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Ukuqonda ukuxanduva kweBhunga: Isiseko soLawulo lweDemocratic
Kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMerika, iBhunga lisebenza njengesiseko sokuziphendulela, lisebenzisa igunya elipheleleyo lomgaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho lize lincede umdla kawonke-wonke. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo udlulela ngaphaya kolawulo olulula."Imela intsika esisiseko yenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso echaza ulawulo-demokhrasi waseMelika. Ulawulo lobukhokeli luyinxalenye engundoqo yenkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso lwamaMerika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye lorhulumente elifumana amandla angathintelekiyo.
Ulawulo lweKhomishini yeKhomishini lungabaphathiswa yiKhomishini yeSebe elilawulayo yaseUnited States, kuquka amasebe amaninzi aseUnited States, kwaye iquka ukubukeza, ukuqwalasela, kunye nolawulo lwamasebe, iinkqubo, imisebenzi, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo. Le mbopheleleko iquka yonke into esuka ekuhloleni indlela enokwenziwa ngayo ukuphanda ngokuziphatha okubi, ukusuka ekulawuleni imiba yemali ekhoyo ukuya kumisela isiseko somthetho phakathi kweso sixhobo sisebenza urhulumente.
Umlinganiselo nokubaluleka kokuphendulana kombutho-tyala wombutho-siseko akunakuchazwa ngokungaphezulu. Ukulawula kwesebe eliphetheyo kungomnye wooxanduva oluyintloko lweBhunga, kwaye kuchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi karhulumente. Ngobuchule nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo lihlale lisabela kwiinjongo zomthetho, lisebenza ngokunempumelelo, kwaye ligcina ukubonakala okucacileyo kwiinkqubano zalo nabantu baseMelika.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokulawula
Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungawabali ngokuphandle amagunya olawulo, uphakamiso luchazwa kunokuba lube ligunya elicacisiweyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., yaye iqesha-mthetho karhulumente ayiliniki ngokuphandle igunya lokuqhuba iBhunga lokubuza okanye lokuphanda kwegunya, ukufikelela kwiingxelo okanye izinto ezigcinwe ngumphathi ophetheyo, okanye ukukhupha ii-paceapoas ukuze kubhalwe amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obuvela kwisigqeba. Ngaphandle kokungabikho kolwimi olucacileyo, ulawulo negunya lalo eliphetheyo labonwa njengegunya eliyifak ’ intloko leendibano ezimele umthetho kawonke.
Ulawulo lweBhunga lusuka kugunyazo "lokusetyenziswa" lwalo kumthetho-siseko, kwimithetho kawonke-wonke, nakwimithetho yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu. Eli gunya liye laqiniswa laza lanwenwa ngomthetho ophawulayo kumashumi eminyaka. UMthetho oLawulitive Reorganisation Act ka- 1946, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ngokucacileyo ubizelwa "kulawulo lobuveleli" kumthetho kawonke-wonke-wonke nakumthetho oyalelayo nendlu kunye neBhunga elimiyo "ukuqhelisela ukuhlala uhleli ngokuqhubekayo" kwiinkqubo nakulawulo lwawo.
Ukomeleza okungakumbi la magunya, uMthendeleko weSizwe ka-1970 wagunyazisa ikomiti nganye emileyo ukuba "ithathe ulwando kunye nokufundisisa, ngokwesiseko esiqhubekayo, isicelo, ulawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa" kwemithetho phantsi kolawulo lwayo. Ezi zicwangciso zowiso-mthetho zamisela isiseko esisesikweni senkqubo yolawulo olunamandla namhlanje.
Uphando, Iindlebe, kunye noHlomelo Oluqhubekayo
Ulawulo lweBhunga lubonakalisa ngamajelo nemisebenzi emininzi, ngophando nokuva okusebenza njengezona zixhobo zibonakalayo nezinempembelelo. Ingqungquthela isebenzisa eli gunya ngokuyintloko inkqubo yayo yekomiti yombutho, evumela ubuchule obukhethekileyo nengqalelo kwimimandla ethile yemisebenzi karhulumente.
Inkqubo yeKomiti kunye neGunya loMngeni
Ulawulo lweKhomishini luyenzeka ngogunyaziso, ukuqulunqwa, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe, kunye nokuchongwa kwemithetho ngeekomiti ezimileyo; uphando olukhethekileyo olukhethwa ziikomiti ezikhethiweyo; kunye nohlolo kunye neengxubusho eziveliswa ngamaqumrhu enkxaso kunye nabasebenzi. Le ndlela idibeneyo iqinisekisa ukukhutshelwa okubanzi kwemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo kuzo zonke iindawo zikarhulumente.
Iikomiti zeBhunga zinamagunya abalulekileyo ophando okunyanzela intsebenziswano kumasebe alawulayo kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo. Indlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMikhosi imisela igunya lokunikezela kwiikomiti ezingaphantsi kweepoyinti. Inkqubo yokukhupha ezi zipopo ziyahluka phakathi kwamagumbi: Kwindlu, phantse zonke iikomiti ngoku zinika izihlalo zazo amandla okukhupha iingcebiso kwii-apona, ngoxa kwiBhunga elininzi kufuneka ukuba isitulo kuqala sifumane imvume yelungu eliphezulu.
Xa amaqumrhu engavumi ukuthobela izicelo zombutho, iBhunga linezixhobo eziliqela elinokuzifumana ngokuthethana neekomiti. Ezi nkqubo ziquka ukuthotyelwa kweenkqubo zeBhunga kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho ngokufuna isigqibo senkundla evakalisa ukuba umntu obuzwayo unyanzelekile ukuba athobele i-pacepae.
Iintlupheko ze-Congregal: Ukubonakala Kwangaphandle nokuphendula
IiKomiti zimema amagosa alawulayo ukuba angqine ulawulo lweenkqubo, kwaye ezi tyala zingabhenca ukuziphatha okubi, ukungafezeki, okanye ukungaphatha kakuhle. Ukuva kusebenza iinjongo ezininzi ngaphaya kokufumana nje isibakala. Ziyila ingxelo yoluntu yemisebenzi yesebe, zivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba babuze ngokungqalileyo malunga nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango kwisebe eliphetheyo.
Abasebenzi abajongene nokumiswa kweentlanganiso zomqondiso abaqinisekisa ukuba ukuva kubaluleke kakhulu kumaqumrhu. Lo msebenzi wophawu unokuba ngobalulekileyo kanye njengokuba uthetha namaziko achaza ukuba iNkqutyana icinga ngolona tshintsho lulindelekileyo.
Umlinganiselo wophando lwengqungquthela ungasuka kulawulo lwesiqhelo ukuya kutsho kumahlazo amakhulu. Olunye olona lubhengezwa lunqabileyo lukuphando olunqabileyo ngokukhetha iikomiti ukuya kwizenzo ezingundoqo zehlazo okanye kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, njengophando lwe-odolo olufana nokhetho lwe-komiti yexeshana ekufumaneni kwe-China e-U.S. ulwazi lwezixhobo zenyukliya ngo-1999, i-Iran-Contronto yoonobumba bobuntlola ngo1976, kunye nemposiso yamanzi yonyaka ka-19794.
Iinjongo Zeziko Nezopolitiko Zokulawula
Ulawulo lweBhunga lufeza iinjongo zombutho kunye nezopolitiko. Iinjongo zequkelele ziquka ukuvavanya amandla esebe eliphetheyo, ukuphengulula indlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nokwazisa iKhomishini kunye nezoluntu.
Noko ke, uphatho lwenzeka kwimo yezobupolitika. Ukulawula kwenzeka kwimeko yezobupolitika ekhoyo apho ulwalamano lweBhunga namaqumrhu olawulo lungahluka ukusuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kwingqungquthela, kwaye kukho uxanduva olungokwemvelo lomgaqo-siseko kunye nolopolitiko phakathi kweBhunga kunye noMongameli kwanangamaxesha okumanyene kukarhulumente. Lo mqathango wezopolitiko awukuthathi ncam ukubaluleka kobuveleli kodwa kunoko ubonakalisa ukuba ubuchule bokuphendula ityala busebenza kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi apho abadlali abahlukeneyo banokuba neenkamvo eziphikisanayo kunye neembono ezidibanisiweyo.
Imiqathango YomGaqo-siseko Emandla okulawula
Ngoxa iBhunga linegunya elibanzi lokuphatha, linemiqathango elinganiselweyo. Imiqathango yomGaqo-siseko isebenza kulawulo lweBhunga nakumandla ophando, kuquka ukhuseleko lweMimiselo yokuqala, eyesine neyesihlanu kodwa hayi amalungelo anxulumeneyo anxulumene noMmiselo weSithandathu Wezoguqulo. Le miqathango yomgaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba uphengululo lwengqungquthela luhlonele amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwananjengokuba ifuna iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zolawulo.
Ulawulo lweKhongreskonel kunye nophando lungakhutshwa, ingakumbi xa iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo li-($nomntu ngamnye, umbutho, okanye umbutho wesebe elilawulayo) likhupha ulwazi iBhunga elilugqala luyimfuneko ekuphandeni kwalo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iBhunga kufuneka lilungelelanise imfuneko yalo yolwazi ngokuchasene nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuzibanga kwesebe elilawulayo linelungelo okanye imfihlo.
Amandla entengo: Uqingqo-mali kunye nezicelo njengeZixhobo zokuXhotyiswa
Mhlawumbi akukho gunya lamaqela asisiseko ekugcineni urhulumente ephendulwe ngamandla esi sikhwama. Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States linika iBhunga amandla esi sikhwakhwa semali, limisela iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu njengenolawulo kwimali yorhulumente, ingeniso, kunye nokuboleka izigqibo. Eli gunya lomgaqo-siseko linika iBhunga igunya elikhulu leentambo kunezo eziphambili zesebe elilawulayo nemisebenzi.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seGunya leNkqutyana
IKomiti yokuPhicotha ifumana amandla ayo kwilungiselelo elingundoqo kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States: "Akukho mali iya kuthathwa kuMali, kodwa kwiNcedo yezicelo ezenziwe ngoMthetho," emisela isiseko seembopheleleko ezibanzi zeKomiti, ijonge zonke iindleko zegunya likarhulumente wesizwe, kwaye ihlola indlela ii-dola zerhafu zeFomatili ezisetyenziswa ngayo.
Eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko liqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo alinakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume yokuqulunqwa, lisenza uvavanyo olunamandla kwigunya elilawulayo. Idola ngalinye elichithwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka licetyiswa yiBhunga ngomthetho, linika abamisi-mthetho ulawulo olungqalileyo ngezinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente kunye namandla okuvuza amaqumrhu asebenzayo ngoxa linyanzela abo bangaphumeleliyo ekufezekiseni izindululo.
Inkqubo yoNyaka yokuKhuthazwa
IBhunga lisebenza ngokuvelisa isisombululo soqingqo-mali kunye namatyala ali-12 emali yonyaka ngamnye wemali karhulumente, aqala ngo-Oktobha 1. Le nkqubo yonyaka inika amathuba athe rhoqo eNkqutyana ukuba ihlole ukusebenza kweziko, ilungelelanise imigangatho yemali, kwaye inyanzelise iimeko kwindlela imali enokuthi isetyenziswe ngayo.
IiKomiti zendlu neNdlu yeeNdlela zokuSebenza zinegunya elilawula amanyathelo onyaka, nekomiti nganye elungelelaniswe kwiikomiti ezincinci, nganye inembopheleleko yokuphuhlisa isindululo esinye esithe rhoqo ngonyaka ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali yamasebe kunye nemisebenzi ekhoyo. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukuvavanywa okuneenkcukacha koqingqo-mali kunye nemisebenzi.
Nyaka ngamnye, iKomiti yoNcedo ilandela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo apho amalungu ekomiti elawula, evelela, evavanya, aze amisele umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wemali esetyenziswayo ukunikezela kumbutho ngamnye, isebe ngalinye, kunye nocwangciso lwenkqubo, xa i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo inikezela iPhondo leDepartment Preace kunye namalungu eBhunga loLawulo kunye neAppropriators zibamba uBalo-Baluval kunye neeNtloko zoorhulumente apho iinkokeli zikhusela iimfuno zazo zemali.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemali esetyenziswayo
Ngenkqubo yezicelo, iKhomishini yenza izigqibo ngokusetyenziswa kwemali ecwangcisiweyo, eyenza ikota enye ukuya kwikota enye kwikota yorhulumente yokuchitha unyaka ngamnye wemali kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya inkxaso-mali yemisebenzi yenkoliso yamasebe karhulumente kunye nenkoliso yeenkqubo, imisebenzi, imisebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi nganye ephunyezwayo. Le nkcubeko isebenzisa ulawulo oluthe ngqo lwaminyaka le kumsebenzi karhulumente.
Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo zokuchitha ezinyanzelekileyo ezisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Ukuqala ngokhuseleko loluntu kwii1930, iBhunga laqalisa ukumisela umthetho osekelwe kumgangatho wokuchitha okubanzi apho umgangatho wokungalawulwa kwemali ungalawulwanga kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwezicelo; endaweni yoko, kwafuneka ukuba kuhlawulelwe bonke abantu abafanelekileyo njengoko kumiselwe kumthetho, olungiselelwe ukumisela ukulindela ukuhlawula imali eqinileyo yodidi lwabamkeli abathile kunokuba ube nomgangatho wokusebenzisa umgangatho wodweliso lwenkqubo ukulawula izigqibo zonyaka.
Ukusebenzisa iiAphaphu kwiNkqutyana yeNkqutyana nokuQinisekisa
IBhunga lingayithintela, liyise, okanye liyithintele inkxaso-mali yamasebe, lenze le nkqubo inamandla yokuphendula. Ingqungquthela ingayithintela, yandise, okanye ithintele ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yamasebe, kunye nemibutho engathobeliyo injongo yokuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo efuna ukuphulukana nezicelo. Esi sisongelo semali encitshisiweyo sinika izihlomelo ezinamandla kubameli zokuthobela imigaqo kunye nezinto eziphambili.
Kwezinye iimeko, iBhunga liza kunika igunya elincinane kakhulu okanye lisebenzise imiqathango yemali elinganiselweyo ukuxelela abameli ukuba bangakwazi kuyisebenzisa imali, nangona iNgqungquthela isoloko inika igunya elibanzi, elinika abameli ulawulo oluthe kratya kwimali esetyenziswayo. Umgangatho wokuzichaza ngokwentelekelelo kumatyala ocalucalulo ubonisa intembelo yeBhunga kwisebe nomnqweno walo wokulawula iinkalo ezithile zokuzalisekisa.
Ulawulo olungangeni nxaxheba luluhlobo oluyintloko lobuveleli, njengoko amathemba neemfuno zeekomiti zinokudluliselwa ngeengxelo zeekomiti, iindlebe, iileta eziya kwiintloko zezikomfa, nezinye iinkcubeko, kwaye abameli abanyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni ukuba bathobele iingcebiso ezingezozo ezobuhlolo-hlolo, kodwa ukusilela ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni yimali nokubhetyebhetyebhetye kunyaka olandelayo. Le mpembelelo engacwangciswanga yiyo izalisekisa amandla acwangcisiweyo eenkqubo.
Ubuchule Bokusetyenziswa Koqingqo-mali
IKhomishini iye yamisela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa umgaqo-nkqubo woqingqo-mali nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlahlela kuhlala kukwimida emiselwe. Ngenkqubo yoHlalo-mali, iKomiti yokuXhobisa kwigumbi ngalinye, kwakunye nelungu ngalinye lekomiti yabo encinci, ifumana imida ethe ngqo kwimali yonke yegunya loqingqo-mali kunyaka ozayo (owenziwe njengo-302 (a) kunye no-302 (b) ne-302 yeendawo zomthetho), ngokugcinwa kwemidabini eyenzeka ngokuyintloko nge-se-seshitaro, ngelixa ukugcinwa kwemiqathango yomthetho kusenzeka.
Ukuba nayiphina intengiso okanye ukubuyiselwa kwemiqathango kummandla ongaphezulu kwe-302(b) kwelo tyala, kubangela ukuba imali echithwe ngokupheleleyo idlule i302(a), okanye kubangela ukuba inkcitho epheleleyo yemali igqithe nayiphi na ibhaso lomthetho, naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingaphakamisa uqingqo-mali "indawo yocwangco" ekungaqwalaselwani komthetho wemali, apho iNdlungela ukuba indlu ihlaliswe ngoninzi olulula njengenxalenye yomthetho womgangatho wokuqwalasela, kwaye iCandelo linokuhamba ngexabiso elingu 60-vote.
Ingxelo yembali: UMthetho woLawulo loHlahlo-mali weNkqutyana
Inkqubo yezohlolo yale mihla yabunjwa ngokuphawulekayo yingquzulwano phakathi kweBhunga kunye nesebe eliphetheyo elikumgangatho ophezulu ekusebenziseni igunya. Enye yezona zizathu zinyanzelisayo ezicela utshintsho kwindlela iKhomishini eyayilusingatha ngayo uqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo yokuququzelela yabangelwa "kubhaliswa" kwemali kunyaka ka- 1974, eyayiyiyo, ekwayinyanisweni, into eyayiyintelelwano yomgca yemali yeenkqubo ezaqaliswa okanye zandiswa yiBhunga, kwaye amalungu amaninzi eMbutho kunye namaqela athile anomdla okhethekileyo ayecaphukiswa ngokugqithisileyo yimiqobo.
Umsebenzi weKomiti yeSifundo esiDibanisayo sokuLawula uHlelo loHlahlo, iKomiti yeNdlu Yemithetho, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeMicitho yoRhulumente, kunye neKomiti yeNdlu yeMimiselo ekugqibeleni yaphumela ekubeni kuthathwe uMthetho woLawulo loMbutho kunye noLawulo loLawulo lwe-Impostament ngo- 1974. Lo mthetho wesibonelelo wokuphinda ulawule uqingqo-mali kwaye useke iinkqubo ezininzi ezisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.
Imithetho neMithetho: Amagunya kaRhulumente aLawulayo neeNkxaso
Ngapha koko kolawulo kunye nezindululo, iNkqutyana ibeka urhulumente exhomekeke kumandla ayo asisiseko owiso-mthetho, `ukukwazi ukwenza, ukuguqula, nokubuyisela imithetho echaza oko urhulumente anokukwenza nokungenakukwenza. Eli gunya lemithetho linika isiseko esisemthethweni apho wonke urhulumente kufuneka enzeke khona kwaye amisele imigangatho nxamnye nokuba kuphi umsebenzi wombutho olinganiswayo.
Ugunyaziso loMthetho kunye nolwakhiwo lwenkqubo
Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule, indima yeekomiti ezigunyazisayo kukumiselwa komthetho osebenza njengesiseko sokusebenza inkqubo kwaye onika ukhokelo kwiiKomiti zeNkqubo yokuXhotyiswa malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wemali yocwangciso, kunye nokhokelo oludla ngokuboniswa ngokwenkqubo yokugunyazisa. Le nkqubo yesibini ```````````iqulundlo-aaaaa''''''' ilandelwa kukhutshelwa ngamathuba amaninzi okuhlola nokuphendula.
Umthetho ogunyazisa isiseko somthetho ogunyazisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ukuchaza iinjongo zazo, izakhiwo, kunye nemilinganiselo esebenzayo. Ngalo mthetho, iKhomishini imisela imida abamele basebenze kuyo abameli, bachaze iinjongo zocwangciso, kwaye bamisele imigangatho yokusebenza. Xa abameli besilela ukufikelela le migangatho okanye ukusebenza ngaphandle komsebenzi wabo ogunyazisiweyo, iBhunga lingaphendula ngokulungisa iinjongo zomthetho okanye ngokuyeka ukuphinda babhale iinkqubo.
Iimpendulo zoMthetho kwizenzo ze-arhente
IKhomishini ingamisela imithetho emitsha okanye imisele emidala imiqathango yendlela abameli abasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo okanye ukubhukuqa imithetho yabo. Eli gunya lemithetho livumela iNgqungquthela ukuba ilungise umbutho ochuliweyo, icacise ulwimi oludidayo lwemithetho, okanye iphinde itshintshe ezona ziphambili xa isuka kwiinjongo zobungqungquthela.
Ukukwazi ukutshintsha okanye ukuphinda kumiselwe imithetho ekhoyo kunika iKhonkxane isixhobo esinamandla sokuphendula kwiimeko ezitshintshayo, ukuphendula iziphumo ezingalindelekanga zomthetho, okanye ukuchaza iingxelo zomasebe akholelwa ukuba iBhunga liyiqonda kakubi injongo yomthetho. Indima yemithetho yeBhunga ayipheli xa idlulisa umthetho, njengoko ukuvelela kungundoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngendlela enenjongo kwaye ilawulwa ngendlela esebenzayo, ephumelelayo neqoqosho.
Ukuphinda ugunyazise njengeNkxaso
Ukugunyaziswa kusenokuhlala kusisigxina kuze kuqhubeke de kutshintshwe yiBhunga, okanye kusenokugubungela iminyaka ethile kuphela, ngemvume elinganiselweyo ngexesha elilinganiselweyo ukuba ibe yiminyaka ephelayo ngonyaka okanye iminyaka emininzi, yaye xa ugunyaziso olunjalo luphela, iBhunga lisenokukhetha ukwandisa ubomi benkqubo ngokudlulisa umthetho odla ngokubhekiswa kuwo njengobugunya.
Inkqubo yokuqulunqwa kwakhona ivelisa amathuba athe rhoqo ohlolo lwenkqubo olubanzi. Xa kuvela iinkqubo zokuqulunqwa kwakhona, iKhomishini ingahlolisisa ukusebenza kwayo, ihlole ukuba iyazifikelela kusini na iinjongo zayo, ize igqibe enoba zifanele ziqhubekeke, zilungiswe okanye zipheliswe. Olu hlolo lwexesha elithile luqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zihlala zifanelekile kwaye zisebenza kwixesha elizayo.
Iingqinipho nolungelelwano: Ukunyanzelisa Nokususa Amandla
Phakathi kwezixhobo ezinzulu zeBhunga ezinokuphendula amagunya okungachaphazeli nokususa amagosa aphezulu esebe, kuquka uMongameli, ngenxa yehambo enzulu. Eli gunya lomgaqo-siseko limela uhlolo olupheleleyo kwigunya elinegunya eliphakamileyo kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba kwanamagosa aphezulu anokubekwa ityala ngokugqitha kwabo kwizifungo zesikhundla.
Inkqubo Yokuzibophelela
UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yabameli igunya elipheleleyo lokungagunyaziyo neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso amandla okuzama ukucela imvume. Eli cala loxanduva liqinisekisa ukuba le nkqubo ibandakanya omagumbi omabini kwaye lifuna inkxaso engakumbi phambi kokuba igosa lingasuswa eofisini. Indlu isebenza njengomtshutshisi, iphengululi nokuvota kumanqaku okungagunyazi, ngoxa iBhunga lisebenza njengejaji, ukuva novota enoba liya kuba ngabagwebi okanye liyalisusa na igosa.
Ukungagunyazisi kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi yokuziphendulela. Ngokungqalileyo, kunika inkqubo yokususa amagosa aye enza "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezenzo eziphosakeleyo" ngokubanzi, isisongelo sokungathobeli sinokuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwaye siqinise umgaqo wokuba akukho magosa angaphezulu komthetho. Kwanaxa izicelo ezithenjiweyo zingaphumeleli ekususweni, anokubhenca ububi, abangele ingxelo ebanzi yehambo engafanelekanga, kwaye abeke inkcitho yezopolitiko kumagosa asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo.
Ukuqinisekisa Amandla nokunika ityala okungapheliyo
Ngapha koko, amandla eBhunga lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli anika omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuphendula. Ngokumisela ingxelo kawonke-wonke yeembono zomgaqo-nkqubo zabalawuli, ukuva kombutho woburhulumente kuvumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba banike amagosa amiselweyo ingxelo kamva, kwaye ukususela ubuncinane kwimithetho esesikweni kuMthetho kaRhulumente ka 1978, eyakhuthaza uphando oluphangaleleyo lwee-athom, iikomiti zeBhunga leNtsimbi zibeke ecaleni ixesha elingakumbi lokuphanda ngeemfaneleko, inkululeko, kunye neembono zomongameli.
Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa ivumela iNgqungquthela ukuba ibeke ityala phambi kokuba ithathe isikhundla, iqinisekisa ukuba baneemfaneleko ezifunekayo kwaye iya kuhlonela amalungelo equmrhu. Ingxelo kawonke-wonke eyenziwa ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa kokuchongwa inokusetyenziswa kamva ukubeka amagosa etyala ukuba izenzo zawo eofisini ziyaphikisana nobungqina babo ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa.
Inkxaso yeKhomishini yeNkxaso: Ukulawula ubuchule obufanelekileyo
IBhunga alikhokeli kuphela. Ixhomekeke kumaqumrhu amaninzi axhasayo anikela ubuchule, aqhube uphando, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lokuncedisa imigudu yolawulo lombutho. La masebe anikela uphando lweBhunga lokufikelela nokunika uhlalutyo olungoogcisa, olungelulo lwamasebe aphetheyo.
I-ofisi ephendulayo kaRhulumente
I-ofisi ye-Accounting Accounting (GAO) incedisa ekujongeni ingqungquthela ngokuqwalasela isebe eliphetheyo nokunika ingxelo kwiBhunga. Lo mbutho ungenabupartista unceda iNkqutyana ijonge ukusetyenziswa nokuphumelela kwenkqubo yorhulumente.
Umsebenzi wolawulo lweKhomishoni udla ngokungenelwa kwiingxelo zophicotho-zincwadi nophando lwamanye amagosa oorhulumente bephondo, kuquka abahloli jikelele kunye ne-Ofisi yokuphendula ityala yoRhulumente (GAO), enemiyalelo engqalileyo evela kwiNgqungquthela ukuphendula inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhatshazwa kwabasemaqulwini. Olu manyano phakathi kweKhonkxane namaqumrhu ayo ludala inkqubo yokuvelela yonke into.
Uhlolo lwenkqubo kunye nokuvavanywa komsebenzi
Uvavanyo lwenkqubo olusebenza ngokusebenza lusasoloko lububuchule bokulungisa uphando, ngovavanyo lwenkqubo yale mihla ngokusebenzisa inzululwazi yentlalo kunye nendlela yolawulo . olufana nohlolo, uhlolo-mali, kunye nophando olunempumelelo, kwaye ulwazi olungendlela esebenza ngayo lunganceda kwiBhunga njengoko lenza izigqibo malunga nesakhiwo seenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nobungakanani bemali abaya kuyifumana.
Ezi ndlela zovavanyo zinika iKhonklane ulwazi olunenjongo malunga nomsebenzi wenkqubo, ludlulela ngapha kobungqina obucwangcisiweyo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuba iinkqubo ziphumeza iinjongo zazo ngokunempumelelo nakanjani. Le ndlela isekelwe kubungqina ekujongeni inceda iKhomishini yenze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokuqhubekeka kwenkqubo, ukulungiswa okanye ukupheliswa kwayo.
Abahloli Jikelele kunye nokhuseleko lwemibhobho
Abahloli jikelele, abakwiziko eliphetheyo kodwa abanikela ingxelo kwiBhunga, banikela omnye umaleko wolawulo. Ezi zinja zizimeleyo ziqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando phakathi kwabameli bazo, zichaza inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, zixhaphaza, zize zinike ingxelo kwiZiko loMbutho kunye neenkokeli zeziko.
Imimiselo ye-wistlepuller, eye yadluliselwa ngokukhethekileyo ukugubungela abasebenzi kwibutho labanamava, iqinisekisa ilungelo labasebenzi bakarhulumente lokucela okanye ukunikela inkcazelo kwiKhonkxa okanye kwilungu. Le migaqo ikhuthaza abasebenzi bephondo ukuba baxele izenzo ezimbi ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, inika iBhunga elinolwazi oluvela kumaziko angaphakathi asenokuhlala efihliwe.
Ucelomngeni Nokusikelwa Ngumqathango Kwebutho
Ngoxa iBhunga linamandla okuvelela, ukuphumelela kwala mandla kujamelana nocelomngeni neentsilelo eziliqela. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze siqonde amandla nobuthathaka benkqubo yokuphendulana.
Ukufikelela kulwazi nelungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu
Amaqumrhu ajoliswe kuwo asenokuzama iindlela ezininzi zokuphepha ukutyhilwa, ezinjengokuthi ulwazi alunakutyhilwa ngenxa yomthetho othile, umthetho, okanye isigqibo solawulo oluphezulu.
Uxanduva phakathi kweemfuno zolawulo lombutho-siseko kunye nokuzibanga kwesebe eliphetheyo kokufihla imfihlo kuye kwaba ngumthombo oziphindaphindayo wengxabano. Ngoxa iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa igunya lobugosa lobugosa, zikwawamkela amalungelo athile aphezulu, zidala ulawulo oluluntsonkothileyo olusemthethweni olumele luquluthwe kwiimbambano zolawulo.
Iinguqu Zezibonelelo Nezinto Eziza Kuqala
Ulawulo lweKhomishini lufuna ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo-----okanye ixesha elininzi, ubuchule, nekomkhulu lezobupolitika. IiKomiti kufuneka zilungelelanise imisebenzi yolawulo nxamnye neembopheleleko zazo zowiso-mthetho, iinkonzo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye neengqwalasela zezobupolitika. Ubukhulu nokuntsonkotha korhulumente wengingqi kuthetha ukuba ukuvelela ngokupheleleyo kwamalungu neenkqubo kuyinto engenakwenzeka, inyanzelisa ukuba iBhunga libeke izinto eziza kuqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo.
Ukuseka iofisi entsha ekuphandeni imithetho ecetyiweyo kunganyusa iindleko zabasebenzi kwaye kungaphinda-phinda iinkonzo ezikhoyo zombutho. Izithintelo zezibonelelo azichaphazeli kuphela oko iBhunga linokuvelela kodwa kwanezixhobo nezakhiwo elinokuzidala ukunyusa ubuchule bobuveleli.
Impembelelo Enamandla Nenkcaso Kwezobupolitika
Ukulawula akuyonto ikhoyo kwezobupolitika. Ukunyaniseka kweqela, ulwahlulo, neembono ezahlukeneyo kungaphembelela konke ukuvelela nobunzulu. Ukulawula kusenokuba yingozi ngakumbi xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula iBhunga kunye nolawulo lobumongameli, ngoxa urhulumente odityanisiweyo maxa wambi enokuthi abangele ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lingabi namandla angakumbi.
Iinjongo zezobupolitika ziquka ukubhengeza ngokufanelekileyo kwabaququzeli bomthetho, ukuzuza inkxaso encomekayo evela kubantu abanokhetho nakumaqela angaphandle, nokugxeka iinkqubo okanye imibutho abayithandayo. Nangona ezi njongo zobupolitika zingakujongeli phantsi ukuphumelela kobuveleli, zinokuphembelela imibandela efumana ingqalelo nendlela eqhutywa ngayo.
Ukuphumelela kobukhulu bolawulo
Siyazi umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo xa iBhunga liqhuba uphando, oko kwenzekayo ekuchotshelweni kwetyala, nendlela ukusasazwa kwegunya lobuveleli kwiikomiti ezichaphazela ngayo iimbono zolawulo lweBhunga lokuqhuba, kodwa asazi nto malunga nendlela le migudu ephumelela ngayo ekunyanzeleni nasekulawuleni imibutho ephambili.
Ukugqiba enoba ulawulo luphucula ukusebenza kukarhulumente kuhlala kulucelomngeni. Ngoxa ulwalathiso lungabhenca iingxaki luze lubangele uxinzelelo lotshintsho, kunzima ukulinganisela enoba lukhokelela kwinkqubela ehlala ihleli kwimisebenzi yesebe. Olunye ulwalathiso lunokuba neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ngoxa olunye ulawulo lungaphembelela ukuziphatha kweziko ixesha elide ngendlela ekunzima ukuyichaza.
Uqwalaselo olukhethekileyo lobuntlola benkqubo
Amaqumrhu obuntlola azisa imingeni ekhethekileyo yokuvelela ngenxa yolwahlulo lomsebenzi wawo. Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaziko karhulumente wephondo, amaqumrhu aqiqayo abangela ubunzima obukhethekileyo ekunikezeleni ityala, njengoko engenakuyichaza imisebenzi yawo kuluntu ngaphandle kokuyichaza kumaxhoba awo ngexesha elinye, kwaye ngenxa yoko, amaqumrhu akrelekrele awalawulwa ziingxoxo ezifanayo zikarhulumente okanye iintlanganiso okanye ukuxilonga okufanayo ngamajelo eendaba njengamanye amasebe karhulumente.
Ukusombulula le ngxaki, amalungiselelo akhethekileyo obuntlola amiselwe phakathi koMphathiswa noMgaqo-siseko. Umthetho ubophelela uMongameli ngokukhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu akrelekrele agcina iikomiti "ngoku ngempumelelo" zemisebenzi yawo, kuquka yonke imisebenzi yobuchule obulindelweyo" kunye nayo yonke "ukungaphumeleli kobuchule bokumisela," kwaye wenze nayiphi na inkcazelo eceliweyo ecelwe yile nayiphi na ikomiti ezimbini.
UMongameli unyanzelekile ngokomthetho ukuba azise iikomiti zobuntlola (okanye, kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ukhokelo lwengqungquthela) kuzo zonke izenzo ezifihlakeleyo "ukufumana" xa zivunyiwe nguMongameli, kwaye iikomiti azinalo igunya lokungakuvumeli oku kufunyanisiweyo, kodwa zingakuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwemali yemisebenzi enjalo kwiminyaka elandelayo, kwaye ngoko ke, iimbono zazo kwiinkqubo zesenzo esifihlakeleyo zinikwa ubunzima obugqithisileyo.
Indima Yamalungu Eqela Elincinane Ebukhokelini
Indima yamalungu aliqela elincinane kwinkqubo yobuveleli ilawulwa yimithetho yegumbi ngalinye neekomiti zalo, namalungu ambalwa ngokukhethekileyo anika amalungelo athile, njengemithetho enjengeNdlu neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso enika abambalwa ilungelo elilinganiselweyo lokubiza amangqina abo bakhethwayo equlungwini, yaye onke amalungu eekomiti zeNdlu aqinisekiswa ukuba athandabuze ingqina ngalinye ngemizuzu emihlanu.
Noko ke, amalungu aphezulu namalungu ngamanye (ngaphandle kwezihlalo zekomiti) akagunyaziswa yimithetho yokusungula iikomiti ezisemthethweni okanye uphando okanye ii-poponana, nangona amalungu ngamanye esenokufuna intsebenziswano yokuzithandela yamagosa amasebe okanye abantu abangabodwa kwaye ekwazi ukuphatha ngokwawo. Esi sakhiwo sithetha ukuba iqela elininzi lilawula uludwe olubalulekileyo, nangona amalungu amancinane ahlala enelungelo elibalulekileyo lokulawula.
Ulawulo lwangaphambili kwiNdlela yokuDala: Imizekelo neMikhwa Yakutshanje
Ulawulo lweBhunga luyaqhubeka luphenjelelwa luziphendulela kwiingxaki ezintsha nokutshintsha kweempembelelo zobupolitika. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwasetyenziswa ulwalathiso ekuveleni kweemeko ezifana nokungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, ukusabela kwezifo ezimandundu kunye nokuhlawulwa ngokungafanelekanga kwemali ngurhulumente.
Ukususela kwi-fiscal 2013 ukuya ku-2021, iBhunga leMibutho leMibutho leMibutho liqulunqwe ngama-93 namangqina ali-93 asuka kumaqumrhu ali-12 athetha ngembambano engafanelekanga kuphela, ebonakalisa ingqalelo eqhubekayo kule ngxaki yokuphendula. Nangona inkcitho engafanelekanga ibiyeyona iphambili kwiBhunga ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, zihlala ziphezulu kwaye ziyaqhubeka zikhula, zibonisa ukuzingisa kwemigudu yobuveleli kunye nocelomngeni lokufikelela inkqubela ehlala ihleliyo kwimibutho karhulumente.
IKomiti yeNdlu ePhathiswayo neyoRhulumente yoHlaziyo yeNguqu kumsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuphumelela, ukuphumelela, nokuziphendulela korhulumente worhulumente kunye nawo onke amasebe akhe, inika uhlolo nolungelelwano kwindima namandla eWashington- kunye nelizwi kubantu ewasebenzisayo. Le ngxelo yothumo ichaza injongo esisiseko yokungamela inkqubo yombutho eMelika.
Ikamva Lembutho - ngqangi
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga liye lahlola iindlela zokulungisa imisebenzi yalo kulo mmandla, kuquka ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko kunye nomelo lomthetho osemthethweni wokusebenza nesebe elilawulayo. Le migudu yokulungisa ibonakalisa ukuqaphela ukuba izixhobo zolawulo nezakhiwo kufuneka zilungelelane neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye nocelomngeni olutsha.
IGAO yachaza iindlela ezininzi zokungaphakanyiswa kwenkqubo yolawulo oluphezulu lwesebe, kunye neseti enye yezinyuko ezibandakanya ukusungula into ekhoyo, njenge-Ofisi yeBhunga loLawulo, ngeli lixa ezinye iindlela zolawulo lolwamkelo lolwamkelo longezelelweyo zibandakanya ukuphinda kulungiswe inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ekhoyo okanye ukutshintsha imisebenzi ekhoyo. Ezi zicelo zibonisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokwandisa amandla ombutho wolawulo olusebenzayo.
Ubugcisa bunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokuvelela ubuqu bombutho. Izixhobo zamanani zinganyusa amandla eNgqungquthela okufikelela nokuhlalutya ulwazi malunga nemisebenzi karhulumente, kodwa kwakhona zidala iindawo ezintsha ezifuna ulawulo, ezifana nokungakhathalelwa kwekhompyutha, ukuzimela kogcino-lwazi, nokusetyenziswa kobuchule bokuyila ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente. Njengoko imisebenzi karhulumente isiya isiba ntsokothile kwaye intsonkothile ngokobugcisa, iBhunga kufuneka liqhubeke lizilungisa iindlela zalo zokuphatha kunye namandla alo.
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuziphendulela Ngeengxubakaxaka
Ulawulo lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngendlela enenjongo kwaye isetyenziswa ngendlela ephumelelayo, ephumelelayo neqoqosho, kwaye ulwazi olunokuziswa bubuveleli kwiBhunga luyimfuneko njengoko iqumrhu lizama ukumelana nengxaki yorhulumente nebutho labantu baseMerika, ngenjongo engundoqo ikukunceda amalungu, iikomiti kunye nabasebenzi bomthetho ekuphumezeni lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo wowiso-mthetho.
Indima yeKhongozeli ekugcineni urhulumente ebeke ityala iyanda kwiindidi ezininzi, ukusuka ekuphandeni nasekuvinyweni uqingqo-mali, ukusuka kumthetho ukuya kulawulo, ukusuka kulawulo lwekomiti ukuya kuxhasa uncedo lwamaqumrhu. Ezi zixhobo neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zisebenza kunye ukuyila inkqubo yokuphendula ebanzi esebenza njengesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika.
Ngeli xesha ulawulo lwengqungquthela lujongene nocelomngeni lokwenene", ukusuka kubunzima bokufikelela ulwazi ukuya kwizithintelo zezibonelelo, ukusuka kwizixhobo ezinamandla ukuya kubuchule bokulinganisela ukufezekisa, kuya kuhlala kungumsebenzi obalulekileyo worhulumente wabameli. Amandla okuphanda, ukulawula inkxaso-mali, ukulawula, ukususa amagosa asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo aqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lihlala linetyala kubameli babantu, kwaye ngalo, kuluntu lwaseMerika ngokwalo.
Njengoko urhulumente eqhubeka ekhula ngobukhulu kunye nobuntsonkothileyo, njengoko ubugcisa obutsha budala ucelomngeni lweenkqubo ezintsha, kwaye njengoko ulwalamano phakathi kweKhonkxale nesebe eliphetheyo luqhubeka luguquka, ukubaluleka kokuvelela okusebenzayo kolawulo lombutho kukhula kuphela. Iindlela kunye nezixhobo ezichazwe kweli nqaku . ezichazwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zolawulo lwamaMelika .Njenga, zinika isiseko sokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala enetyala, ekhanyayo, kwaye usabela kumdla woluntu.
Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela idemokhrasi yaseMerika esebenza ngayo, iinkqubo zobuhlanga zinika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zibonisa ukuba ukwahlukana kwamagunya akuyongcamango nje kodwa yinto esebenzayo, eqhubekayo apho amasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente ahlola aze alungelelane. Ngokuqonda indlela iBhunga elibugqala ngayo urhulumente ukuba umele aphendule, abemi bangayiqonda kakuhle imigaqo entsonkothileyo yokulawula kwedemokhrasi kunye nendima ebalulekileyo ephunyezwa ngumphathi-mthetho ekukhuseleni inkululeko nokukhuthaza urhulumente osebenzayo.
Ukufunda okungakumbi nge-ofisi yolawulo lombutho kunye nenkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe, tyelela i- ewebsite.gov okanye uphando lwezibonelelo kwi-ofisi yolawulo ye-operance . Kwinkcazelo engokwalathiswa kwemisebenzi ethile, iKomiti yendlu yoOversity neNguqulo kaRhulumente inika uhlaziyo oluqhubekayo noluvo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zokuphendula kunika abahlali amandla okuqhuba ngempumelelo norhulumente wabo nokugcina abameli babo abanyuliweyo benoxandukile ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo.