Ukusukela ukulingana eUnited States kuye kwayilwa kukudibana kwemithetho karhulumente neyaseburhulumenteni. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zinto zimbini zonxibelelwano lukarhulumente eziyimfuneko ngayo kubafundisi-mfundo, kubafundi, nakubemi abafuna ukuyiqonda yonke indaleko engokwembali kunye namalungelo abantu akhoyo ngexesha langoku. Imithetho yomanyano imisela isiseko sesizwe sonyango olulinganayo, lo gama imithetho karhulumente isoloko isomeleza imigaqo engakumbi okanye ithetha ngeemeko zasekuhlaleni. Olu lwalamano lunamandla luye lwavelisa umgangatho osisityebini, osisibonelelo oluqhubeka luchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika .

Imbali Yemithetho Yomgangatho

Imvelaphi yomthetho olinganayo waseMerika isekelwe nzulu kumaxwebhu asungulweyo esizwe. UMgaqo-siseko, njengoko wagunyaziswa ekuqaleni, awuzange uqinisekise amalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abantu; kwathatha iinkulungwane zemfazwe, zomthetho, kunye neengcaciso zogwebo ukuze kwakhiwe ukhuseleko esinalo namhlanje. Ezi ziganeko zilandelayo zibonisa iingongoma ezibalulekileyo zokufuna ukulingana okusemthethweni:

  • IBhili Yamalungelo (1791) – eyamiselwayo inkululeko esisiseko, kodwa ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente karhulumente.
  • ISichibiyelo Se - 13 (1865) – i - Abodoct bukhoboki obungebobom, ngaphandle nje kwesohlwayo solwaphulo - mthetho.
  • ISiphendu se - 14 (1868) – saqinisekisa ukuba ubumi buyindawo ekwakuqinisekiswe ngayo ukuba bungabemi yaye bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abakhuselwe kwiU.S.
  • ISichibiyelo se - 15 (1870) – sakukhanyela ukuvota amalungelo ngenxa yebala, ibala, okanye imeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka.
  • ISivumelwano samaLungelo sangowe - 1964 – Owona mthetho uphambili worhulumente ochasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuvalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke wonke, kwimisebenzi, nakwiinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.
  • ISivumelwano samaLungelo sowe-1965 – izenzo zokuvota ezigunyazisiweyo, ezifana novavanyo lokubhala nokuhlawula irhafu, ezazingathobelwanga ncam iiNtlanga.
  • IFair Honging Act yowe - 1968 – yabhenca ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni nasekuxhaseni izindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, kwimvelaphi yobuzwe nakwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.

Le mithetho karhulumente ayizange ivele kwikhamandela. Yayindulelwa yizenzo zomgangatho karhulumente ```njenge''''''Imithetho eMnyama' amazwe asemazantsi asebenzisa ukuyithintela inkululeko, kwaye kamva “imithetho ye-Jum' enyanzelisa ukuhlukaniswa. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwemigudu karhulumente yokuqinisekisa ukulingana kunye nemigudu karhulumente yokuphepha ezo ziqinisekiso luyintlukwano ecacisa imbali yomthetho waseMelika.

IXesha Lokwakha Kwakhona Nelaphu Lalo

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iReconstations (iMimiselo yoHlaziyo (13th, 14th, kunye ne15) yamela ukuzinikela okunamandla kwezwe ekulinganani. Noko ke, ukuphela kweReconstanton ngo1877 kwavumela amazwe asemazantsi ukuba amisele imithetho kaJim Crow eyafaka ucalucalulo lohlanga kunye nokususa ucalucalulo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:]] Preby v. Fergusonson[ [1866]) ixhasa “ezingalinganiyo kodwa izinto ezilinganayo”, eziphumele imo ngokuphumelelayo zelizwe lokukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe, de iNkuphelo lweNkundla iguqukelwe kwikhondo Brow v v. Ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezemali [FOct:5] [195]). Le ngxelo yembali igxininisasethi yemithetho yolawulo olulumbuso-lumbuso encinane.

Imithetho Yomanyano Ekhuthaza Ubulingana-hlukene

Imithetho yomanyano inika isiseko esibalulekileyo sokulingana kwesizwe sonke. Imisela imilinganiselo encinci emele ihlangatyezene nayo, kwaye yenza iindlela zokunyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo ngoomasebe abafana neKhomishini ye-Aumente Yomsebenzi (EOC) neSebe leSigqibo. Imimiselo elandelayo ebonakalisa ingqalelo imela umgaqo womthetho olinganayo wesizwe.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Lo mthetho ubalulekileyo uhlala uwuwona mthetho ubalulekileyo wesizwe olwalela ucalulo. Amacandelo awo asixhenxe (iziqu) agubungela imimandla emininzi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isihloko II – ucalucalulo lweprohibits kwindlu kawonke-wonke (iivenkile zokutyela, iiholo zemidlalo yemidlalo, imidlalo yeqonga).
  • [[UMTL:0] Isihloko VI – iPhibits ucalulo ngayo nayiphina inkqubo efumana uncedo lwemali yequmrhu.
  • Isihloko VII – Iprohibit ikhetha umsebenzi ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Esi sibizo sadala iEOC ukuphanda izikhalazo.
  • Isihloko se-IX (yongezelelwe ngo1972) – iPhibits ikhethe elisekelwe kwisondo nakuyiphi na inkqubo yemfundo okanye umsebenzi ofumana inkxaso-mali kazwelonke.

Impembelelo yoMthetho wamaLungelo kaNoval inzulu. Ikhutshwe ngokwahlulelwano kwamasebe kawonke-wonke, ivule amathuba emisebenzi, kwaye inikeze isiseko esisemthethweni kwimigudu elandelayo yokulwa nocalucalulo. Ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi, tyelelani iSihloko se-III se-

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Ngoxa iSindululo se-15 saluvala ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, amazwe amaninzi aqhubeka esebenzisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, irhafu yokuvota, kunye nokusoyikisa ukuphelisa ivoti eBlack. ISivumelo samaLungelo sazilungisa ngokungqalileyo ezi ndlela:

  • Ukuyekelela ukuxilonga nokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifanayo.
  • Ukuququzelela ulawulo olunembali yocalulo ukuze ufumane “ukucacisa” phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota (ilungiselelo eliye lancitshiswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0]] iShelby County v. homer ngo-2013).
  • Igunya lokubhalisa abavoti kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo.

Lo mThetho wandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubhaliswa kwabemi abambalwa. Noko ke, ikamva lawo lisekho, yaye amazwe aliqela asandul'ukumisela imiqathango yokuvota abaxhasi bathi ichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abanemibala.

Isenzo Sezindlu Esifanelekileyo

Igunyaziwe ngo-1968, uMthendeleko weFair Howards uyalwalela ucalucalulo kwintengiso yezindlu. Ngoku ukhusela iiklasi ezisixhenxe: uhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, ukukhubazeka, kunye nemeko yobuzwe. Kamva utshintsho lwandisa umlinganiselo walo, kwaye iSebe le House kunye noPhuhliso lwe-Urban (HUD) linyanzelisa umthetho. Phezu kwako nje oku kukhuselwa, ikhuselwano lwezindlu ziyazingisa, nezikhala zobulungisa zisaqhubeka, kwaye izikhalazo zezindlu zisaxhaphakile. UMthetho ukwafuna amagunya afumana izimali zezindlu zikarhulumente ezikhoyo ukuze zifumane “indawo ezithe kratya ngokuqhubekayo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo" – umyalelo obekujongwa ngokutshintsha izinto zezobupolitika.

AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcitho (ADA)

Ityikitywe ngo-1990, i-ADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke, kuquka umsebenzi, ezothutho, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezonxibelelwano. I-ADA ichaza iziphene ngokubanzi kwaye ifuna abaqeshi kunye nezixhobo zikawonke-wonke ukuba zinikezele iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo. Iye yaba luncedo ekufumaneni ufikelelo oluthe kratya, kodwa iingxaki zisekho, ingakumbi kwizakhiwo ezindala kunye nezithuba zamanani. Funda okungakumbi kwi-da.

Uphuhliso lwamvanje

Umthetho olinganayo okhoyo uyaqhubeka uguquka ngomthetho nangezigqibo zenkundla. Mateyu Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Veta ICrimes Prevention Act ka-2009 wandisa umthetho wesizwe wokuthiya ulwaphulo-mthetho oqhutywa kukungalingani, imbonakalo yesini, ubufana, okanye ukukhubazeka. Ngo-2020, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo Bhostock v. County [ uClaynton County] uSihlolo seSithi seSihloko seSihloko seSiphelo se-VII sokugwebo esiqhutywa lucalu lulu olusekelwe kucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisimilo sesiniso esingokwesini nakubonakalisa ubufana nesifana nesini. Esi sigqibo sikwanelo siphumele ukulingana kwemisebenzi yomthetho, kwaye sisetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wolawulo.

Imithetho KaRhulumente Nempembelelo Yayo Kumgangatho

Ngeli xesha imithetho karhulumente ibeka umgangatho wesizwe, amazwana anegunya lokumisela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo nokugquma amaqela awongezelelekileyo. Oku kukhokelela kumsebenzi wamalungelo owenziwe ngamabala owahluka-hlukeneyo ngokuphawulekayo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuqonda umthetho womgangatho karhulumente kubalulekile ekuqondeni amava ehlabathi lokwenene okulingana eUnited States.

Imithetho elwa nokungavumelani kwemeko

Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho engaphaya kokhuseleko loluntu.

  • Ukubonakalisa impawu kunye nokuzichaza ngokwesini : Ngaphezu kwama-20 amazwe ayalwalela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo nakukwaziwa kwesini ngokwesini emsebenzini, kwizindlu, nakwizindlu zikawonke-wonke. Amanye amazwe, njengoKhalifoniya neNew York, aye anemithetho enjalo kangangamashumi eminyaka, lo gama amanye eyongezelela kutsha.
  • Age: Ucalucalulo lwe-Age in Account Act lukhusela abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu. Amanye amazwe anika abasebenzi abatsha ukhuseleko okanye athintele ucalucalulo lobudala.
  • [[NT.:0] Umgangatho womtshato kunye neembopheleleko zentsapho: Amazwe afana no-Oregon noWashington ayalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimo yomtshato, kwaye amanye ayalukhusela ucalulo olusekelwe kwiimbopheleleko zentsapho, ezifana nemisebenzi yokunyamekela.
  • Umthombo wengeniso : Iizwe ezininzi ziyalwalela ucalucalulo ngokuhlala abaqeshi abasebenzisa iirejista zezindlu okanye ezinye iindlela zoncedo lukawonke-wonke.

Lo mgangatho wokhuselo ujongelwa phantsi abantu abangamaqela angagqunywanga ngumthetho worhulumente. Noko ke, ukungabikho kwemithetho enjalo kwamanye amazwe kudala ukwahluka okuphawulekayo kumalungelo nokhuseleko.

Imfundo neMithetho kaRhulumente

Imfundo ngummandla apho imithetho karhulumente inempembelelo enamandla ekulinganani. Umthetho weSihloko VI, isiHloko se-IX, i-IDEA) umisela iimfuno ezisisiseko, kodwa ulawulo lwezifundo zikarhulumente, iindlela zokuxhasa inkxaso-mali, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yesikolo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ejolise ekukhuthazeni ubuchule bemfundo:

  • Imali elinganayo: Amazwe amaninzi aye aguqula iinkqubo zemali yesikolo ukuze anciphise ukwahlukana phakathi kwesithili esifumileyo nesihlwempu, ngokufuthi eqhutywa yimithetho yenkundla eyafumana iinkqubo zemali zephondo zingahambelani nemithetho.
  • Izifundo eziqukayo: Amanye amajelo afuna uqeqesho kwimbali yamalungelo abantu, LGBTQ+ iminikelo, okanye amava amaqela amancinane ahlukahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, i-FAIR Education Act i-odate ukufundisa okuququzelela iindima kunye negalelo le LGBTQ+ abantu kunye nabantu abaneziphene.
  • Iinkqubo zokuhlasela nokuhlasela : Amazwana amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ekwalela ngokukhethekileyo ukungcungcuthekiswa okusekelwe kuhlanga, kwindlela yesondo, ubuni, okanye ukukhubazeka, kwaye afuna izikolo ukuba ziphumeze iinkqubo zokuthintela.
  • utshintsho loqeqesho lwezikolo: Amanye amaphondo ashukunyiselwe ukunciphisa imisebenzi yengqeqesho yokususa (ukususa nokugxotha) echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abafundi bemibala, ekhuthaza ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa kusondeza endaweni yoko.

Imithetho karhulumente ikwabumba amalungelo abafundi abakhubazekileyo, abafundi bolwimi lwesiNgesi, kunye nabafundi abangabhalwanga phantsi. Umzekelo, ityala leNkundla Ephakamileyo yowe-1982 [[FLT: 0] Plyler v. Doe yabambelela ekubeni abahlobo abanakukhanyela abafundi imfundo kawonke-wonke esekelwe kumgangatho wokufuduka. Noko ke, imigaqo karhulumente exhasa ukuxhasa nokuxhasa abafundi abanjalo yahluka kakhulu.

Ingxaki Yokuzikhulula

Igunya lesizwe lokwandisa ukhuseleko lingalinganiselwa kukukhulula kwesizwe,-----"xa umthetho karhulumente uphethe ibala kwaye uthintela oorhulumente ukuba basebenze. Umzekelo, amaphepha-mthetho akanakudlulisela imithetho engqubana ngqo nemimiselo yamalungelo abantu. Ngokuchaseneyo, amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho emisela ngokucacileyo ukulingana, efana “netyala lendlu yangasese” lokujolisa abantu ngabanye okanye imithetho ethintela imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho lukamasipala.

Ucelomngeni Lokuthobela Imithetho Elinganayo

Phezu kwayo nje imigaqo engqongqo, imiqobo emikhulu ithintela imithetho yokulingana ukuba ifeze ngokupheleleyo.

  • Imali yolwazi : Abantu abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo phantsi komthetho worhulumente norhulumente. Umzekelo, uphando oluye lwenziwa yiEOC lwafumanisa ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabasebenzi babengazazi izikhuseli zabo phantsi kweSihloko VII. Imigudu yemfundo ibalulekile ukuvala lo msantsa.
  • Abenzi bonyanzelo olungoneleyo : Abameli bomanyano abafana ne-EEOC ne-HUD basoloko bephantsi kwemiqathango, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiqathango emide kunye nobuchule obulinganiselweyo bokuphanda izikhalazo. Amaziko onyanzelo lukarhulumente ajongene neengxaki ezifanayo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Izaphulelo ezisemthethweni kunye neendawo zokukhulula : Eminye imithetho iqulathe ukukhulula okunciphisa impembelelo yayo. Umzekelo, iFair Howation Act ikhulula izakhiwo ezisebenzayo ngomnini neeyunithi ezine okanye ezimbalwa, kunye neADA ikhulula imibutho yonqulo phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
  • Isigqibo sokuvumela ulawulo lobupolisa: Ubungalingani buye baba ngumba womdibaniso kumazwe amaninzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ku “mkhondo ukuya ezantsi” apho amanye amazwe aqengqeleka khona ngamandla abuyela kukhuseleko. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuvumela amazwe ukuba avumele amalungelo okuvota kwi Shelby County v.
  • ucalucalulo lwenkqubo: iMithetho iyodwa ayinakususa ikhethe elinzulu elisemzimbeni. Kwanalapho ucalulo lungekho mthethweni, luqhubekeka ngeendlela ezichuliweyo, njengocalulo olungekho zingqondweni ekuqeshweni, ukuqhuba endlwini, kunye neziphumo ezibi kwimfundo yesikolo.
  • Ucalulo: Abantu abakwiqela elikhuselwe kaninzi (umz., ibhinqa elimnyama) bangajongana nocalulo oludityanisiweyo olungachazwanga kakuhle kwimithetho ekhoyo. Iinkundla namaziko asangqubana nendlela yokusingatha izicwangciso ezininzi.

Indima Yemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Ukulingana

Imfundo sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhuthaza ukuqonda imithetho yokulingana nemeko engokwembali. Xa abafundi befunda ngamalungelo abantu, bavelisa ulwazi nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze baqonde okungekho sikweni, bakhuthaze utshintsho baze basebenzise amalungelo abo.

Uphuhliso lweCurricuum

Izifundo ezisebenzayo ezingomthetho olinganayo kufuneka zidlule ngapha nangapha. Kufuneka zincede abafundi banxulumane imilo yangaphambili nemiba yangoku.

  • Imbali yemibutho yamalungelo abantu: Ukugquma umbutho wokuphelisa, ukusetyenziswa kwamabhinqa, amalungelo okusebenza, umbutho wamalungelo abantu base-Afrika, umbutho wamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo, neLGBTQ+ i-activalism.
  • umthetho wophawu lwelizwe kunye namatyala enkundla: Funda rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, Isihloko VII, ADA, kunye Obergefell v. Hodges (umtshato ofanayo-oxx]). Xoxa ucatshulo olusemva kwesigqibo ngasinye kunye nesiphumo saso.
  • C iziganeko zangoku kunye neengxoxo: Sebenzisa amanqaku eendaba, iingcebiso zomthetho, kunye namatyala aqhubekayo enkundla ukunceda abafundi babone ukuba ukulingana komthetho kungummandla ophilayo. Izihloko zingaquka amalungelo okuvota, ukufikelela kwigumbi lokuhlambela ukwenzela ukudlulisa abantu, okanye isenzo soyethu.
  • Imbono ezikwahlulayo: Thelekisa imithetho yokulingana kwe U.S. kunye neyamanye amazwe ukwandisa ukuqonda kunye nesiqalo sengxoxo malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokungena.

Ukukhuthaza Ukucinga Okugxekayo Nokusebenzisana Neziphakamiso

Abafundi kufuneka bakhuthazwe ukuba bavavanye ukusebenza kwemithetho yangoku baze baqwalasele utshintsho. Imisebenzi yeklasi isenokuquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] uthetha umlomo kunye nokuva kwentlekisa : Yenza abafundi baphikisane okanye baphikisane nomthetho ocetyiweyo okanye umthetho ocetyiweyo wenkundla, besebenzisa ubungqina obuvela kwimibhalo esemthethweni nemizekelo yembali.
  • Iprojekthi yophando : Cela abafundi ukuba baphengulule umthetho womgangatho womgangatho worhulumente baze bawuthelekise nokhuseleko lwamaqumrhu. Banganika oko bakufumeneyo kudidi.
  • Izithethi ezikhulu kunye nohambo lwasendle: Mema amagqwetha amalungelo abantu, abameli, okanye abenzi bomthetho ukuba bathethe. Hamba i-capitol karhulumente okanye indlu yenkundla yelo lizwe ukuze ubone ukwenza umthetho kwisenzo.
  • Imfundo engundoqo : isebenzisana nemibutho esebenza kwimiba yokulingana, njengebhunga lengingqi elinobulungisa lezindlu, iqela lamalungelo eziphene, okanye i-drive yovoti.

Ngokubandakanyeka kwimicimbi yehlabathi lokwenene, abafundi bazuza uxabiso olunzulu ngendima yomthetho ekulungiseni ibutho labantu. Bakwahlakulela ubuchule obufunekayo ukuze babe ngabemi abanolwazi nabakhutheleyo.

Oovimba Babafundisi

Imibutho emininzi inikela izinto zokufundisa eziphezulu kumthetho olinganayo:

  • Iprojekthi yokufunda iJaji inika ubuncwane beklasi, izicwangciso zesifundo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa ebhekiswe kubulungisa bentlalo nakumalungelo abantu.
  • Udweliso lwenkqubo [[FLT: 0] Ulutsha lwe-EOC@ Umsebenzi[[FLT: 1] lunikezela ngezixhobo kumalungelo omsebenzi kubafundi.
  • Inkonzo yelizwe ye-paki inika i-events ebotshelelwe kwimimandla yembali efana ne-Selma kwiMontgomery National Registral Trail kunye neBrown v. ibhodi yemfundo yeSigqeba sesizwe esikwimbali.

Kwakhona abafundisi - ntsapho bafanele bahlale besazi ngeenguqu ezikhoyo kumthetho karhulumente ezichaphazela amagumbi abo okufundela nabafundi.

Isiphelo

Indima yemithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente ekuqinisekiseni ukulingana, ukukhuphisana, nokubalulekileyo. Imithetho yomanyano inika isiseko esibalulekileyo sokhuseleko, kodwa ayanelanga ngaphandle komgangatho worhulumente kunye nokusebenza kolawulo olucoselelekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, imithetho yorhulumente inakho ukwandisa nokuphelisa ukulingana, ibonakalisa ukulingana kweendawo zobupolitika ezahlukeneyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Uhambo oluya kulingana okupheleleyo, abaqeqeshi nabafundi, ukuqonda oku akuso isiseko sobuvangeli bemfundo nje kuphela. Ngokufundisa imbali, iindlela, kunye nocelomngeni lomthetho wokulingana, sixhobisa isizukulwana esilandelayo ukuba siqhubekela umsebenzi wokwakha ibutho labantu abalungileyo. Uhambo oluya kumgangatho opheleleyo lusuka kude, kodwa umthetho uhlala ungekhonawo wokwenza inkqubela.