Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Kwindlela Esabela Ngayo EJapan Kwiintlekele Zemvelo

IJapan iphakathi kwamazwe aneziphendu zentlekele emhlabeni, ejongene nomjikelo ongaguquguqukiyo weenyikima, iitsunami, iinkanyamba, ukudubula kwentaba-mlilo, kunye nokudilika kwezakhiwo. Ubuchule belizwe lokusabela ngokufezekileyo kwezi meko zongxamiseko asingombandela nje wobunjineli kunye nomthetho wemeko-bume yexesha likaxakeka, `iyiyo ngokunzulu i-antluphekelelwa kwamaqela eJapan ngeli xesha liphezulu, kwananjengoko imingeni emitsha ivela kwimozulu yentlekele.

Ukuguquka Kwenkqubo Yolawulo Lwentlekele YaseJapan

Inkqubo yokuphendula yeli xesha lentlekele yaphucuka emva kwentlekele. Inyikima enkulu kaKantō yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-100 000 yaza yabangela imithetho yokuqala ephakathi kwentlekele. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, umdibaniso we-U.S. wazisa iingcamango ezintsha zokukhusela abemi, kodwa iqondo lokoqobo labakho nge19959 Great Hanshin System (Kobe), eyabhenca ubuthathaka obunzulu ekunxibelelaneni koorhulumente besizwe nabengingqi. Loo ntlekele yakhuthaza ukudalwa kwentlekele eMgaqo-siseko somthetho, isakhiwo esinendima yemigangatho yonke karhulumente.

Amaqela ezobupolitika ayengundoqo kwezi nguqu. ILiberal Democratic Party (LDP), eye yalawula iJapan ngaphaya kwexesha elikhulu emva kwemfazwe, yaxhasa ulwando lwegunya lorhulumente elisembindini kwintsabelo yentlekele. Okwangoku, amaqela enkcaso atyhalela phambili ukuze afumane ukukhululeka okunamandla kwengingqi kunye nembuyekezo engakumbi kumaxhoba. Olu xinezeleko ./ukunyanzeleka //ukunyanzeleka phakathi komanyano kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha kwemicimbi yezobupolitika malunga nenkqubo yentlekele namhlanje.

Amatheko Aphambili Ezobupolitika Neendima Zawo

Iqela leDemocratic Committee (LDP)

I-LDP ibingumkhosi olawulayo kwezobupolitika zamaJapan ukususela ngo 1955. Kulawulo lwentlekele, i-LDP iyalela iKhabhinethi, eyalathisa ukusabela kwesizwe nge-Ofisi yeNkulumbuso kunye ne-Khabhinethi yoLawulo lweNkangeleko ye-Ofisi. Inkqubo yepatroli, iPRC (Prolity Affiality Councingment Agencement), umthetho wemithetho ekwinto yonke ukusuka ekwakheni kwekhowudi ukuya kwinkqubo yesilumkiso se-tsunami. Urhulumente we-LDP-ondected baye baqhubeka benyusa uqingqo-mali ukwenzela ukuthintelwa kwentlekele kunye nokukhuselwa kwemiqathango, nto leyo ngoku epheleleyo [[FLT:] izigidi-zigidi zezigidi [12] ngonyaka, kuquka nezigcini-mali ezikhethekileyo zoncedo.

I-LDP ikwathetha ukuba imithetho emininzi enxulumene nentlekele yaseJapan ithwala isiphawuli sayo. Eli qela liye labeka iprojekthi yeskala esikhulu somsinga wesiseko sesakhiwo ````iinqanawa''', ulwando lolwandle, ukuphinda kubekwe kwenye indawo, kunye nezixhobo zokugcina amanzi phantsi komhlaba) zisoloko ziphikisa ukuba uwonke ukhuthaza uqoqosho ngexa ulungiselela ukhuseleko. Le ndlela igxekwe ngamaqela athile aphikisayo njengelahleko neyonakalisa imekobume, kodwa ihlala idityaniswe kakhulu kwilizwe le nkqubo.

Komeito

Komeito, iqabane elincinci leLDP elingumbutho ukusuka ngo-1999, lizisa ingqwalaselo eyahlukileyo kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ukuvela kumbutho oqhelekileyo wamaBhuda (Soka Gakkai), iKomeito isoloko ixhasa inkxaso eyomeleleyo kubemi ababuthathaka ngexesha leentlekele . Ukuquka abalupheleyo, abakhubazekileyo, nabangengomaJapan. Iqela laba bancedileyo ekulungiseni uMthetho weSiphamlo sentlekele ukuvumela iindawo zokufihla intlekele ukuba zinikezele izikhundla ezingcono kunye nendawo eyimfihlo yonyango kubathathi-nxaxheba.

IQela leDemocratic yeJapan (CDP)

ICDP, elona qela likhulu lenkcaso, lidla ngokusebenza njengeqela eligadayo ekuchitheni iintlekele. Emva kwenyikima yeTōhoku netsunami yowama-2011, iCDP (inxalenye yeDidemocratic Party yaseJapan) yatyhola i-LDP yesigqibo esicothayo kwiiyure zokuqala zengxaki. Ukususela ngoko, iCDP icebise utshintsho kunxibelelwano phakathi kwemikhosi ye-User-Defense, amapolisa asekuhlaleni, kunye namasebe omlilo. Iqela likwagxininisa imozulu njengengxelo yokulawula intlekele, idibanisa ukunyuka kobunzulu bezivuthuthu nezobushushu kwimfuno zokukhawuleza kwedecarbon.

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan (JCP)

I-JCP, ngeli xesha incinane, inempembelelo engaphandle kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Iqela lilawula oomatiloshe abaliqela noorhulumente abalawulayo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasedolophini. Amaphulo e-JCP okuveliswa kotyalo-mali olukhulu lwezindlu zoluntu ezikwintlekele kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziluncedo, liphikisa ukuba iinkampani ezingenisa ingeniso zingangakutyeshela ukugcina izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo. Ngexesha longxamiseko, i-JCP-aflifd amagosa asekuhlaleni asoloko esebenzisa amaziko oncedo asebenza njengemizekelo yempumelelo, ephumelela kwimigxuno yeqela.

Indlela Imicimbi Yezobupolitika Ewuphembelela Ngayo Umgaqo - siseko Wentlekele

Ummiselo nomgaqo-nkqubo woHlahlo-mali

Amatyala anxulumene nentlekele adla ngokufakwa yiKhabhinethi, okuthetha ukuba amaqela alawulayo (LDP kunye neKomeito) anesandla esinamandla ekuwabumbeni. Noko ke, amaqela abachasi angawalungisa amatyala ngexesha locwangciso lokutya. Umzekelo ophawulekayo ngukuphinda-phinda-phinda okungundoqo kuka-2013 koMthetho osisiseko kuLawulo lwentlekele, ofuna ukuba kubekho oomlawuli bokwenza iimaphu kunye nezicwangciso zokukhulula. ICDP ngempumelelo yongeza ukufakwa kwemibambo yangaphandle yolwimi lwangaphandle nenkxaso yolwimi lwabemi abangengobemi baseJapan, utshintsho olwangqinelanakele lunzima ngexesha le 2020 Kumoto imfazwe xa abakhenke abakhenke bemele bathuthe.

Ulwabelo lohlalo luye lwayamkela kakhulu. Ulwahlulo lohlahlo-mali lwe-LDP ludla ngokukhokelela kwimali eninzi yokuxhasa ii-asea Walls, amadam, kunye nemijelo yomlambo. Amaqela enkcaso kunye neetanki ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo ziye zathandabuza ngokuphindaphindiweyo umlinganiselo wexabiso lemali yezi misebenzi. Umzekelo, emva kwemvula ezikhulu ezingamashumi amabini anamashumi amabini anesibhozo ezabangela ukuphuphuma okugquma jikelele entshona yeJapan, iCDP isoloko ixhobisa ukuveliswa kwemali eninzi iNTYUMSOMALI esekelwe kwimisebenzi, enje ukubuyiselwa kwethangala, okunokuthi kube yixabiso elingaphezulu kunemiqobo. ILDP, nokokuba igcine ubukhulu bendlela yayo yokuyila, ukuphikisa kwayo iziphumo nokuqinisekisa.

Ukulungelelaniswa ngexesha lengxamiseko

Xa kufikelelwa intlekele, impendulo yeQumrhu ilandela inkqubo ebekwe iziqwenga. INkulumbuso iwenza asebenze ISiko loLwazi loBukho boLawulo kwaye ingavakalisa urhulumente wobuxakeka. Iinkokeli zeqela lezabelo zabela abalungiseleli bequmrhu ukujolisa amacandelo athile .Ngoko umzekelo, uMphathiswa wezwe, i-Infracreastre, i-Fracture kunye ne-Tourism angalawula ukususwa kokungcola, ngelixa uMphathiswa wempilo, iLabour neWelfare ephethe amaqela eebhaka nabaphathi bekhusi.

Amaqela enkcaso adla ngokuziswa kwirhintyela ngapha Iqela elisebenzayo kwiNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana[FT:1], edibana yonke imihla ngexesha lengxaki. Eli qela liquka abameli abasuka kumaqela amakhulu kwaye livumela amacebiso okwenene. Ngelixesha alawulayo egcina izigqibo zokugqibela, imfuneko yolwakhiwo-luvo ithetha ukuba igalelo lokuchasa intsingiselo likwazi ukubumbanisa ixesha lokusukwa okanye ukunikezelwa kwezibonelelo zoncedo. Kwi 2023 Noto Peninsulamma, iqela elisebenzayo liqhubela phambili ekufumaneni iyunithi ye-manzi kwimidathi ezikude, ishukushuku i-LD ekuqaleni ichasene nokuchasana.

Unxibelelwano Lwasekuhlaleni Nokuthembana

Iinkokeli zobupolitika zijongene nempendulo yentlekele. Amalungu eqela elilawulayo, ingakumbi uMphathiswa weQela elilawulayo waseJapan, avela kwiingqungquthela zoshicilelo ukubhengeza umanyano lohlangulo kunye nenkxaso yemali. Ukuthumela imiyalezo enzulu yesikhumba kungakuphelisa ukuthembana, kodwa unxibelelwano olunempumelelo lungabangela ukuba abantu bathembeke. Umzekelo, ebudeni bentlekele yonyaka wama-2011 weTōhoku, uMphathiswa-mikhosi uKan Naoto (ngoko weDemocratic Party of Japan) wagxekwa ngenxa yokuphikisana kwesityalo senyukliya saseFukushima. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMphathi omkhulu uAbe Shinz, inkokeli we-LDP, wafumana indumiso yokuthombo ezolileyo ngexesha lemkhukulamsinga ka-201818, nangona urhulumente wakhe wabekwa ityala ngenxa yokuhambisa uncedo olukhawulezayo kwezinye iindawo.

Amaqela enkcaso asebenzisa iintlekele ukwakhela iintlobo zawo zobupolitika. Emva konyaka wama-2024 i-CDP ikhupha ingxelo egxeka i-LDP ngenxa yokusilela ukukhupha imvume yokufuduka kwasekuqaleni kwebemi abakhulileyo. Le ngxelo yenza ukuba urhulumente anikezele imigaqo emitsha yamakhaya abalupheleyo. Izenzo ezinjalo zikhumbuza abemi ukuba ulawulo lwentlekele alungomsebenzi nje wesigqeba, kodwa libala lemfazwe apho kufunwa khona ukuphendula kwezopolitiko.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka Zezobupolitika

Inkcitho

Ityala lesizwe saseJapan lingaphezu kwe-260% ye-GDP, ikwenza kube nzima ukuthethelela ukunyuka koqingqo-mali ukuze kuthintelwe intlekele, nokuba kuyimfuneko kangakanani. Amaqela ezobupolitika ayahluka apho kufuneka awe khona. I-LDP idla ngokukhusela inkcitho yemali ngexesha lokuzama iinkqubo zobuntlalo-ntle. I-CDP icebisa ukubuyisela imali kwiimisebenzi kawonke wonke kwizinto ezigcinwa nguwonke wonke ezikhuselekileyo. I-JCP icela umba womanyano lwesizwe olunikezelwe ekudibanisweni kwemitshana yesikolo nezibhedlele. Le ngxoxo idla ngokwanda xa kuvakaliswa imeko yongxamiseko, ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa koxakeka koxakeka kuthelekelelo oluqhelekileyo.

Umanyano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noBhunga

IJapan ineziphathi-mikhosi ezingama-47 kunye noomasipala abangaphezu kwe-1,700, ngamnye onecebo lakhe lentlekele. Ngelixesha urhulumente osembindini emisela imilinganiselo ebanzi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajongene nemiyalelo yokuqala yokukhulula nokukhulula. Oku kudala ungquzulwano xa oomatiloshe bebodwa kumaqela achaseneyo ngelixesha urhulumente wesizwe e-LDP-left. Umzekelo, ngexesha lemvula enkulu yama-2020 eKyushubhu, ii-JCP ezininzi ezidibeneyo zingquzulane norhulumente wesizwe ngexesha lemiyalelo yokukhulula abantu, zisithi abaphathi-omatilo-omatilo-omatiloshe abacothayo ukwabelana i-data yokwenene yemvula. ILDP ityholo lokudlala kwezobupolitika ngexesha lengxaki, kodwa isenzeka ukunyuswa kolwazi lwazweni lwamazwe lonke [FTB]

Imidlalo efuna ukhetho kunye netyala lokhetho

Iintlekele zingabumba iziphumo zonyulo. Intlekele yowama-2011 Tōku ephindwe kathathu ibonwa ngokuba sisizathu esinye se-DPJ elahlekelwe ngurhulumente ngo-2012, i-LDP ibuyela kurhulumente. Ngokufanayo, intlekele yokuphuphuma komhlaba ka-2018 entshona yeJapan isenokuba ifak ’ isandla ekusebenzeni kwe-LDP ngaphantsi konyulo lweNdlu yeNdlu ePhezulu kwimimandla echaphazelekayo, apho i-CDP ifumene izihlalo. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela ajonge ukuphendula kwentlekele njengendawo ephezulu ekwibala eliphezulu. Amaqela azama ukulawula ingcebiso ngokubhengeza iimbuyiselo nokubuyiselwa kwemali phambi kwamatyala okhetho. Amaqela enkcawayilelo, afuna uphando lwepalamente ezithelekelelo, apho afumana khona iingxelo, agcina uxinzelelo kwiminyazo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Izifundo Zezobupolitika Kwiintlekele Ezinkulu

2011 Inyikima yeTōku neTsunami

Intlekele yeyeThupha, 2011 yayisisihlandlo esitshayelelweyo. I-DPJ elawulayo yabanjwa ingalindelwanga sisikali se-tsunami kunye nenyukliya yeFukushima eyalandelayo. Umphathi-mikhosi uKan watyholwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemicropu nokudidelwa kwemixokelelwano. Inkcaso ye-LDP, kuquka umongameli Tanigaki Sabakazu, wanikela inkxaso kodwa wabizwa kwakhona ngomanyano lukarhulumente wesizwe (kan). Iziphumo zabona ukudlula kwe- komthetho woMthendeleko we-Promenti ye-Great Japaneast Revory [[FLTB]], eyavelisa i-Amplication ekhethekileyo kunye nobeko lwamacandelo. Ngokukhangela ingxwem.

2018 Izikhukula zaseNtshona Japan

Imvula enkulu kaJulayi 2018 yabangela ukudilika kwentaba kunye nezikhukula kwiindawo ezili-14 eziphethe abantu, ezibulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-200. Urhulumente we-LDP wavakalisa ukuba yintlekele emiselweyo, ukuvula iimali ezikhethekileyo, kodwa amaqela abachasi agxeka ukungaveliswa komzi wolwandle ngaphambili. ICDP yabalaselisa ukuba ama-70% omonakalo wokhukula kwenzeka kwiindawo apho imisebenzi kawonke-wonke iye yarhoxiswa khona ngenxa yoqingqo lwemali phantsi kolawulo lwangaphambili lwe-LDP. Oku kwakhokelela ekuchongweni kweendlebe kwiDet, kwaye urhulumente wavelisa i-ebhiliyo engaphezulu kwama-300 eebhiliyoni engaphambili ukwenzela ukugcinwa komlambo kwiminyaka emithathu elandelayo.

2024 Unyikimo Lomhlaba Othe Tye

Inyikima yelifa lesibini yonyaka kaJanuwari 2024 yahlasela iIshikawa, yabangela ukuwa kwezakhiwo ezisasazekileyo kunye nokuxhobisa isilumkiso se-tsunami. Urhulumente we-LDP wakhawuleza waphendula, wathumela i-Uself-Defense mikhosi kunye neendawo zokufihla intlekele. Noko ke, amaqela aphikisayo aphawula ukuba iidolophana ezininzi ezikwanti zaye zayekwa iintsuku kuba iindlela zazivalwe kwaye inqwelo-helikopper kwindawo zokumisa zazinganelanga. ICDP yacebisa ukwenza ingqokelela yangaphambili yezixhobo zonxibelelwano kwiproteni nganye, umlinganiselo owamkelo owamkelwa ngomgaqo ekupheleni konyaka wama-2024. Inyikima yaphinda yabangela impikiswano malunga nokukhuseleka kwezakhiwo zokhuni ezihlala kwindawo ezikwimbali zembali ze-LDP ibithandabuza, i-oyika emva kwesakhiwo sasekuhlaleni solwakhiwo.

Imilinganiselo Yexesha Elizayo: Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu, Ukwaluphala Koluntu, Nokubuyiselwa Kwezinto Zobugcisa

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu

IJapan ibona inkanyamba ezinamandla nezininzi “iinkanyamba ze-guerrilla""" eziya kwindawo eziya kuyo, iimvula ezinkulu ezithwalisa iinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi. ICDP kunye namanye amaqela aphikisayo aphikisayo aphikisayo ukuba ukujoliseka kwimiqobo yekonkrithi akwanele kwimo yezulu entsha. Zikhuthaza urhulumente ukuba afake imali kwisixokelelwano sokuqala sokulumkisa nokuhlaziya iimaphu eziyingozi. I-LDP ithetha ukuba izibonelelo ezinkulu ziseyimfuneko, kodwa iqalile ukudibanisa iziganeko zemozulu ekucebeni. Ulalanisa kwezobupolitika kusenokuba kukudityaniswa kwemixube--meengile nempahla eluhlaza, ngamacala omabini athi anetyala.

Ukwaluphala Kwabemi Nemimandla Entlu - ntle

Ngaphezu kwama-29% kubemi baseJapan abaneminyaka engama-65 okanye ngaphezulu, abaninzi abahlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni okanye kummandla ominyeneyo wedolophu. Ngexesha leentlekele, abantu abakhulileyo basengozini yokunzakala okanye babulawe kwaye bafuna inkxaso ekhethekileyo. IKomeito yenza le ngxelo ingumgunyaziso, inyanzelo yokuxhasa amakhaya abadala kunye nokuqeqeshelwa ukukhulula abantu abatsha kwingingqi yabemi abaphezulu. I-LDP nayo ithathe unobangela, kodwa uqingqo-mali luthetha ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwemali akulingani. Imeko enzima kakhulu yenyikima ``a' enkulu eTokyo okanye eOsaka) ikwimini, xa abantu abaninzi abakhulile besekhaya bebodwa, xa behlala benoloyiko lwezopolitiko abahlala befuna ukupheka.

Ukubuyiselwa kobugcisa

IJapan ikhokela ekusebenziseni iinkqubo zokulumkisa ezisetyenziswayo “ukukhulula, iAl, kunye nezilumkiso zangaphambili ukwenzela ulawulo lwentlekele. Amaqela alawulayo ajonga ubugcisa njengendlela yokwandisa ubuncwane obulinganiselweyo. I-'FLT' karhulumente] i-Socity 5.0] inyathelo eliqukekileyo lokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-“ukukhupha ucingo" ezisebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lokukhokela abantu kwindlela ekhuselekileyo. Amaqela abachasi aphakamise inkxalabo malunga ne-e-scredial, ephikisa ukuba asingobemi bonke abanamafoni. Bakwangathandabuza ukuba iifemu zobugcisa ezizimeleyo zimele zinikwe indawo yogcino-lwazi oluchuku. Le ngxoxo isengungene kwaye iya kubumba isizukulwana esilandelayo sentlekele.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika aseJapan akajolisi ngamaqela ajongene neentlekele zemvelo, ayingcali yokulungisa inkxwaleko yelizwe. Xa kusetyenziswa i-LDP ekwisibonelelo esikhulu sokutyala i-CDP kwisicelo sokutshintsha imozulu kunye neKomeito ajolise kwinani labantu ababuthathaka, iqela ngalinye libeka izinto eziphambili ngendlela engaqhelekanga eme ngayo iJapan elungiselela, isabelana nayo kwiintlekele. Ngexesha ingxubevange yemozulu elandelayo inokuthi ikwazi ukuthoba inkqubela ibangele ingquzuzukisa, ukunyaniswa kwemeko-yo, inyanzelela intsebenzi ehlala isebenza kwimicimbi yezopolitiki yemihla ngemihla. Njengokuba iJapan ijongene nezobugcisa eziphambili zemozulu nezokwaluphala, isoloko isenza into ephawulekayo ekuboneni ukuba imeko yemozulu yemozulu elandelayo.

ngokuphinda-phinda ufundo oluthi: Ulawulo lwezomthetho lwemeko yentlekele yaseJapan ``````''''''''' ```Indawo yentlekele yeCat''' Ulawulo lwexesha lobukhohlo-moya lwendawo ye-ofisi ye-[FLT][FLT]] .[FLT]] .] .[[FLT: 6]]