. Ikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PACS, iSuper PACs, kunye "imali engacacanga" namaqela angasebenzisa iimali ezingenasiphelo ukuphembelela unyulo, ngaphandle kokubonakala okupheleleyo. Le mali ingatshintsha amaqonga edipotili kwimfuno yabantu abanikelayo kunokuba isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke. Ikomiti yeNkundla ePhakathi ePhakamileyo kwi-[FLT][FL:0] Isigqibo seNkusebenza kwe-United.[FLT][FLT]][0] I-CITM, iyaqhubeka nokusebenza okungqongqo kwemiqatha yemali kumazwe athile.

Ukungachazi Okuthile Nokusingqongileyo Okucekelwe Phantsi

Ukunyuka kwezentlalo-ntle kunye nokuthotywa kobuzwilakhe besithethe kuye kwadala imekobume apho ukungavumelani kolwazi kungasasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Ngoku amatheko akhuphisana kungekuphela nje ngenkqubo kodwa kwanangekhono lokulawula ingxelo. Amanye amaqela aye asebenzisa kakubi amaqonga emithetho-algorith-drive ukujolisa abavoti ngokuqhatha okanye ngokuxoka, ukucutha inkcitho esekelwe kwinkcaso efunwa yi-riphabliki. Ukwahlulwa kolwazi lwe-mente kuyenza kube nzima ngakumbi kumaqela ukunxibelelana nomyalezo ocacileyo kubo bonke abavoti.

Ikamva Lemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika ERiphabliki

Naphezu kweenzima ezikhoyo, amaqela ezobupolitika abonakala engenakunyamalala. Asekelwe ngokunzulu kakhulu kumaqumrhu karhulumente ongummeli. Noko ke, amaqela amaninzi azama ukutshintsha-tshintsha iinkqubo zangaphakathi ezizizo, ezifana nokuvula izithuba, ukuvota nge-intanethi ukwenzela izigqibo zeqela, kunye neendibano ezikhululayo. Amanye abangela imibutho yentlalo, amaqela emekobume, kunye nemibutho ye-advocacy ukuze andise isibheno sawo.

Utshintsho lwamanani kunye neemodeli ezintsha

I-Intanethi incede iindlela ezintsha zoququzelela. INdlela yeStar eItali nase-Podemos eSpeyin yaqalisa njengemibutho ye-intanethi eyathi kamva yaguqulelwa kumaqela ezobupolitika. La "matheko amaqela" asebenzisa amaqonga kuyo yonke into esuka kukhetho lomtyali-phambili ukuya kulwamkelo lwenkqubo, efuna ukudibanisa isiseko esidityanisiweyo ngokwesithethe. Ngelixesha icebo lawo elide lihlala lingaqinisekanga, abonisa ukuba amaqela angaqhelanisa notshintsho lwezobugcisa.

Utshintsho Lokomeleza Imigcobo

Abaphengululi nabaxhasi bezopolitiko baye bacebisa ukuba kubekho utshintsho oluninzi ukuze kuvuselelwe amaqela ezobupolitika.

  • [[UMTL:0] Imithetho yezempepho zemali kunye nemali kawonke-wonke engqinelanayo ukunciphisa impembelelo yabanikezeli abakhulu.
  • ukuvota okucekethekileyo kunye neendawo ezinamalungu amaninzi ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwecandelo lesithathu kunye nokunciphisa ukwenziwa kwencam yomhlaba.
  • [[UMTL:0] C uvotelo olunyanzelisayo (njengoko lusetyenzisiweyo eAustralia) ukwandisa ukujika nokunweba kwamaqela kunye nonyulo.
  • Imfuno zedemokhrasi zangaphakathi, njengeyokunyanzeleka ukuba ivule iprimies okanye ikhuthuzelo elikhutshwayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela aphezulu ahlala esabela kumalungu aphantsi namalungu efayile.

Akukho lutshintsho lunye lusisicombululo, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwamanyathelo kunokunceda ukubuyisela amatheko njengonxibelelwano oluphumelelayo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlala engowona mmandla ubalulekileyo wolawulo lwerepublic, nangona / kwaye maxa wambi ngenxa yeengxaki ajamelana nazo. Alungelelanisa iimfuno ezididekileyo zezigidi zabantu ukuya kurhulumente olungelelanisayo, anika iinkqubo zokuphendulana ezigcina iinkokeli zihlola, kwaye asebenze njengeenkundla eziphambili zengxoxo yezobupolitika kunye nokhuphiswano. Njengokuba amacandelo olwazi kunye nokuthemba kukawonke wonke, imfuneko yokomelela, ukubonakala kwamaqela angenamsebenzi, angenabani, kunye nokusabela kwawo angazange abe makhulu. Iintsebenzi ezifuna ukuqinisa i-Riphabliki yazo kufuneka zinike ingqalelo empilweni yamaqela azo ezobupolitika, ngenxa yemeko-demokhrasi enxulumene nobundlobo bexesha elizayo.