Ukwazisa: Ukudibana Kwezobupolitika Neepeyinti EJapan

Inkqubo yemfundo yaseJapan isoloko inconywa ngemilinganiselo yayo ephakamileyo, izifundo ezingqongqo, kunye nokusebenza ngamandla kwabafundi kwimiboniso yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge-Programa for International Studentssment (PISA). Kodwa phantsi kwezi zinto ziphunyezweyo kukho inkundla yezopolitiko ekhuphisanayo apho imibono ephikisanayo yesizwe, ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokungavumelani kwezentlalo-ntle rhoqo. Amaqela ezobupolitika eJapan akangobabukeli nje ababukeli abangenisi bemfundo; ngabenzi abaphambili abaguqulela iingcamango zawo kwizicelo zemfundo zemfundo, izivumelwano zemithetho ye-groogn, kunye nemithetho yemiqathango. Ukuqonda indlela ezithi zamaqela abumbana izinto ezitshintsha ngayo iinguqulo zezoqoqosho kuyimfuneko ngayo nabani nabani na ofuna ukufikelela kwimfundo yaseJapan, ukususela kwimfundo yasekuqaleni ukuya kwiyunivesithi.

Umgaqo-siseko wasemva kwemfazwe ka-1947 olungelelanisiweyo kwaye waseka inkqubo ecetyelwe ukukhuthaza ubumi bedemokhrasi. Noko ke, ukubuya koorhulumente abanesithethe phantsi kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) ukususela ngo 1955 ukuya phambili kulawulo olusembindini ngokuthe ngcembe, ingakumbi kwimigangatho yokufundisa kunye nogunyaziso lwencwadi. Lo matshini-mfazwe phakathi kokubekwa phambili nokuhla komgangatho ofanelekileyo, isithethe kunye nenkqubela-phambili, inkcubeko, iyaqhubeka ichaza inkqubo yemfundo namhlanje. Njengoko iJapan ijongene nokuncipha kolawulo, ukhuphithaniso lwezobugcisa, kunye nokhuphiswano lwehlabathi, izikhongo zemfundo, ingazange ibe ngaphezulu. Amaqela ezobupolitika anika iimaphumephu ezahlukahlukeneyo, iinjongo ezinzulu zabafundi, abafundisi-bafundisi-ko, kunye noluntu olubanzi.

Imeko yembali: Ukusuka ekuvuselweni kwakhona kwemfazwe ukuya kutsho kuTshintsho lwe-Heisei

Isiseko senkqubo yemfundo yale mihla yaseJapan sabekwa ngexesha leKhomishini (1945-19952), eyachitha imodeli yemfundo yangaphambi kwemfazwe yobukumkani eyayisekelwe kunqulo lomlawuli nakwinkqubo yemfazwe. Iinguqu zeU.S. ezifakelweyo zasungula umgaqo omnye “63-3-4” inkqubo (iminyaka emithandathu esisiseko, iminyaka emithathu ephezulu, iminyaka emithathu ephezulu, iminyaka emine yeyunivesithi), igunyaziso-compaiser, yaza yaseka i-operation, kwaye yaseka i-uMthetho ophambili wemfundo. Umthetho wemfundo owenziwe kwindawo ethile (1947) uqulu luluvo lwezifundiswa lwenkululeko, kunye nokuhlonela umntu ngamnye ngesidima.

Kuyo yonke iminyaka yee-1950 kunye no-1960, i-LDP yafuna ukuphinda ijonge impembelelo yobuzwe, njengemfundo yokuziphatha (shūshin) kunye neeflegi kunye neengoma zengoma ezisezikolweni, ngokufuthi ijongene nenkcaso ekrakra evela kumaqela asekhohlo kunye neJapan Teachers’s Union (Nikkyōso). Ii-1980 zabona iimpembelelo zobuGcisa phantsi kwemfundo yelifa lemveli (iKyrique Primine Yasuro Nakasone, owaxhasa identificio, iPritazation, kunye nokugcinwa kwabantu “abafudukayo” ukuze bathandane noqoqosho lwezempula. Iminyaka yowe-1990 i-20 (yox"Urōik) yanciphisa ixesha lokuquluzwa kweenkqubo kunye nesikolo, ityala lamva kwemigangatho yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo.

Ngalinye lala maqela labunjwa ngamandla anxulumeneyo amaqela ezobupolitika. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-LDP ixesha elide kwayivumela ukuba ibethelele umbono wayo kwimfundo, kodwa amaqela enkcaso, ingakumbi iQela lobuSoshiyali laseJapan (kamva iCDP) kunye neQela lobuKomanisi laseJapan, liye lasebenzisa impembelelo ngengxoxo yepalamente, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokuhlelwa koonotyani. Ukuqonda lo mdlalo wembali kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni impikiswano ekhoyo.

Imicimbi Ebalaseleyo Yezobupolitika Neminyaka Yayo Yemfundo

ILiberal Democratic Party (LDP): Isithethe, Ukukhuphisana, Nolawulo Olusembindini

I-LDP iye yalawula iJapan emva kwemfazwe, ingeyodwa okanye inxulumaniswe noKomeito. Iqonga lemfundo yayo ngokusoloko ligxininisa iintsika ezintathu: ukomeleza ubuzwe, ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwezizwe ngezizwe kwimfundo ye-STEM, nokugcina umgangatho ophambili wokufundisa.

Isikhokelo esingundoqo se-LDP-driven siquka ukuphinda kuhlaziywe kowama-2006 kwe-Lifarmational Law of Education, eyongezelelekileyo ku- “ukuthanda ilizwe” kunye“ nokuhlonela isithethe nenkcubeko,” ukutshintsha ukugxininisa kwasemva kwemfazwe kwi-odwa. I-LDP ikwaxhasa imfundo enyanzelisayo yokuziphatha ekwimfundo esisiseko eqala kwisikolo sokuqala, ukunyanzeleka ukuculwa komculo wesizwe, kunye nencwadi yemfundo engqongqo evavanyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemfazwe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-LDP iye yanyanzelela ukusetyenziswa kwenzululwazi, ubugcisa, i-scredia (STM), uqeqesho lwesiNgesi kwimfundo yangaphambili, kunye nokunyuselwa kwegama leSikolo sokubhala amanani ephezulu.

I-LDP isebenzisa i-WCP “Komiti yemfundo” enempembelelo kwiBhunga layo loPhicolotho-Profethi, elilungisa izicelo ezisoloko zisiba ngamatyala karhulumente. I-LDP edumileyo njengalowo wayenguNgqongqoshe-nkulu uShinzo Abe yenza imfundo ibe luphawu lokukhula kwayo, iphikisa ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwekomkhulu labantu kwakuyimfuneko ukuze iJapan ivuselele izoqoqosho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa indlela ye-LDP ephikisa ukucingela ukucingelana kwenkcaso, ukunyanisa kwenkcubeko, kunye ne-eacessssssss ngokugxininisa ukufunda ngokucutha kweming ukuvavanya uvavanyo lokungena emnyango.

IParti yeDemocratic yeQela (CDP): Inkqubela-phambili, i-Inclusion, kunye ne-Autonomy

ICDP, eyasungulwa ngo-2017 ukusuka ekudityaniseni amaqela amaninzi asemantla, azimele ngokwawo njengolunye utshintsho oluphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo weLDP. Iqela elixhasa inkqubo yomfundi ephakathi, eququzelelweyo, kunye nenkqubo yemfundo yedemokhrasi. Iqonga layo lidla ngokulakhela kwilifa langaphambili leJapan Socialist Party kunye neDemocratic Party yaseJapan, eyathi yafumana amandla kancinane ukususela ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2012.

Izinto eziphambili zeCDP ziquka ukunciphisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwezihlolo zokungena eyunivesithi ngeendlela zokuvuma ngokugqithisileyo, ukwandisa ulawulo lomfundisi-lwazi, kunye nokusebenzisa oovimba abangakumbi kwimfundo efuna iimfuno ezikhethekileyo kunye nezifundo zemfundo yesikolo ephumayo. Eli qela lisoloko lichasa izifundo zemfundo yemfundo yezokuziphatha ezinyanzelekileyo ze-LDP, liyiphikisa le mfundiso yabafundi ngemilinganiselo yobuzwe. ICDP ikwaxhasa utshintsho ekuthetheni nomfundisi-yokudinwa, njengokuhlisa imithwalo yezolawulo, ukuhlahlela ixesha elithe kratya, nokuqesha abasebenzi abaxhasayo abangakumbi.

Ngexesha lorhulumente we-2009-2012 DPJ, iqela lizama ukuthoba imfundo ngokunika iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ubulumko obungakumbi ekuqesheni nasekuqingqeni imali. Ngoxa ezininzi zezi zindululo kamva zalinganiswa phantsi kwe-LDP, iCDP iyaqhubeka inyanzela ulawulo lwezikolo ezisekelwe kuluntu kunye nokuzinzisa imigangatho yemvume yemfundo yencwadi. Iqela likwagxininisa imfundo yoxolo, ibonakalisa iingcambu zalo zemfazwe, kwaye liye labiza ukuthelekisa ngakumbi ukulandisa okungokwembali okusezincwadini. Kwinqanaba lezizwe ngezizwe, iCDP ixhasa [[FLT:]UNCO'SFUM's umgaqo wemfundo yobumishicimbi belizwe lonke .

Komeito: Ilungu Eliphambili Lomtshato Lomntu Onemali Eninzi

Njengokuba iqabane elincinane le-LDP elingumbutho omncinci ukususela ngo-1999, iKomeito isoloko ithelekisa iinkqubo zemfundo ezilawulayo. Isekelwe kwiimfundiso zobuBhuda bukaNichiren ngentlangano eqhelekileyo iSoka Gakkai, iKomeito ngokwembali igxininisa uxolo, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwalo lonke. Eli qela liye laqhubela phambili kwiinkqubo ezilwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, inkxaso yempilo yengqondo kwizikolo, kunye nemfundo yamalungelo abantu.

Impembelelo kaKomeito ingabonwa ekudluleni komthetho wama-2019 ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungcungcuthekiswa, okugunyazisa abacebisi besikolo kunye neenkqubo ezingcono zokunika ingxelo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, eli qela liye laxhasa “indlela yokufunda ngokunempumelelo”, ekhuthaza ingxubusho kunye nengxaki ngokusuka ekungalawuleni ngemo yengqondo. Ngoxa uKomeito exhasa ukugxininisa kwe-LDP kulwazi lwesizwe, iye yazichasa emva kokusetyenziswa kobuzwe obugqithisileyo, njengokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemfazwe ezibhalweni. Indima yeqela isoloko ikhuthaza ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yemfundo yombutho ihlale ixhaswa ngabantu kwaye iphephe impikiswano enokuthi ithathsamele isixeko kunye nabaselula abavoti.

Ezinye Iindawo: Nippon Ishin, JCP, Nobuchule Bokwenza Izinto Ezinokusetyenziswa

Nippon Ishin (Japan Innovation Party), esekelwe kummandla weKansai, abameli bokwenza isidima esigqithisileyo, kuquka ukupheliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo yokufundisa nokuvumela uluntu ukuba lugqibe imibandela yalo yemfundo. Eli qela lixhasa “izifundo ezisekelwe kwi-merit” umfundisi-lwazi nokhetho lwesikolo, ukuphembelela impembelelo kwimizekelo yesikolo saseMelika. Iqela lamaKhomanisi (JCP), ngoxa lincinane, linengxelo engaguqukiyo yokuchasa zonke iintlobo ze-SCUPS kunye nemfundo yesizwe. Ifuna ukuba intengiselwano epheleleyo yemfundo yemfundo yezokuziphatha neyokubuyiselwa kwebhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni. Kwakhona iJCPPPP ifuna ukunciphisa okugqithisileyo kwiklasi kawonke, namanye amaqela amancinane, njengeRewa Shinmin, inktomi eencerpignethi yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo eekholi.

Imfundo Ephambili Nempembelelo Yeepolitiki

Utshintsho Lwemfundo Yemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Ngo - 2015: Ubuzwe Kwiklasi

Enye yezi inguqulelo zemfazwe zolawulo lwe-Abe yaba kukunyuswa kwemfundo yokuziphatha ukusuka “kwixesha” ukuya kumxholo oqhelekileyo, owenziwe ngokwezigaba ngo- 2015. ILDP yaphikisa ngelithi oku kwakufuneka ukubethelela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nokulwa iingxaki zentlalo ezifana nokungcungcuthekiswa nokungabi nalulwa. Abagxeki, kuquka iCDP, i-JCP, kunye nezifundiswa ezininzi, zaziya kusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza ukungacingisisi siseko somhlaba kunye nokuzihlaziya ngokwembali. Uqeqesho olutsha luquka imixholo efana “nobugcisa belizwe,” kunye nolokubonakalisa indlela yokuzinikela. Ngexesha likaKometo isiqinisekiso sokuba uqeqesho olungqalileyo lwezopolitiki lungagunyazi, iibhodi zolungiso lwengingqi. Iibhodi zasekuhlaleni kunye nootitshala bazama ukuqhuba ingxulungayeko lwempikiswano yesizwe.

IEntrance Exam Reformation: Intle neNguqu

Ukhuphiswano olukrakra lokungena kwiyunivesithi ephakamileyo ludala lungumthombo woxinezeleko nokungalingani eJapan. I-LDP iye yazichasa ngokwembali iinguquko ezisisiseko kwinkqubo yovavanyo, isoyika ukulahlekelwa yi-liviko. Noko ke, ngo-2018, urhulumente wavakalisa icebo lokususa iZiko leSizwe lokuvavanya ngelitsha “Cummon's's' uvavanyo” oluya kubandakanya imibuzo kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlola ukucingisisa iingcinga nokucola. Utshintsho lwaye lwakhawuleziswa lwaza lwadiliselwa emva kokuchaswa ngabafundisi, abafundi, kwanakwicandelo le-LDP, elixhalayiyo, elixhalayiyo ngokokuvavanywa kwemali nokunga okusesikweni. I-CDP ikhuthaza ukuncitshiswa okugqithisileyo kwemiqatha kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha, ukukhuthaza ukuvalelwa kwemiqatha kwemiqatha, i-portoli, kunye nodliwa ingxuwano ephakathi ye-Angxpoluthel. Ing.

Ukwenziwa kwamanani kunye nocwangciso lweSikolo saseGIGA: A Rare Bipartisan Consensus

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabhenca ulwahlulo lwamanani kwizikolo zamaJapan, apho abaninzi babengenazo izixhobo ezaneleyo kunye nokufikelela kwi-Intanethi. Urhulumente othenjiweyo waphendula ngenkqubo ye-GIGA, inyathelo elikhulu le-9360 bhodi lezigidi zezigidi ze-CDP ukunikezela i-laptop okanye icwecwe ngalinye kumfundi ngamnye ngoMatshi 2023. Zombini ezi zixhasa lo mgudu, nangona zahlukane ngokugxininiswa. I-LDP yayisisixhobo sokukhuphisana notshintsho lwezoqoqosho, ngelixa i-CDP igxininisa i-equity kunye nomfundisi-lwazi. IKomeito ityhalela ukuquka i-ICIbersecurity kunye ne-esbus. Ngokomphulo lwezifundo zasekuhlaleni lumele luqhubekeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngoku, ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo kwe-data ye-AS, kunye nendima ye-masterstikitis, i-edis ebonakalisa uqeqesho lwe-Apartgames.

Iimeko zomsebenzi zomfundisi - ntsapho nedabi leAutonomy yooGcisa

Abafundisi- ntsapho baseJapan babandezeleka ngenxa yokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo, ukuhlawulwa kancinci okunxulumene nezinye izifundiswa, kunye nomlinganiselo ophezulu wokudinwa. ICDP iye yenza intlalo-ntle yokufundisa ingumsebenzi womsebenzi wobufundisi, imisela iikhoptha ezisemthethweni ngethuba lokusebenza ixesha elide, iqesha abasebenzi abangakumbi, kwaye inciphisa imisebenzi yolawulo enyanzelisayo. I-LDP, ngoxa ivuma le ngxaki, ibimadolw'ukwandisa imfundo ethe ngqo, ikhetha ukuxhomekeka “kuphucula iinguqu ezikhoyo” nemigudu yokuzithandela. I-JCPCP iyaqhubeka ifuna ukunciphisa okusisiseko kwemigangatho yabafundi abangama-20 okanye abambalwa. I-LDP. I-P.

Indima yeBreaucracy namaqela anomdla kwinkqubo yeQela

Amaqela ezobupolitika akasebenzi kwindawo engenamsebenzi. ISebe lezemfundo, iMidlalo, iSports, iScience kunye noBuchwepheshi (MEXT) linendima enamandla ekubhaleni amatyala, ekumiseleni izikhokelo zokufundisa, nasekulawuleni incwadi yokuqinisekisa. Amaqela ezobupolitika asoloko ehlakulela ulwalamano olusondeleyo ne-MEXT bureaucats, kodwa ulwalamano alungolo nje olunye lomthetho. Amagosa omsebenzi wempangelo ayakwazi ukuphembelela inkqubo yempatho ngokufaka imigaqo yezobugcisa kunye nemizekelo. Kwangaxesha elinye, amaqela alungelelaniswe inzala, njengeemfundo eJapaniatrust Union (Niconsso), kunye neQuavention of Economicerns (Kendan), amaqela ekhuthaza imicimbi yezemfundo, iinkonzo zezemfundo, kunye neengcubango zobuthe, iinkonzo zezemfundo zezemfundo, kunye neengcubango zezemfundo zezemfundo, zezemfundo, zezentelelo, zezentelelo, kunye nezibonelelo, zezentenxa.

Iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ezinyulwe ngokuzimeleyo ngezantsi kwempembelelo ye-Ourceern Autonomy Law . Xa amaqela enkcaso elawula urhulumente wesizwe okanye kamasipala, angakwazi ukumisela iinkqubo ezihambela phambili ezicel ’ umngeni iziko lemfundo yezokuziphatha, ezinjengokwala ukwamkela izifundo zemfundo okanye ukunikela imfundo engakumbi yesondo kuphela. Oku kudala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokusebenza ngaphaya kweJapan, kwanakuloo siseko sohlanga sinye.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Indlela Ekwahluke Ngayo Kwezobupolitika Kweminye Imibandela YaseJapan

Ngokungafaniyo neUnited States, apho imfundo ingurhulumente negunya lasekuhlaleni, iJapan ihlala ilawula inkqubo kawonke-wonke eqinileyo kuhlelo kunye neencwadi zokufunda, yenza ukhuphiswano lweqela lesizwe lube neziphumo eziphambili. Ngokwahlukileyo kuManyano oMbuso, apho amaqela e-Labour and Conservation aye atshintshana neenguquko ezinkulu kwizakhiwo zesikolo (izifundo, izikolo ezikhululekileyo), iJapan igcine inkqubo kawonke wonke eqinileyo nelungelelanisa iinguqu ezincinane. Inkqubo ye-LDP's Cantir-partum ivelisa utshintsho oluphezulu kunezodwa, ngaphandle kwamaxesha okungamaxesha omanyano olumanyeneyo karhulumente omanyano, njengangowe-2009,2012. Noko ke, umgangatho weCD-P ubambe impumelelo kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo kwincoko yesizwe yangaphandle kwe-okheshanti yonyu. Indima yeKoteris ephambili ephambili phakathi koburhulumente bonqulo (kunye i-ontali yesizwe) kunye ne-ontathothotho yenk.

Xa Ukhangela Kwikamva: Ikamva Lotshintsho Lwemfundo KwiArena Yezobupolitika YaseJapan

IJapan ijongene nengxaki yabemi abalupheleyo: ulwaluko olukhawulezileyo kunye nesiseko solutsha esinciphayo luza kunyanzela izikolo ukuba ziqinise, zinciphise ubungakanani bemfundo, okanye zinciphise isiphiwo somgangatho wesizwe. Bonke amaqela bayavumelana kwimfuno “yoMphiko-si-5.0” edibanisa i-II kunye ne-robhothi kwimfundo, kodwa ayahluka kumaxabiso asekuhlaleni afanele ahambe kunye nobugcisa. I-LDP iza kuqhubeka inyanzela ukunyanzela imfundo engokwesithethe neempawu zobuzwe ezinamandla. ICDP iya kuxhathisa ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo ephakathi kunye nemilinganiselo efuna ukunciphisa ukungalingani. IKomeito iya kufuna ukuhlaziya imiphetho yesizwe kwaye iqinisekise ukuba amalungelo abantu ahlonelwe. Njengokuba izizukulwana ezincinane, ezinokufumaneka ngobuchule obuphezulu, ukuzuza amandla kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika, i-LD, i-LD isenokunyanzeka ilungele ukutshintsha imigangatho yayo.

Ekupheleni, indima yamaqela ezobupolitika ekulungiseni utshintsho lwezifundo eJapan ayiminyenenga okanye ayithathi ncam. Kukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo, kwezobupolitika ezidibeneyo, amandla olawulo, kunye nengcinezelo yentlalo. Ukusuka ekuvuselweni kwemithetho yemfundo engundoqo yemfundo ngokungxamisekileyo, utshintsho ngalunye olungundoqo lunento yokwenza nokhuphiswano lweqela. Ababukeli kufuneka bajonge ngaphaya kwemixholo yezombono weqela ngoku elilawulayo kwaye liphi icebo eliseluxolweni. Njengoko iJapan ihamba ngekamva elingaqinisekiyo, ukhetho olunokwenziwa kwiikomiti zeDiet kunye nemigaqo yemibutho luza kuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda ii-phinda-phinde ihambe kumashumi eminyaka. Ukutshona okunzulu kwemigaqo-siseko, abafundi basenokujongana kwe-MEXT njengeectoogn [5] [5] namaxwebhu athematika athe ehlabathini:[Fognome] [[3] kunye nemfundo yolwazi lomhlaba: [F3]