Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngamaxwebhu asisiseko asisiseko amisela imithetho nemigaqo esisiseko yelizwe ngalinye eUnited States. Ngoxa amaMelika amaninzi eqhelene nomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha samaMelika awawaziyo ukuba umgaqo-siseko wawo unomgaqo-siseko. Kodwa la maxwebhu adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumgangatho wezikolo zikawonke-wonke ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela indlela urhulumente wakho esebenza ngayo, iinkonzo eziwunikayo, kunye namalungelo onawo njengommimi. Ukuqonda imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente kunceda ukucacisa indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente kunye neendlela ezininzi abachaphazela ngayo imisebenzi yomhla nenxaxheba.

Yintoni UmGaqo - siseko KaRhulumente?

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usebenza njengowona mthetho uphakamileyo kwimida karhulumente ngamnye. Usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo karhulumente, ukhokela ukusebenza korhulumente nokhusela amalungelo abemi. Ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, udala iqumrhu elikhethekileyo lomthetho-siseko osebenza kwicala lomthetho-siseko worhulumente.

Ngokufuthi befuzisela umGaqo-siseko wesizwe, babala isakhiwo sikarhulumente baze bamisele irejista yamalungelo, isebe eliphetheyo elikhokelwa yirhuluneli (futhi elinye okanye ngaphezulu ngamagosa, njengerhuluneli yesikhululo negqwetha-gosa-gosa), indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente, kuquka inkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente. La maxwebhu anikela isiseko esisemthethweni sokulawula urhulumente kwaye aqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abemi nxamnye nezenzo zikarhulumente ezingamiselwangagunyazizo.

Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye ubonisa imbali yawo eyahlukileyo, inkcubeko, nezinto eziphambili. Olu mahluko ukhokelela kumahluko obangel ’ umdla kulo lonke ilizwe ngendlela oorhulumente abaqhuba ngayo ulawulo, amalungelo, kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Amanye amazwe aye agcina umgaqo-siseko omnye ukutyhubela imbali yawo, ngelixesha amazwe amaninzi ebenemithetho-siseko emininzi kwimbali yawo.

Ulwalamano Phakathi koRhulumente noMgaqo-siseko woManyano

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usebenza kwinkqubo entlu - mbini yomgaqo-siseko ecaleni komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Awunako ukuphikisana nomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kodwa unganika amalungelo nokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungaphaya koko kufunwa ngumthetho wesizwe. Oku kudala umaleko obalulekileyo wokhuseleko kubemi, njengoko amazwe enokunikela amalungelo angaphezulu kakhulu kunalawo afunwa ngurhulumente wesizwe.

Amagunya eSindululo seSihlalo seshumi angenawo amagunya karhulumente karhulumente. Oku kuvumela ukuba kuveliswe amalungiselelo achaza inkcazo yomgaqo-siseko othetha ngeenkxalabo zasekuhlaleni, ukusuka kwimfundo ukuya kwimithetho yomtshato, lo gama nje engangqubani nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. UMgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika urhulumente wesizwe igunya elithile, lo gama yonke enye into iwela kumarhulumente.

Nkqu namaMerika ambalwa azi umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngokufuthi ugqitha kuMgaqo-siseko wesizwe ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwimibandela enjengemekobume, ukulingana kwamadoda namabhinqa nenkululeko yezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko welaseHawaii wongeza inkululeko eyongezelelekileyo yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nokukhululeka ekuphandeni okungekho sikweni nakumalungelo okuthatyathwa.

Indlela uMgaqo-siseko weSizwe owahluke ngayo kumGaqo-siseko wamaFedera

Ubude kunye nenkcukacha

Olunye umahluko omkhulu phakathi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe nowesizwe bubude bawo. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe mde kakhulu kunomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, oqulathe amagama angama-4,543 kuphela. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wonke unde ngaphezu kwama-8,000 amagama kuba uninzi oluninzi olumalunga nolwalamano lwemini-yosuku phakathi korhulumente nabantu.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe u-avareji yamagama angama-26,000, phantse aphindwe kathandathu kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Noko ke, lo mGaqo-siseko we-Alabama udlula amagama angama-310 000, uwenza ube ngowona xwebhu lude lulawulayo ehlabathini. Umphezulu weKhalifoniya u-54,000, lo gama iVermont imalunga no-500 kuphela.

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente utyekele ekungeneni kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ezimalunga nobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukuphengulula kwimimandla apho umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Oku kusilela kubonisa ubunyani obusebenzayo obubonisa ukuba oorhulumente bawusingatha umsebenzi omninzi wemini ukuya kumhla ochaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi. Umgaqo-siseko welizwe udla ngokuquka imimiselo yemithetho ecwangcisiweyo eya kuphatha. Bathetha ngemibandela ecacileyo yorhulumente njengamalungelo amanzi kumaphondo asentshona, imimiselo yokungcakaza, kunye nemimiselo yemfundo.

Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo-siseko waseNew Mexico unikezela lonke icandelo ekunkcenkcesheleni nakumalungelo amanzi, kodwa hayi kumbuso ohamba ngamanzi ongasentshona. Ezi zibonelelo zingqalileyo zithetha ngeemfuno neengxaki ezikhethekileyo ezijamelene nazo kwimimandla nganye esekelwe kwinzululwazi yelizwe, kwezoqoqosho nakubemi.

Inkqubo yoHlomelo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ulula kakhulu ukuwutshintsha kunomGaqo-siseko wase-U. Umgaqo-siseko othengisiweyo ubonakala ulula, kwaye abavoti banempembelelo engqalileyo kwibhokisi yebhola yokuvota. Kwilizwe ngalinye, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe izigqibo — kwaye ngaphandle kweDelaware, ezi kufuneka zibekwe kwibhola yomvoti ukuze ivunywe nguvoti.

Ubuninzi bezinguquko bubonisa oku kufumaneka. Bekungaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 ukususela oko umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uye walungiswa okokugqibela. Phambi koko, ibilungiswe izihlandlo ezili-16 kuphela ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kweBhili yamaLungelo ngo-1791. Thelekisa oko kurhulumente, oye walungiswa ngokudityanisiweyo phantse amaxesha angama-70 ngowama-2022 kuphela.

Ngenxa yokuba kulula ukutshintsha kuneMigaqo-siseko wase-U.S., umgaqo-siseko worhulumente usoloko ubonisa utshintsho lomnqweno nezilangazelelo zabantu ngendlela engachananga nomGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Oku kuguquka kuvumela amazwe ukuba aphendule ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kwiimbambano nakwiimfuno ezitshintshayo zentlalo.

Kumaphondo ali-18, abemi bangasebenzisa inkqubo ethandwayo yokucebisa ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko ngqo. Isixhobo esinamandla sokuguqula, inyathelo eliqhelekileyo elinokusetyenziswa ngamaqela asekelwe kumthetho ohlaziyiweyo ukubeka isilungiso esinye ngexesha kumgaqo-siseko wabo — ubunzima kukuba utyikityo olwaneleyo lwabavoti kufuneka lufakwe, kwaye ukupheliswa kwento kuza kufuneka kuphumelele ivoti ethandwayo kwivoti ebanzi.

Umda kunye noGxiniselo

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wenzelwe ukunika urhulumente olinganiselweyo, ngeli xesha umgaqo-siseko worhulumente umisela umda worhulumente onamandla sele ewulawula. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente uphendula imicimbi yomGaqo-siseko karhulumente ongawugqumeliyo. Lo mahluko ungundoqo ekufikeni kwinkalo ibonisa iindima ezahlukeneyo ezi zinto zidlalwa ngala maxwebhu kulawulo lwaseMelika.

Ngokungafaniyo nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udla ngokuba namalungiselelo achaza imibandela eyahlukeneyo, enjengerhafu, imfundo, nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukuthetha ngeemfuno ezahlukileyo zabemi bawo. La malungiselelo achaza imigaqo-siseko karhulumente yenza iinkalo ezibalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi kwiphondo ngalinye.

Indlela ImiGaqo - siseko KaRhulumente Obuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Umgaqo - siseko kaRhulumente uchaphazela ezinye zezona nkalo zisisiseko zobomi bethu njengabemi — ukuvota, inkululeko yobuqu, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, nezinye izinto ezingakumbi.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungabonakala njengendawo engaqhelekanga yokulandela iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke ezithandwa ngumntu endaweni yenkqubo eqhelekileyo yowiso-mthetho - kodwa le ndlela yokuqalisa ingxubusho yethu ngomgaqo-siseko karhulumente ibonisa indlela abaluleke ngayo amaxwebhu asisiseko kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi baseMelika. Ususela kwixesha ovuka ngalo usiya ebuthongweni, umisele amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko aphembelela imisebenzi yakho, amalungelo, kunye namathuba.

Amazwe aqokelela ii-R2,2 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi kwirhafu aze achithe malunga nezigidi ezisisi-4,9 zezigidi zeerandi kuyo yonke into ukususela kwimfundo ukuya kwimpilo, ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zokuphila kwibutho lezobupolitika laseMerika kunye nokunceda abantu ngokungqalileyo kunaseWashington. Oku kuveliswa komzi - mali omkhulu kwiinkonzo zomgangatho karhulumente kubonisa ukubaluleka komgaqo-siseko wolawulo ekulawuleni ezi ndleko neenkonzo.

Imizekelo yosuku ngalunye yempembelelo yomGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente uphembelela iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla abantu abaninzi abazithatha lula. Oorhulumente bamisela izifundo zezikolo, ugcino eendlela zikarhulumente, kunye neelayisensi zokuqhuba, zonke ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Nganye kwezi misebenzi ilawulwa ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko amisela igunya noxanduva lwe-okanye kwezi ndawo.

Xa uhamba ngemoto ukuya emsebenzini, iindlela ohamba kuzo zigcinwa ngurhulumente olawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Xa uthumela abantwana bakho esikolweni, inkqubo yemfundo abayifundayo imiswa ngokweemfuno zomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Xa uvota kunyulo, imithetho elawula ukuba nenxaxheba kwakho imiselwa ngumgaqo-siseko wezwe lakho.

IKhalifoniya imisela imida emiselwe ixesha kubenzi bemithetho besizwe sayo, ngoxa iNew York ingachaphazeleki ngokuphawulekayo. Oku kunokuchaphazela umgangatho nokusabela kwamagosa anyuliweyo. Umahluko onjalo kwimibutho elawulayo uchaphazela ngokungqalileyo indlela urhulumente wakho asabela ngayo naphendula ngayo kwimicimbi yabemi.

Imimandla engundoqo ephenjelelwa ngumGaqo-siseko weSizwe

Imfundo

Imfundo imela enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo apho umgaqo-siseko karhulumente uchaphazela ubomi obuthe ngqo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi mbopheleleko kukulungiselela nokuxhasa imfundo kawonke-wonke, equka imfundo yeK-12 kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo afana neekholeji zoluntu neeyunivesithi zikarhulumente.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uquka amalungiselelo afuna urhulumente ukuba anike abantwana bonke imfundo kawonke-wonke. Umgaqo-siseko usenokufuna ukuba urhulumente anikezele imfundo kawonke-wonke, kodwa mhlawumbi awuyi kulawula inkqubo yokufundisa okanye indlela yokufundisa. Oku kudala isiseko apho amazwe kufuneka aqinisekise ukufikelela kwemfundo ngoxa egcina ukulungelelaniswa kokuzalisekiswa.

Imo yemfundo esemthethweni iye yakhokelela kwilixa elibalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMntla Carolina yawudibanisa umzekelo wayo yaza yaphelisa iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 yokudityaniswa kwemiba ebandakanya ukuxhasa imfundo kawonke wonke kwiphondo. Amatyala anjalo abonisa indlela amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ngokuphathelele imfundo angayibumba ngayo inkqubo kamashumi eminyaka.

Amanye amaphondo aye athabatha inyathelo elingaqhelekanga lokuzinzisa iinkqubo ezithile zemfundo ngqo kwimiGaqo-siseko yawo. Abavoti beFlorida bavuma ukuba kulungiswe utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko olumisela umgangatho ophezulu kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, oluye lwayila inkqubo yemfundo kulo rhulumente ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini eminyaka. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela ukutshintsha komGaqo-siseko okunokutshixa ngayo kwiinkqubo zemfundo ngeziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide.

Ukubhaliswa kwamalungelo nokhetho

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ufana ngokuphawulekayo ngokunika ilungelo lokuvota; ama-49 aquka "ukufaneleka kovota" ngu "ofanele ukuvota" okanye "onokukhetha" okanye "oyena mnyuli ofanelekileyo" Lo khuselo olucacileyo luyahluka kuMgaqo-siseko wezwe, ongaluniki ilungelo lokuvota kodwa kunoko oyalela iindlela ezithile zocalucalulo ekuvoteni.

27 umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unohlobo oluthile lokhetho olukhululekileyo lukaClausdale ukuba unyulo lu "lukhululeke," "lulingana," okanye "luvulekile" olungenamxhesho wamazwe azimeleyo kwaye lunganika amalungelo akhethekileyo kunye namayeza angenakufumaneka phantsi komthetho wesizwe. La magama aye asetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni izenzo zonyulo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka igalelo eliqukiweyo lokuhlaziya iimaphu kunye nemiqathango yokuqokelela ibhola.

Izivakalisi zonyulo ezikhululekileyo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe zingqineke zibaluleke kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iingxelo zonyulo ezikhululekileyo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe zasetyenziswa ngempumelelo ukubetha iimaphu ezibekwe kwiPennsylvania ngo-2018 phambi kweRucho neNorth Carolina ngokukhawuleza emva kwemeko. Olu khuselo lomgaqo-siseko lunike ukhuseleko olungekho phantsi komthetho wezwe.

Amalungelo okusingqongileyo

Ummandla oqalisayo womthetho-siseko karhulumente ubandakanya ukukhuselwa kwemekobume. Amanye amazwe, njengePennsylvania, anezindululo zomgaqo-siseko eziqinisekisa ukuba abemi banelungelo lokufumana imekobume ecocekileyo. La malungiselelo anokusetyenziswa ukucel

Zombini ezi meko zachazwa ngokubhekiselele kumacandelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente aqinisekisa ilungelo lokusingqongileyo "okucocekileyo nokusempilweni" njenge Free Eustations Clauss, la mabinzana okusingqongileyo akasetyenziswa yimeko-bume. Le nto imela indawo apho imimiselo karhulumente inikela ukhuseleko olungekhoyo kumgangatho worhulumente.

Uhlaziyo lwakutshanje lubonise amandla ala malungiselelo okusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela amatyala akutshanje eHelden v. Montana — apho inkundla yamatyala karhulumente yagqiba kwelokuba ukuvalwa komqathango wamaqumrhu wokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu kunye neziphumo zokuguquka kwemozulu ngexesha lohlalutyo lwemekobume oluchasene nomGaqo-siseko weMontana. Iimeko ezinjalo zibonisa indlela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko okusingqongileyo anokuyiguqula ngayo inkqubo yemozulu kunye nomgaqo wemekobume.

Ukupheliswa kwamalungelo emekobume kunika abemi amandla okukhusela ubuncwane bendalo nokugcina abo bangcolisayo benoxanduva. Njengoko imozulu itshintsha ngokungxamisekileyo, la malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente asenokuba nendima ebaluleke ngakumbi kwimigudu yokukhusela indalo.

Ubulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho namalungelo amaxhoba

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukwabumba iinkqubo zobulungisa zolwaphulo-mthetho namalungelo amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho. Amazwana amaninzi aye ongeza izindululo zomgaqo-siseko ukukhusela amalungelo amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, njengamalungelo okuxelelwa ngetyala nokuviwa xa kugwetywa. Le njongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba amaxhoba aviwe kwaye aphathwa ngentlonelo nangesidima kuyo yonke inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko wesizwe anganikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi kwabamangalelwa ngamatyala kunokuba kufunwa ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yasePennsylvania yathi ukugwetywa kwesigwebo sobomi, ngaphandle kwethuba lokugwetywa, "ukubulawa kwetyala" — imfundiso esemthethweni evumela umntu ukuba agwetywe ngokubulawa nangayiphi na ingcwabo eyenzeka ngexesha lombutho wolwaphulo-mthetho owahlukeneyo, nokuba ummangalelwa akaze acinge ukubulala nabani na — ukuphula ukuvalwa komGaqo-siseko wePennsylvania. Oku kubonisa indlela imimiselo yorhulumente enokunikela ngayo intekokelo eninzi kuneyo kumthetho-mthetho-siseko womthetho-siseko.

Amalungelo Omhlaba Nomhlaba

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente umisela imithetho esisiseko ephathelele ukuba nendawo yempahla kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba okuchaphazela abanini-makhaya, amashishini, kunye noluntu. La malungiselelo alawula yonke into ukusuka kummandla ophambili ukuya kulawulo lwemithetho ephakamileyo ukuya kulwahlulo lwamalungelo amanzi. Ukhuseleko lwempahla ethile lwahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe, lubonisa oko kwenzekayo nezinto eziphambili embalini.

Kumazwe asentshona, amalungelo amanzi asoloko efumana ingqalelo ekhethekileyo emGaqo-siseko ngenxa yokunqongophala kwalo mnikezi ubalulekileyo. La malungiselelo angagqiba ukuba ngubani ofumana amanzi okulima, amashishini, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamakhaya, nto leyo ewenza abaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nomthetho

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente umisela isiseko sokhuseleko nomthetho kwiphondo ngalinye. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente kufuneka uchaze amaziko emfundo, imithetho yabemi neyabaphuli-mthetho, igunya lamapolisa lokunyanzelisa imithetho, imimiselo yezoqoqosho njengoko ichaphazela ubomi phakathi koluntu nakwimekobume.

Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente malunga nokuphanda nokuphangwa, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye neminye inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho anokuba lukhuselo olungaphezulu kuneemfuno zomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanaxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho othile, iinkundla zeli lizwe zisenokuwathintela phantsi kolungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko.

Irhafu neMali kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente usoloko uquka ummiselo ozinzileyo malunga nerhafu kunye nemali kawonke-wonke. IBhili yeTaxhayer yamaLungelo (THOR) yeColorado ngumzekelo odumileyo wokulungisa okuthintela ngamandla amandla karhulumente okunyusa iirhafu nokusebenzisa imali. Amalungiselelo anjalo anokuba neziphumo ezinzulu kubuchule borhulumente bokuxhasa iinkonzo zikawonke wonke nokuphendula kwiingxaki zomthetho.

Le rhafu kunye nokungahlawulwa kwemali okubonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo malunga nobungakanani obufanelekileyo nendima karhulumente. Amanye amagunya amisela imida engqongqo yemithetho-siseko kwirhafu, ngoxa amanye enika ubuchule obungakumbi ekwenzeni izigqibo zokwenza inkqubo yemithetho.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uphembelela ilungiselelo lonyango kunye neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle yabemi. Ama-United States alawula iinkqubo zonyango kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi, ezahluka ukusuka kwilizwe ngalinye ukuya kwelinye elisekelwe kwimigaqo-siseko yasekuhlaleni. Ngelixesha ezi nkqubo zimiselwa rhoqo ngomthetho, ummiselo wemimiselo yomgaqo-siseko malunga nokhuseleko olulinganayo, inkqubo efunekayo, kwaye intlalo-ntle jikelele ingabumba indlela ezi nkonzo ezibunjwe ngayo nezinikezelwa ngayo.

Amanye amaphondo aye asebenzisa izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko ukukhusela amalungelo athile anxulumene nonyango okanye ukuxhasa iindidi ezithile zophando lwezamayeza. Ngo-2004 abavoti baseCalifornia bagunyaziswe ukubekwa kwe-Gaqo-nkqubo 71, eyaziwa njengeKhalifoniya yeStem Celle kunye neCurenitive Initive, emela imeko apho urhulumente walungisa umgaqo-siseko wakhe ukuze afumane isiqabuliso kumthetho karhulumente ongqongqo. Ayipheleli nje ukunikezela 71, iSigqeba somGaqo-mthe lika-Califoni 35, umqobo wenza uphando lweseli olukhuselekileyo ngokusemthethweni phantsi komgaqo-siseko weKhalifoni, kodwa ikwayigunya leSikolo saseKhalifoni yeRegenegative Medicinetinetine kwaye inika iR3 lamawaka ezigidi emali ekwa ngophandolonke ukuze isetyenziswe ixesha elilishumi leminyaka.

Amalungiselelo akhethekileyo omgaqo-siseko weLizwe

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe maxa wambi uquka amalungiselelo abonisa amaxabiso akhethekileyo nezinto eziza kuqala kubemi bawo. Ngomzekelo, uMaine waba yimeko yokuqala ukuvumela ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ilungelo lokukhula, ukuvelisa nokutya okudliwayo "ukungonwabisi, ukuxhasa, impilo yomzimba kunye nentlalo entle". Abaxhasi bathi izakunceda ekulweni nendlala kwilizwe. Eli lungiselelo lingaqhelekanga libonisa indlela imigaqo-siseko yombuso enokuthi ithethe ngayo kwimibandela ethile echane ibutho elithile.

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko weSizwe

Iintlawulo Nezibhengezo Zomgaqo

Isiqalo sentshayelelo esingeyonto ecacileyo kumgaqo-siseko ochaza amalungelo nenkululeko abanayo abantu kurhulumente. Umzekelo, isandulela singathi amandla karhulumente kufuneka apheleliselwe kumagunya abantu abafuna urhulumente abe nawo. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi wesizwe uqala ngokukhutshelwa kokhokelo okanye iintetho zemigaqo esisiseko yobuthixo.

Izindululo zomgaqo luludwe lwemilinganiselo emele isekelwe kuyo yonke imithetho. Zikhokela izizukulwana zamva ukuba zincede ziqhubeke ziphumeza imithetho elungileyo. Ezi ngxelo zisisiseko zimisela inkqubo yentanda-bulumko apho urhulumente usebenza khona.

IiBhili zaMalungelo

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente omninzi uquka amatyala amalungelo akhusela inkululeko yabantu. La malungiselelo asoloko ebonakalisa iBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente kodwa anganikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo okanye olungaphezulu. Amatyala karhulumente amalungelo angaquka ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo angakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe, njengamalungelo obuqu, amalungelo okusingqongileyo, okanye amalungelo amaxhoba.

Isakhiwo sikaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente, kuquka amasebe esizwe, aphetheyo, kunye nezomthetho-mthetho. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente umisela indlela abagwebi abakhethwa ngayo kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente wabo. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha — 38 — unyulo lusetyenziswa njengenxalenye yokukhethwa kwenkundla yorhulumente. Oku kumela umahluko obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yorhulumente, apho abagwebi bamiselwa khona ubomi.

Izakhiwo ezithile zahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwana. Amanye amazwe anezindlu zowiso-mthetho eziqeqeshiweyo zexesha elipheleleyo, lo gama amanye anezindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elithile. Amanye amaphondo akhetha amagosa amaninzi esebe alawulayo ngokwahlukeneyo, ngoxa amanye enikela ingqalelo kumandla aphezulu kwirhuluneli. Oku kwahluka-hlukene kwezakhiwo kuchaphazela indlela oorhulumente abasabela nabanetyala ngayo kubemi bawo.

ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente njengezinto ezibangela utshintsho

Umphengululi womgaqo-siseko wesizwe uJohn Dinan uthi ukulula kokunokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko wesizwe kuye kwawenza i-injini yokuguqula intlalo kwimicimbi esukela kwinkululeko yonqulo ukuya kwilungelo lokuphatha iimfazwe. Oku kuguquka kuvumela amazwe ukuba aphendule kwiimeko ezitshintshayo zentlalo kunye nocelomngeni oluvela ngokukhawuleza kunokuba urhulumente wesizwe angenza.

Kudala, amazwana aseMelika aye atshintsha umgaqo-siseko wawo rhoqo xa ephendula intsebenziswano yezopolitiko nezoluntu zangalo xesha. Njengoko ingqalelo yoluntu ihamba ngokuzeleyo ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni lotshintsho lwemozulu yehlabathi kunye nenkqubela-phambili exhaphakileyo, kubonakala kucacile ekuqwalaseleni kwethu ingxelo yembali yotshintsho lwamazwe apho imimiselo yamazwe iza kukwazi ukudibanisa amalungiselelo afanelekileyo kwimithetho-siseko yombuso eyahlukeneyo.

Le nkqubo yokulungisa ivumela abemi ukuba bafake imilinganiselo nemigaqo-siseko ebalulekileyo ekwimo yomGaqo-siseko, nto leyo ebenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuyitshintsha ngomthetho oqhelekileyo. Noko ke, oku kunokubangela iingxaki xa iimeko zitshintsha kwaye imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ingqine ingenakuguqulwa okanye iphelelwe lixesha.

Indima yeeNkundla zikaRhulumente ekutolikeni imiGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekusebenziseni imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Ngenxa yokuba abagwebi benkundla yezorhulumente benyulwa kwiinkundla ezininzi, ngokungafaniyo namaqabane abo okumiselwa kwetyala kwiinkundla zelizwana, abagwebi benkundla yeli lizwe ngokuqhelekileyo banengqiqo eyomeleleyo yokunxibelelana "nabantu" kunamalungu ejaji yesizwe. Ngenxa yoko, iinkundla zeli lizwe zisengozini kakhulu kuneenkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zinikezele kwaye ziphulaphule amatyala angenakuqwalaselwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente.

Abalawuli babhenela kwiinkundla zesizwe nakumgaqo-siseko ukukhangela unyango olungekhoyo phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Le ntsingiselo ibonisa ukuqatshelwa okukhulayo kokuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unganika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo olunganikelwa ngumthetho-siseko wesizwe.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinegunya lokuchaza umgaqo-siseko wazo ngokuzimeleyo ngokwenkcazelo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente kufuneka zivumelane nobuncinane bomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, zikhululekile ukuchaza imimiselo yazo yokuzikhusela engaphezulu kunemfuno yomthetho karhulumente. Lo mgaqo wokuzichaza okuzimeleyo komgaqo-siseko uvumela ukwahluka nokuvavanya umthetho wezomGaqo-siseko kuwo onke amazwe.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa KomGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Ubude obugqithisileyo kunye nenkcukacha

Kukho ukugxekwa okuqhelekileyo komgaqo-siseko karhulumente okuthi kunde kakhulu kwaye kungeenkcukacha. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi worhulumente uquka iinkcukacha ezisebenzayo ezishiyelwa umthetho wesizwe. Zingachaza ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zingaphi abagwebi abakhonza kwiinkundla ezithile, bamisele amaqondo erhafu angqalileyo, okanye bachaze iinkqubo ezithile zolawulo. Ezi zinto, ngoxa zisemgceni, zisebenza njengomthetho-mthetho.

Le nkcukacha igqithisileyo ingenza umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ube nzima ukufundwa nokuqondwa. Ingenza ujikelezo, njengokuba ukutshintsha la malungiselelo achazayo kufuna utshintsho olunzima lomgaqo-siseko kunokuba kube ngumthetho oqhelekileyo.

Ukuzinziswa Ngokuthe rhoqo

Ngelixesha ukutshintshwa lula kuvumela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukuba uphendule kwiimeko ezitshintshayo, unakho ukukhokelela kwimimiselo egqugqisileyo enemiqathango enokuthi ilungiswe kakuhle ngomthetho oqhelekileyo. Ubuninzi bezinguquko bunokwenza kube nzima kubemi ukugcina indlela yoko umgaqo-siseko wabo uthetha nokuyifuna ngokwenene.

Umahluko Nobuntsonkothileyo

Umahluko ophawulekayo phakathi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente ubangela ukuba abemi, amashishini, kunye neengcaphephe ezisemthethweni ezisebenza kwiingingqi ezininzi.

Ikamva LemiGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente uza kuqhubeka uguquka ujongene nokutshintsha kwemeko-ntle, yezoqoqosho nemekobume. Ngenxa yeziphumo ezinokubakho zokutshintsha kwemozulu yomhlaba wonke zibonakala ngaphaya - umzekelo, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, iinkqwithela ezixhaphakileyo nezinamandla, ikhephu elingaphambili, imvula egqithisileyo, imililo edubulayo kunye nemililo kwimimandla ekhuselwe kakhulu yamahlathi – amanye amazwe ajongene nenkqubela phambili ebhekisa ekunyusweni kwenkqubela-phambili yendalo kunye nobuchule boluntu kwimida yesiseko.

Ukuququzelela imiba efana nokufihla ulwazi, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, kunye nokutshintsha kwezobugcisa kusenokubangela ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko kwixesha elizayo. Amazwe asenokufuna ukukhusela i-inshrine ukwenzela ukhuseleko lweziqu zamanani, ukulawula ubugcisa obutsha, okanye ukucombulula ezinye iingxaki ezazingenakucingwa xa imimiselo yangoku yayibhaliswe.

Bangaguqula ulawulo lukarhulumente, ukuphumeza iinjongo ezingafikelelekiyo kwibala lemidlalo lesizwe, ukuphembelela ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yesizwe, kunye namalungelo afakelweyo eenkqubo zabo anganikwanga kumgangatho wesizwe. Oku kuguquka kwemithetho kwenza ukuba izakhiwo zomgaqo-siseko zibaluleke kwizifundo zedemokhrasi kunye nolwakhiwo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda UmGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente Kubalulekile

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho kunokukunceda ube ngummi onolwazi olungakumbi nothembisene. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho nendlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wakho, unokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kwaye ugcine amagosa akho anyuliweyo ebeke ityala. Olu lwazi lunika abemi amandla okuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo nokucel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene nemigaqo-siseko.

Ngaphandle kokuvota rhoqo enoba kufuneka kupheliswe umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, amaMelika anikela ingqalelo encinane ngokuthelekisayo kwindima efezwa yimimiselo yorhulumente ekuxonxeni urhulumente, ekukhuthazeni idemokhrasi, nasekunikeni amalungelo. Ukwanda kolwazi nokuqonda imiqathango karhulumente kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ulawulo-melo olusempilweni.

Kubantu abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, ukuqonda umthetho wemo-siseko kubalulekile ukuze urhulumente aphumelele ekulawuleni.

Imithombo yokufunda ngomGaqo-siseko weLizwe lakho

Abahlali abanomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngomgaqo-siseko wabo wesizwe banezinto ezininzi ezikhoyo. Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente ufumaneka kwi-intanethi ngewebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni. Amazwe amaninzi akwapapasha iinguqulelo ezicacisiweyo zomgaqo-siseko wawo eziquka iinkcazelo kunye nezicatshulwa zezigwebo zenkundla ezitolika amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Amaziko asekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho engafumani ngeniso ivelise oovimba bokwenza umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ufikeleleke. Umzekelo, iRhulumente Democracy Research Initive iye yenza isiseko esisemgangathweni ophengululwayo kuyo yonke imimiselo engama-50 karhulumente, ikwenza kube lula ukuthelekisa amalungiselelo kwiimeko ezinqamlezileyo nokuqonda indlela amazwe awajonga ngayo imibandela efanayo.

Iincwadi zasekuhlaleni, amathala eencwadi omthetho, nemibutho yezentlalo idla ngokunikela iinkqubo zokufundisa ngorhulumente nomgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Ezi zinto zinokubanceda abemi balapho baqonde amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo phantsi komgaqo-siseko worhulumente wabo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okubandakanyeka Kwesinyithi

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho linyathelo lokuqala nje ekuqinisekiseni intlalo-ntle. Abahlali bangathabatha amanyathelo aluncedo ukuze babe nenxaxheba kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe:

  • Funda umGaqo-siseko Wesizwe Sakho: Zinike ixesha lokufunda ubuncinane irekhodi yamalungelo kunye neelungiselelo zokwakha ezingundoqo zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ukuqonda le migaqo esisiseko kuza kukunceda uqonde xa izenzo zikarhulumente zinokuchasana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ulandela iziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko: nikela ingqalelo kwizilungisi zomgaqo-siseko ocetyisiweyo kwivoti yakho. Hlola oko ezi ziphendu ziza kukwenza nendlela eziya kuchaphazela ngayo amalungelo akho kunye nolawulo lorhulumente wakho.
  • Icala elikwiNdlela yokuHlaziya: Kumaphondo anezindululo ezikhawulezileyo, abemi bangacebisa ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko. Kwanakumazwe ngaphandle kwenyathelo lokuqala, abemi bangaxhasa ukubuyiselwa ngemithetho yabo.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Izigqibo zeNkundla yeRhulumente: izigqibo zenkundla yephondo ezitolika umgaqo-siseko wakho zingawachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo akho. Emva kwamatyala omgaqo-siseko ongundoqo wemeko kukunceda uqonde indlela osetyenziswa ngayo.
  • Xhalana nabameli Bakho: Xa kuvela imbambano yomgaqo-siseko, qhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho besizwe sakho ukuze bachaze iimbono zakho. Abameli kufuneka beve kwimiba enxulumeneyo ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Imfundo yepic: Umxhasi wemfundo engcono yoluntu kwizikolo nakuluntu ukuze abemi abangakumbi baqonde umgaqo-siseko worhulumente nendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo.

Isiphelo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uqulethe amaxwebhu abumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukususela kwimfundo nakukhuseleko loluntu ukuya kumalungelo okuvota kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

La maxwebhu abonisa imbali, amaxabiso nezinto eziza kuqala zelizwe ngalinye ngexesha lilungiselela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ubuntu bawo buvumela ukuba aphendule kwiimeko ezitshintshayo kwaye avele ngokukhawuleza kunokuba umGaqo-siseko wesizwe unakho.

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho kukunika amandla okuba ngummi onolwazi olungakumbi noluthenjiweyo. Kukunceda ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho, uqonde indlela urhulumente wakho asebenza ngayo, kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Njengoko amazwe eqhubeka elungisa iingxaki ezicinezelayo ukusuka ekutshintsheni kwemozulu ukuya kubuchule bonyango ukuya kuvota, umgaqo-siseko uza kuhlala unezixhobo eziyimfuneko ukwenzela inkqubo yokuyila nokukhusela amaxabiso asisiseko.

Ngokufunda nokubandakanya nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho, unokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba olu xwebhu lubalulekileyo luyaqhubeka lunceda iimfuno zasekuhlaleni kwaye lukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abemi. Enoba ngokuvota ngokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, ngokukhuthaza utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko, okanye ngokulula nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho omGaqo-siseko, ummi ngamnye unendima amele ayidlale kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yolawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe nendlela osebenza ngayo, tyelela iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMasipala kaRhulumente, enika ubuncwane obuninzi kurhulumente worhulumente kunye nomthetho-siseko. Ungahlola iprojekthi [ 50 yeMigaqo-siseko , eyenza yonke imigaqo-siseko yombuso iphengululwe kwindawo enye, okanye ijonge kwiwebhsayithi karhulumente wakho esemthethweni yombhalo womgaqo-siseko wezwe lakho kunye nolwazi malunga nentengiso ecetyikisiweyo.