Indima yoorhulumente belizwe eUnited States ingundoqo ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nentlalontle yabemi bayo yonke imihla. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente worhulumente wesizwe, othetha ngemicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe, oorhulumente basebenza ngemigaqo-nkqubo engundoqo, intsebenziswano kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezibubumba ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi babo. Esi sakhiwo silungeleleneyo singuphawu oluzenzekelayo lwenkqubo ye-U.S., esivumela ulawulo olulungelelwaniso olulungeleleneyo olunokuthetha ngezoqoqosho, inkcubeko, neemfuno zomhlaba zoluntu ngalunye. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka korhulumente ngokwemizekelo yokwenene yempembelelo yabo. . .

Oorhulumente: Isiseko soLawulo oluPhawulweyo

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko yemisebenzi emininzi echaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bentlalo-ntle, kuquka imfundo, ezothutho, ezonyango, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, umgaqo-siseko wemekobume, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Urhulumente ngamnye usebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko wakhe, unomthetho wakhe, impatho-siseko, namasebe alawulayo, kwaye unegunya lokulawula irhafu, ukudala imithetho, nokuphatha ubuncwane bukarhulumente. Le nkqubo isekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko weshumi kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S., owungawaphathiswanga gunya lawo kurhulumente worhulumente, okanye kubantu. Lo maqela negunya aqinisekisa ukuba ukulawula kuyamkeleka iimeko zasekuhlaleni, okwenza ukuba kubekho amazwe asebenze njengeedemokhrasi apho iinkqubo zolawulo apho iinkqubo zendalo zinokuvavanywa nokucolishwa khona ngaphambi kokuba zikho.

Ulawulo loorhulumente bamazwe lukwathetha ukuba kukho umahluko ophawulekayo kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo kulo lonke ilizwe. Umzekelo, amaqondo erhafu, imithetho yerhafu encinane, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota zingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Oku kwahluka-hlukene kuvumela abemi ukuba bafumane ulawulo oluhambelana ngakumbi namaxabiso eendawo zabo nezinto eziphambili, kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukuba umgangatho weenkonzo kunye nomgangatho wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ungohluka ngokwendawo ahlala kuyo umntu. Ngokuhlolisisa iinkalo ezithile zoxanduva loxanduva lukarhulumente, sinokubona imiphumo ephawulekayo yezi zigqibo.

Imfundo Efanelekileyo: Ukutshintsha Isizukulwana Esilandelayo

Imfundo yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo apho oorhulumente belizwe banempembelelo engqalileyo nehlala ihleli kubemi. Ama-odonga anomthwalo wemfanelo oyintloko wokumisela iinkqubo zawo zemfundo, ukumisela imigangatho yokufundisa, ukumisela iimfuno zoqeqesho, nokumisela iimfuno zokufundisa, nokuxhasa iinkonzo zezikolo zikawonke-wonke. Oku kulawula kuvumela oorhulumente ukuba batshintshe baze baphendule kwiingxaki zemfundo zasekuhlaleni, kodwa kwakhona kudala ukwahluka-hlukana okubanzi kwemfundo nomgangatho wemfundo kunye neziphumo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Imali yokulawula yendawo yaseKhalifoniya yokuHlahlela

I-Local Control Funding Formula (LCF), ebekwe ngo-2013, imela utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela urhulumente anikezela ngayo izibonelelo ezisezikolweni. Phantsi kwe-LCF, isithili sesikolo sifumana umyinge osisiseko wenkxaso-mali kumfundi ngamnye, nezipho ezongezelelweyo kunye nezibonelelo zephondo ezinamanani aphezulu abafundi abafumana imali ephantsi, amaNgesi kunye nokukhulisa abantwana. Oku kujolise ekujoliseni ulawulo oluthe ngqo kubafundi abaneemfuno ezinkulu, kunika ubuchule obungakumbi kwimimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ngendlela eyisebenzisa ngayo loo mali. Uqeqesho luye lwanconywa ngemali epheleleyo epheleleyo ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo, ukuxhasa inkxaso eyongezelelweyo, njengoko ezi zikhongongezelelwe zizinto ezikhoyo, ezinceda ukusondela kwemiqobo. Ngokutshona kwengxelo [Foctive [0] ye-Sylysychliniclicly yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yoqeqesho, i-FFography, i-FFogneze izikolo eziluncedo kakhulu, nangona isele i

Inkqubo yokuKhetha iSikolo seFlorida

IFlorida ibiyinkokeli yesizwe kwisikolo esikhethiweyo, inika uludwe lweendleko ezinika iintsapho ulawulo oluthe kratya kwimfundo yabantwana bazo. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziquka izikolo zomthetho, iirhafu zerhafu, kunye nee-akhawunti zemfundo ezivumela abazali ukuba basebenzise imali kawonke-wonke kwisikolo sabucala, iindleko zemfundo, okanye ezinye iindleko zemfundo. Izifundo ze-Delorium Coocs Confective Corrence Armeshiption Program, enye yohlobo lwazo lwesizwe, isebenza ngaphezulu kwekhulu kunyaka wonke, isebenza ngaphezu kwekhulu eli-100 000 ehlawulo oluphantsi kunye nezifundo ezisebenzayo eziye zandizela abafundi abaphumeleleyo abasebenzayo unyaka ngamnye. Abaxhasi bemfundo baphikisa ukuba le nkqubo iphuhlise iinguqulo phakathi kwezikolo, eziqhuba unyuko lwezezolawulo lwasekuhlaleni nakukhuselwayo, ngokokunyuswa kwabafundi abathelekele inzala kubantwana.

Amanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukuba unyango luyasebenza:

Oorhulumente banendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imeko yempilo yabemi babo. Balawula iimarike ze-inshorensi yempilo, balawula iinkqubo ze-Medicaid (ngokufuthi besebenzisana norhulumente), baphumeze amanyathelo empilo kawonke-wonke, kwaye bajonge ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi bezonyango. Ezi mbopheleleko zinika oorhulumente amandla abalulekileyo okuthetha ngezinto eziza kuqala zempilo yasekuhlaleni, bandise ukuthelekisa abantu abasengozini.

Ukunyamekela Impilo YaseMassachusetts

Massachusetts''s ulungiso lwezempilo lwangowama-2006, olusoloko lubhekiselwa kulo "Ubuchule bokulungisa i-Medicaid," yayingumgudu obalulekileyo wokufikelela kufuphi nenkcubeko yempilo epheleleyo kwilizwe. Umthetho wamisela imfuneko yokuba abantu abaninzi bafumane i-inshorensi yempilo, bavelise inkqubo ye-inshorensi encinane ye-inshorensi ye-inshorensi ephantsi, kwaye yandisa imodeli ebanzi ye-Afford Carence (AAA) edlulileyo. Ukuqalisa kwemeko yesizwe kwabonisa ukuba inyathelo elikwimeko lokungangeni ekungangeni i-ase-engeni kwe-asethi. Utshintsho lwaphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni umlinganiselo we-Massachusettston kwi-3%, omnye wabasezantsi kwelizwe, kwaye wasebenza njengomzekelo othe ngqo we-Affordtable Act (AA) kwimeko engcono kakhulu yemeko yophatholo-omer.[0]

Ulwando lwemedi- Cardian

IKhalifoniya iye yandisa inkqubo yayo yeMedicaid, eyaziwa ngokuba yiMedi-Cal, phantsi kwe-ACA kwaye ihamba ngeenyathelo zephondo elilandelayo. Imeko yandisa impumelelo yabo bonke abantu abadala abanomvuzo ukuya kutsho ku-138% kumgangatho wobuhlwempu obumanyeneyo, kwaye ithathe inyathelo elitsha lokuvumela ulutsha olungabhalwanga, nabantu abadala abadala ukuba bafaneleke ngokupheleleyo iMedi-Cal. Njengesiphumo, iCalifornia inciphise ngokuphawulekayo izinga layo lokungakhutshwanga, ukusuka kwi 17.5% kumgangatho wobuhlwempu obukwindawo yoluntu ukuya ku-7% ku-20222. Ukwanda kolwazi oluphambili, ukusetyenziswa kwempilo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kuxhomekeke ekufumaneni ubuchule obuthe kratya kwizigidi zemali ezifumana abahlala phantsi kwemali. Ngokunjalo kuye kwabangela ukuzinziwa kwemali ezibhedlelenezo ezibhedlktri nezibhedlele ezizi. Iingxelo zeSebe lezempilo eziziko eziziphethe zezezo zobuburhulumente zoburhulumente zoburhulumente zobuRhulumente, ngokunjalo, ngokunjalo

Izakhiwo Zezithuthi: Abantu Abafudukayo Nezinto Ezithile

Yindawo enzima yothutho apho oorhulumente belizwe benempembelelo engqalileyo kwimveliso yezoqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi. Amazwe amele agcine kwaye aphucule iindlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, amazibuko, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha abantu kwimida yawo. Le mibutho yesiseko ibalulekile kwi-commumeter, ezorhwebo, kunye nokusabela kongxamiseko, kwaye imeko yabo inokuba nempembelelo kushishino kunye nokukhula kwengingqi.

INgxowa-mali yezothutho yaseTexas

ITexas, kunye nokwanda kwabemi bayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokwanda kwemibutho emikhulu yelizwe, ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo lwezothutho. Ekuphenduleni, iphondo lenza iNgxowa-mali yezothutho yeTexas Intracrapure (TIFIF) ngo-2014, enika umthombo onikezelweyo wenkxaso-mali kuhola omkhulu wendlela enkulu kunye nebrorho ejolise ekunciphiseni ukuxinana nokuphucula ukhuseleko. I-TIFTHP ikhupha ingeniso kwirhafuthelo ye-oyile kunye nerhafu yerhafu yerhafu eninzi. NgokweSebe lezentengiso lixhasa iprojekthi ye-Fomatili e-Austinstation 35 e-Austinty, kunye nokwakhiwa kweGrand Parkway eHouston. Le ngeniso inyusa ingeniso yengozi kwimiqatha yeemali yelizwe loshishino.

Iinguqu ze-MTA yaseNew York

I-Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) isebenza eyona nkqubo inkulu yothutho kuMntla Merika, inceda izigidi zabakhweli mihla le kunqumla iDolobha laseNew York kunye namahlomela ayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-MTA ithathe amanyathelo okuphucula ngokuxhaswa ngumthetho wesizwe kunye neemali zerhafu ezinikezelwayo zerhafu. Ezi ziquka ukuphunyezwa kwezibonelelo zokuhlawula iinqwelo-moya ezingenamsebenzi, ulwandoqo lweenqwelo-moya ezintsha kunye neebhasi, kunye nolwandiso lweSecond Avenue subroy eMtae kwicala elisemntla weManhattan. Inkqubo yekomkhulu ijonge kwimiqathangongoma enika intlukwano yokuphucula urhwebo nokwalunyuko lwemali ekhoyo, nangona i-Mta iyaqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kwemali enyanzelwa noncedo lorhwebo loshishino. Ingxelo yezo-orhulumente.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngokunyanzelisa umthetho, ngeenkonzo zongxamiseko, nangenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Bamisela imithetho yesohlwayo, basebenze iintolongo zikarhulumente, bajonge iinkqubo zokuvalelwa nokubuyiselwa kwemiqathango. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaziko amaninzi aye azama ukuguqula iinguqu ezijolise ekunciphiseni amanani okubanjwa, ekuthetheni iiyantlukwano zobuhlanga, nasekujoliseni ingqwalaselo ekulungiseni isohlwayo.

Iprojekthi yaseKhalifoniya 47

Iproposition yaseCalifornia 47, eyadluliselwa ngabavoti ngo-2014, yayingumlinganiselo obalulekileyo wotshintsho lwezomthetho owenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Umlinganiselo wokulungisa izinto ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokuphatha iziyobisi waphinda wahlela amashumi amawaka ezinto zentolongo angenabo umva wabekwa kwityala lazo. Inyathelo lokunciphisa ilahleko, amaqondo aphantsi, kwaye ubuyisela imali egciniweyo ekuvalweni kweminyanzelo yokuthintelwa nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yonyango. Umlinganiselo unconywa kwabemi abathile basetokisiwe ngokunciphisa amashumi amawaka abantu basentolongweni ngemingxwabalwano, nto leyo eye yabangela ukuba i-proflation i-afrective kwimisebenzi ehla karhulumente, efana nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, kunye noncedo lwezikoliso lweziyobisi oluneentlobo-transport, ngoko kunyuswe ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yezomthetho yezaphuli-mthetho, i-mthetho ekwanyuswe nakulwa kwemigunyaza iinvolu yezo yezo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Utshintsho lwaseNew Jersey

Ibheyile yebheyile ye-New Jersey, eyaphunyezwa ngo-2017, yasusa ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile yemali kwityala elingelolobudlova, ithabathel' indawo ngenkqubo yokuhlola esekelwe kumngcipheko. Phantsi kwenkqubo entsha, abagwebi bacinga ngomngcipheko wokukhohliswa kwenqanawa kunye nengozi kuluntu xa begqiba ukuba ngababambe intolongo phambi kokuvavanywa, kunokuba bathembele kumandla abo okuhlawula umanyano. Utshintsho lwabangelwa kukungahlawulwa kwemali ehlawulwa yimali ngaphandle kokuhlala kwimiqathango yemali ngaphandle kokuzifumana. Ingxelo ephezulu ngempumelelo ngenxa yobuhlwempuzo babo ngexesha abakhenkeneyo be-ongxhwephe. Iziphumo zibatheze. Iziphumo ezibalulekileyo: ukuvalelwa kwentolongo kumthetho womthetho woburhulumente zibonise ukuhla kwemali engaphezulu, ngoxa inani labamangalelwayo likhutshwa ngaphandle koncedo olupheleleyo lwemali entla. [FF.]

Izithethe Zemekobume: Ukukhusela Ubuncwane Bendalo

Urhulumente usoloko ephambili ekukhuseleni imeko-bume, emisela imithetho yokukhusela umgangatho womoya, ubuncwane bamanzi nendawo yokuhlala yendalo. Le nkqubo inokuba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwimpilo yoluntu nakuluntu, ingakumbi njengoko ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuzisa iingxaki ezintsha.

Inkqubo yeCap- kunye ne-Trade

Inkqubo ye-cap- kunye ne-trade yeKhalifoniya, eyaqaliswa ngo-2013, yenye yezona migudu yomgangatho karhulumente onamandla yokulwa nokuguquka kwemozulu. Le nkqubo ibeka umlinganiselo osezantsi wokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu evela kwimithombo emikhulu, njengezityalo zamandla, iinkonquzo, kunye nezakhiwo zemizi - mveliso, kwaye ivumela iinkampani ukuba zithenge kwaye zithengise iirejista. Le nkqubo yemakethe yemali esekelwe kwimida yemali exhobisa amashishini ukuhlisa umgangatho wekharbon ngexesha lokunika ukhuthulo lwegesi ngexesha eliphantsi. Le nkqubo igquma malunga nama-80% e-erandis kwaye ivelise iibhili zemali kwingeniso, ezifakwe kwimisebenzi ecocekileyo, ezigcina amandla, ezothutho, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa imozulu. Ngokutshona kwemiqatha yemeko-mente, ngokuxhasa ulawulo lwemeko-mentengongo. Ngokokusebenza kungenelo oluthelela ukuxhasa ulawulo olusemthethweni.

Imigangatho yamandla e-Oregon evuselelwayo kwakhona

I-Oregon izibeke kwisikhundla sayo njengenkokeli yamandla avuselelwayo ngokumisela imilinganiselo yempembelelo ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwamandla acocekileyo. I-Portfolio Standard (RPS) evuselelwayo ifuna ukuba i-50% yombane othengiselwa abathengi iphume kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo ngo-2040, kunye neenkcazo ezidibeneyo kwindlela. I-Oregon isebenzisa izixhobisi zokukhuthaza ukuphuhlisa ilanga namandla anomoya, kuquka imigaqo yemiqathango yemibhobhobho ekhutshwayo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwerhafu yerhafu. Le migaqo iye yakhuthaza ukuveliswa okubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi ecocekileyo kumazwe aqengqele, ingakumbi kwimimandla evuthayo yempuma nelanga esezantsi empumayela umbane. Ingxelo yesebe lokuvelisa amandla e-octive i-odrogn i-sting i-eropt transties. Ingxelo yeSebe le-enjizi zixhobo i-enjini ekhupha eliphumayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kolawulo Lukarhulumente

Oorhulumente bafeza indima ebalulekileyo neneentlobo-ntlobo ekulolongeni ubomi babemi babo ngemigaqo-nkqubo nangeenyathelo elichaza iimfuno kunye nemilinganiselo yobomi. Ukusuka kwimfundo nakunonophelo lwempilo ukuya kwizithuthi, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume, impembelelo yolawulo lukarhulumente inzulu, ifikeleleka kakhulu, kwaye isoloko ikhawulezile kuneyorhulumente worhulumente. Imizekelo ebalaseliswe kweli nqaku ibonisa indlela izigqibo zomgangatho karhulumente ezinokuphucula ngayo imfundo yokulingana, ukwandisa ukufikelela kwempilo, ukufikelela kwezibonelelo zoluntu, ukuguqula iinkqubo zolawulo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokukhusela ulawulo lwendalo.

Ukuqonda le misebenzi kwenza uxabiso lokubaluleka koorhulumente belizwe kubume obubanzi bedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukuntlukwano kwendlela yokungena kumaphondo anqamlezayo kuvumela uvavanyo nohlaziyo, kunika ubungqina ngoko kwenziwayo noko kungachananga. Kukwathetha ukuba abemi banethuba elinentsingiselo lokuphembelela imigaqo echaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla ngonyulo lukarhulumente, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye nokudibana kwamagosa asekuhlaleni. Njengoko imingeni ejongene noluntu iqhubeka iguquka, indima yoorhulumente iza kuhlala ibalulekile ekusebenzeni, isebenza, kwaye ilawulele ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zabantu abakhonzayo.