I-Indiya Civil Service (ICS) yayiyisiseko solawulo lwe-Indiya. Yayiyikhomponi encinane, ephakamileyo yamagosa awayelawula ilizwekazi elingamakhulu ezigidi. I-ICS yayingaphezulu kunegunya nje elilawulayo; yayilisixhobo soBukhosi baseBritani ababesebenzisa ngaso igunya labo, beqokelela ingeniso, begcina ukulawula enye yezona zinto zabo zixabisekileyo. Lilifa labo likhuphiswa kakhulu. Abanye, limela umzekelo wolawulo olufanelekileyo, olunocwangco. Kwabanye, yayiyintsimbi yelizwe elicinezelelwe phantsi kwelizwe elicinezelelayo. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lwemvelaphi, imisebenzi, iziphumo, kunye nelifa elihlala lihleli kwinkonzo ye-Ovilistvilent.

Imvelaphi Nendaleko Yembali

Imvelaphi yeNkonzo yaMasipala aseIndiya ilele kwiimatshini zolawulo ze-East India Company. Kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala, inkampani yathembela kubathengisi, amajoni, kunye nabakhenkethi ukuba balawule izinto zayo eIndiya. La madoda ayesoloko enoqeqesho oluncinane olusesikweni kwaye ayenotyekelo oluncinane lokunganyaniseki kunye nokuzicebisa ngokwawo. Umthetho weReguling of the India ka 1773 kunye noPit's Act ka-Indiya waqalisa ukunyanzela ulawulo lwepalamente kunye nokwazisa izinguquko ezijoliswe ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa. Noko ke, yayinguMthetho weCharter ka-1833 owaqala ukuvula inkonzo yoluntu kumgaqo, kunye nokwazisa iimvavanyo zokhuphiswano ngo1853 ezadala ubuchule bobuGcisa.

Uvavanyo lokuqala lokhuphiswano lwenkonzo yamakhaya eIndiya lwaqhutywa eLondon ngo1855, ikhomishini yeNkonzo kaNondyebo esandul' ukudalwa. Le nkqubo yayikukuhamba okugqithisileyo ukusuka kumalungiselelo asekelwe kulawulo ngaphambili. Uvavanyo lwe-syllabusi lwaye lungqongqo, lugquma iilwimi zamandulo, imbali, izibalo, umthetho, kunye nezoqoqosho. Umlinganiselo wonyaka wamiselwa ngeminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ukuya kwengama-23, kwaye imviwokuqala i-Indiya yayiyilwe ngabomyo ukuxhasa abathathi bevela kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke nakwiiyunivesithi, ingakumbi iOxford kunye ne-Cambridgeior. Oku kwadala inkonzo eyayifunde kakhulu, efunde kakhulu, enyanisweni, kwaye inyanise kwiBritane. Inkqubo yokuhlola yavulwa kumaIndiya ngo1864, kunye nomzalwana wokuqala ophumelelayo yayinguMenterrath Tagrethre, umbhali wenk.

Ukubuyiselwa nokuqeqeshwa: Ukuxhotyiswa kwesakhelo

Inkqubo yokukhetha ye-ICS yayidume ngokunzima. Bambalwa kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba abanyulwa unyaka ngamnye ukusuka kumakhulukhulu abafaki-zicelo. Abaphumeleleyo bafumana uqeqesho oluthe vetshe kwi Haileybury College de ko1858, kwaye kamva eOxford, eCambridge, nakwiYunivesithi yaseLondon. Uqeqesho lwagxininisa iilwimi zeClassic, i-jurisprudence, imbali yamaIndiya, kunye neelwimi zamaIndiya ezifana neSanskrit, i-Bengalish, nePersi. Uqeqesho lwenziwe kungekuphela nje ukudlulisela ulwazi, kodwa ukubethelela ii-ethos zomsebenzi, ukungakhethi, kunye nenkonzo yombuso.[FLT]

Emva kokuphumelela uvavanyo lwawo nokugqiba ixesha lawo lokuvavanywa, amajoni athunyelwa eIndiya, apho afumana uqeqesho oluthe chatha kulawulo lwesithili, kwiinkqubo zengeniso, nakumasiko asekuhlaleni. Igosa eliselula, ngokufuthi ekuqaleni kwamashumi amabini, laliza kubekwa kwindawo ephethe isithili esinamakhulu amawaka abantu. Olu xanduva lukhulu lobudala lwaluyimbonakalo ecacileyo ye-ICS. Ubuchule benkonzo babuthetha ukuba latsala iingqondo eziqaqambileyo eBritane, kodwa lahlala limhlophe liphela, liyindoda, neqela eliphezulu de lafikelela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini amabini.

[[FLT: 0] Ababezakuba ngamaIndiya babejongene nocalucalulo olusetyenziswayo. Babefuneka ukuba bavavanye eLondon, umsebenzi obiza imali eninzi nonzima. Abo baphumelelayo babedla ngokunikwa imisebenzi ephantsi kakhulu, bahlawula ngaphantsi kwamaqela afanayo aseBritane asebenza umsebenzi ofanayo, kwaye bajoliswe kwizinto ezincinane zobuhlanga kwaye bahlulwe kwii-'albinding' kunye nezinxulumani. Phezu kwayo nje le miqobo, inani elincinane kodwa elibalulekileyo lamaIndiya langena kwi-ICS ekupheleni kweshumi elinesithoba nasekuqaleni kweenkulungwane zamashumi amabini, lisenza iqonga eliphambili elifunde kakhulu elizakuba nendima eziphambili kamva kwintshukumo yokuzimela kunye nerejinga.

Iindima Neembopheleleko

Igosa lesithili, elalikwasaziwa ngokuba yi-Cootar okanye iMagistate yeSithili, yayiyilitshini yenkqubo yonke yolawulo. Isithili ngasinye esimalunga nama-50 e-Indiya sasiphantsi kwegunya legosa elinye leICS eliphethe isebe eliphethe isebe eliphethe i-ICS, ingeniso, kunye namagunya agwebayo. Olu lawulo lwamandla lwaluyilwakhelwe ngabom, lubangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo olukhawulezileyo nolunempumelelo kummandla omkhulu, onxulumene kancinane nonxibelelwano.

Uqokelelo lwengeniso nolawulo lwelizwe

Umsebenzi ophambili wegosa lesithili yayikukuqokelelwa kwemali yomhlaba, eyayila eyona ndawo iphambili yemali karhulumente welizwe. Iinkqubo ezintathu ezinkulu zemali yelizwe — iSecreenment eBengal (1793), inkqubo yeRyotwari eMadras naseBombay, kunye nenkqubo yeMahalwari eNyakatho Indiya — zonke zaziyilwe kwaye ziphethwe yi-ICS , zisetyenziswa ngumphathi-mikhosi wemali. I-Secreatement, esungulwe nguLord Cornwallis, imise ingeniso yomhlaba kwi-perpeity, idala udidi lwezamimati (ingingi) phakathi kwelizwe nabe balimi. Inkqubo kaRywaot, nguMnumsmin, umbutho womnayi ngamnye wemali.

Ezi nkqubo zalungisa ngokusisiseko ubunikazi bomhlaba, imilinganiselo yokusebenza, kunye noqheliselo lokulima kulo lonke elaseIndiya. Igosa le-ICS lalinoxanduva lovavanyo oluneenkcukacha lomhlaba, uvavanyo lomgangatho womhlaba kunye nesivuno, ukuqokelelwa kwemali yemali, kunye nokuqokelelwa kweemali ezifunekayo. Le yayiyinkqubo entsokothileyo, exhobisayo, kwaye isoloko ithanda ukuxabana. Ingeniso yathunyelwa ngoncedo lwempahla, kuquka ukubhaliswa kwempahla, ukuvalelwa kwemali, ukuvalelwa kwemali, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla axhobileyo. Ukukhutshwa kwenkqubo yengeniso yelizwe yamazwe athengwayo kuye kwagxekwa ngokuba ngunobangela ukungabikho kwemali, ityala, indlala.

Umthetho noLungiselelo kunye neMisebenzi yezeNgwebo

Igosa ngalinye leICS lalisebenza njengemajista, liphethe amagunya amakhulu kulwaphulo-mthetho nakubulungisa bamakhaya kumgangatho wesithili. I-Penal Code yango-1860, iKhowudi yoMthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wonyaka wama-18661, kunye noMthetho we-Indiya Engqining Scedown ngo-1872 wakha isakhiwo esisemthethweni esifanayo ngaphaya kwelizwekazi. I-ICS imajista yabekwa ityala ngokuphanda ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuvavanya, ukuqhuba iimvavanyo, nokudlulisa izigwebo. [[FLT]] Lo mxube wolawulo lwamapolisa, kunye namagunya alawulayo anamhlanje alwayo alwayo ngokohlula amagunya, kodwa lagwetyelwa ngumthetho wolawulo lwamakoloni oluyimfuneko ekusebenze kakuhle kunye nolawulo.

Impikiswano kaIlbert Bill ka-1883 yabhenca ngokucacileyo ingxingono yobuhlanga eyaqulethwe kwinkqubo yokugweba. Lo mthetho wacebisa ukuba kuvunyelwe abagwebi kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi bamaIndiya ukuba bazame ukuvavanya abalawulwa baseBritane kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Isicelo sahlangabezana nenkcaso ekrakra evela kuluntu lwase-Britani eIndiya, kuquka amagosa amaninzi eICS, aphikisayo ukuba iza kuthoba udumo negunya lohlanga lwabemhlophe. Lo mthetho ekugqibeleni wadluliselwa kuhlobo oludityanisiweyo, uvumela abemi baseYurophu ukuba bavavanywe ngabachopheli-tyala ababenga abantu basebuYuni. Le mpikiswano yayibonisa ukuba i-ICS kunye nelizwe elibanzi lobuhlanga.

Ukuhlangulwa Kwemisebenzi Kawonke - wonke Noncedo Lwendlala

Amagosa e-ICS ayejonge iindawo ezininzi zomsebenzi kawonke-wonke, kuquka ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa kweendlela, iibhulorho, imijelo, iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, iindlela zololiwe, iintambo zocingo, kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke. Ezi misebenzi zoncedo yayibalulekile ekuhambiseni imikhosi, ekuthuthweni kwezinto ezincinane nakulawulo lwelizwe. Amagosa amaninzi e-ICS ayeneqhayiya kakhulu kule misebenzi yokuphuhlisa, awathi ayibona njengeenzuzo zolawulo lweBritane.

Noko ke, ingxelo yeICS ekunikezelweni kwentlawulo yendlala idibene kakhulu kwaye idityaniswe kakhulu. IOrissa Nzala enkulu yonyaka ka-1866, iNyaka Enkulu yowe-1876-78, kunye neNzala yaseIndiya ngo1899900 yabulala izigidi zabantu. Imigudu yorhulumente yoncedo yayisoloko ibekwa kude, ingenelanga, idityaniswa, kwaye inyanzelwa yingcamango ekhoyo yelaisez-fuire zoqoqosho kunye nokubekwa phambili ekugcinweni kwembutho yemali. Iimithetho ze-Nantions, ezaveliswa ngabaphathi be-ICS abafana noMnu Richard Temple kwaye kamva bahluziwe nguMnumfokazi wesibonke, bebeka isicwangciso soncedo, ukusasazwa kweenkozo, kunye nengeniso. Noko ke, imigaqo yemithetho yayisoloko isetyenziswa kakubi, kwaye ukuphendula kwendlala kwakusoloko kugxekwa njengezinto ezincinane, emva konyaka ka-19449, ithekingcuka yabantu abathelelwa kwizigidi ezithelelwa kwizigidi ezithathu, ukuthothoba, iingozi, ezi

I-ICS neMali yase-Indiya

I-Indiya Civil Service yayisisixhobo esiphambili sokukhutshwa kwezoqoqosho eBritani. Ingeniso eyaqokelelwa ngamagosa e-ICS — evela ezweni, kwityuwa, kwiopium, amasiko, nezinye izinto — yaxhasa i-British Indian Army, izixhobo zolawulo, kunye nokwakhiwa kwezixhobo zokuxhasa izakhiwo. Inxalenye ephambili yale ngeniso yabuyiselwa eBritani njengemirhumo yemali yekhaya," ehlawulela amagosa ase-Britani eIndiya, iimpesheni, kunye namaxabiso e-Indiya Ofestry , eyavelisa ingeniso eninzi yephondo, nayo yalawulwa yaze yalawulwa yalawulwa yazalelwa ngamagosa e-ICS.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho eyaphunyelelwa yi-ICS yayiyilelwe ukulungiselela izilangazelelo zaseBritane. Iinkqubo zobuTariff zaxhasa iimpahla ezakhiwe eBritane, ukucutha ushishino lwamaIndiya. Umlinganiselo wokutshintshiselana nge-rupee wamiselwa ukunceda amaBritane athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nabanikazi. Uthungelwano lwezibonelelo ezibonakalayo zolawulo lwama-Indiya, lwaye lwakhelwe ngokuyintloko ukwenzela iinjongo zobuchule kunye norhwebo — ukuthutha amajoni ngokukhawuleza ukuphelisa imvukelo nokuthutha izinto ezingalungiswangalungiswanga ze-ngalungiswanga, ingqolowa, ingqolowa) ukuze zifumane iziphumo ezithengiswe kwamanye amazwe. Impembelelo yale yoqoqo bezoqoqosho lwamaIndiya yayinkulu kwaye isongento isongento yakhasayo, ukupheliswa kwezonga kwezorhwebo, ukuthotyelwa kwezo zezoshishino zezo zezo zezoshishino, kunye nokunga eliqhelekileyo.

Amagosa e-ICS anokuphawulwa

Inkonzo ye-Indiya yeLungu yavelisa inani elibalaseleyo labantu ababalaseleyo, eBritane nase India, abamisebenzi yabo ikhanyisa ubuntsonkothileko besi siko. Phakathi kwamagosa aseBritane, uMhlekazi uJohn Lawrence, owasebenza njengeNkulumbuso wePunjab kwaye kamva njengoViceroy, waye engumntu ophambili ekuqiniseni ulawulo lweBritane emva koGruphiko luka-187. UMnum uHenry Lawrence, umzalwana wakhe obalulekileyo, wayeligosa iBritane eMandla eLityeni. Sir Richard Temple wayengumphathi-nkulu wendlala, nangona imithetho yakhe yayigxekwa kakhulu. USir Arthur Hirtzel noSirlcolm Setlon babengamagosa abakhulu e-Ofini yase-Indiya e-London.

Abaphathi bamaIndiya abathi bavelela baquka iSayendrathath Tachore, owaqhekeza umqobo wobuhlanga ngo1864. UMhlekazi S. Das kunye noMnumzana B. Rau babengamagcisa aphambili abenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuqulunqeni imigaqo-siseko. V. P. Menon wayengumphathi-mikhosi ophambili eSardar Patel ekuhlanganiseni amaphondo e-Preglate emva kwenkululeko. Mnum. P. Ramaswami Ayar wasebenza njengeDiyan of Travan, kwaye wayengumntu ophezulu kwezobupolitika bamaIndiya. Lawo i-ICS, ngoxa ayesebenza kwilizwe loburhulumente, ngokufuthi elikhonyayo kwaye wasebenzisa iindawo zawo ekuncediseni ulungiso lwesizwe.

IMIZILA NAMAQEMBU Enkululeko

Ulwalamano phakathi kweNkonzo yaMasipala neNkxaso yamaIndiya kunye nomzabalazo wokuzimela geqe lwaphikisana kakhulu. Kwesinye isandla, i-ICS yayilisixhobo sokucinezela ucalucalulo, abaxhasi abavalelwe entolongweni, kunye nolawulo lwe-Rhulumente. Iinkokeli zesizwe ezifana noBal Gangadhar Tilak, uMahatma Gandhin, kunye neJawaharlal Nehru zabanjwa zaza zazalelwa ngamanye amatyala. Inkonzo yayilixhoba eliphambili lokugxekwa kwesizwe, ihlasela njenge "steel famel" yobukhosi kunye nesiko elalingawakhupha amaNdiya kwiiofisi eziphezulu phezu kwazo naphantsi kweemfaneleko zazo.

Kwelinye icala, inani lamagosa ase-Indiya eICS ayexhasa ngokuzolileyo ityala lobuzwe. Amanye agcine amakhonkco neenkokeli ze-Indiya National Congress. Amanye, emva komhlala-phantsi, angena kwezobupolitika kwaye asebenza kurhulumente ozimeleyo wase-Indiya. Lo mkhosi phakathi kokukhonza urhulumente wama-Chelmford wonyaka ka-19191919 kunye noRhulumente waseIndiya womthetho wonyaka ka-1935 wandisa umelo lwamaIndiya kwigunya kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho, kodwa i-ICS yahlala ingumgcini-Britani oyintloko kwimigangatho ephezulu de kube kukuzimela inkululeko. Lo mqobo phakathi kokukhonza urhulumente wama-Rhulumente nomela izilangazelelo zamaIndiya waba ngumqobo kumalungu enkonzo.

Ukupheliswa Nokudluliselwa kweNkonzo yoBuphathiswa bamaIndiya

Isiphelo semfazwe yesibini yehlabathi kunye nokuza kwenkululeko ngowe-1947 kwaphawula icandelo elithe cwaka lenkonzo yabemi base-Indiya. Urhulumente weLabour eBritane wanikezela ngozimeleyo bamaIndiya, kwaye i-ICS yakhutshwa phantsi kwekhondo lika 1946-1947. Amagosa amaninzi aseBritane arhoxile okanye ashiya i-Indiya, ngelixesha abaphathi bamaIndiya besenza umphambili wenkonzo entsha ye-Indiya (IAS), emiselwe phantsi kweGatya 312 lomGaqo-siseko waseIndiya. IAS yazuzwafa nezithethe ezininzi zeICS: inkqubo yomqokeleli-mikhosi yesithili, isakhiwo, inkqeqeshelwano kwimicimbi jikelele, kunye nokuzinikela kwezobupolitika.

Olu tshintsho lwalungenamkhethe. Ulwahlulo lweIndiya lwadala iingxaki ezinkulu zolawulo, njengoko i-ICS kunye ne-IAS benyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele phakathi kwamazwe amatsha ase-Indiya nasePakistan, ngokufuthi kwiimeko eziyingozi. Ifa le-ICS kwi-IAS liyabonakala kumphakathi oqhubekayo womqokeleli wesithili, iingxelo zemfihlo zaminyaka le (ACR) ezisetyenziselwa ukujonga umsebenzi, nokugxininisa inkonzo njenge "isifektha" sohlanga. Noko ke, i-IAS isebenza kumo ye-demokhrasi, iriphabliki yorhulumente elawulwa ngurhulumente, iRiphabliki emiselwe ngurhulumente, ingxelo esemthethweni eqinisekiswe ngokwahlukana kwamagunya, kunye noluntu olusebenzayo kunye noondaba-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba.

Ilifa Nembali

Ilifa leNkonzo yaMasipala aseIndiya lisengumbandela wengxoxo enzima yembali. Ingxelo ye-"steel" exhaswe ngamagosa aseBritane anjengoLord Lloyd kwaye kamva yafunyanwa ngabahlalutyi abathile abasemva kwe-Rodwa, igxininisa indima ye-ICS ekulondolozeni uzinzo, ekuthinteleni ukonakala, nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Kule mbono, i-ICS yayiyiglu edibene i-Indiya phakathi kolwahluko olukhulu kunye nesiphithiphithi. Iingxelo eyazinziswayo — iingxelo ezizintlukwano, iingxelo zobalo, iingxelo, uphando — zibumba ulwazi olungaqhelekanga malunga noluntu lwamaIndiya, uqoqo lwezoqoqosho, nempucuko.

Icebo lale mbono liye lanamandla laza lahlala liqinile. Abaphengululi baye babalaselisa ubukho bolawulo, ukukhutshwa, kunye nobuhlanga bobuhlanga bolawulo lwe-ICS. Umsebenzi olawulwa ngaphandle kwemvume yedemokhrasi. Abaphathi bawo basebenzisa ubulumko obukhulu, ngokufuthi benoxanduva oluncinane. Imigaqo yezoqoqosho abayisungulayo iBritane etyetyisileyo neIndiya ehlwempuzekileyo. I-"steel isakhelo sentolongo — inkqubo eyayenzelwe ukukhanyela ukulwa ulawulo lwamaIndiya kunye nokugcina ubuhlanga obuphantsi. Indlala, ukucinezelwa kokungavumelani, ukuphathana kwezoqoqosho, zonke ezi zinto zazihambisana nengxelo yeICS.

Uphando lwale mihla luye lwafuna uphando olucacileyo. Amagosa e-ICS aye engomnye wamaqela ahlukeneyo. Amagosa angomnye ayeneembono ezininzi, ukususela kulawulo oluqinileyo ukuya kutsho kumntu onovelwano. Lo msebenzi wawungumphathi wolungelelwano kunye nengcinezelo, wophuhliso kunye nolwakhiwo. Izakhiwo zolawulo eyazidalayo — inkqubo yesithili, inkqubo esemthethweni, inkqubo yengeniso, ukubala abantu, imisebenzi yoluntu — uqhubekeka ukubumba ulawulo lwe-Indiya ezimeleyo. Ukuqonda i-ICS kubalulekile ekuqondeni iimpikiswano kunye nokungaqondani kwe-data yolawulo lwale mihla ye-DNA.

Imithombo yangaphandle esetyenziswa kweli nqaku inikeza umxholo obhekele phaya kunye neenkcukacha. Kwimbali kunye nesakhiwo se ICS, ungeno olucacileyo kwinkonzo yengingqi ye- Indian ye-opulan nkonzo ye- lunika unikezelo olubanzi. [[[FLT:] inqaku lobuBritaniniya [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [iiindawo] inika isishwankathelo esifutshane nenegunya. [[FLT:]] [UFLT]] [4] Isikhokelo sogcino-Maliti yeICS [[FLT:] [FLT:] inguvimba obalulekileyo kuphando.[FLT:] [FLT] [FFF] kunye ne- I- procesting translated transformationsting]

Isiphelo

Inkonzo yaBasebenzi baseIndiya yayiyenye yezona zakhiwo zolawulo zinamandla nezinempembelelo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyeshumi elinesithoba. Yayisiso isixhobo uBukhosi baseBritani obalawula baza bakhupha ubutyebi phantse iminyaka elikhulu kwilizwekazi lase-Indiya. I-ICS yashiya uphawu olungenakucinywa kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zolawulo lwe-Indiya, iinkqubo zomthetho, kunye nezakhiwo zezoqoqosho. Ilifa lazo lintsonkothile kwaye likhuphisana — umxubeko wempumelelo nengcinezelo, ukuphuhlisa nokuxhaphaza, ukuhambelana nolawulo oluphezulu. Umsebenzi wawuyimveliso yexesha lawo, ukufunxanxatha namandla kunye neentsilelo ezinzulu zoBukhosi base-British. Ukuqonda umsebenzi woburhulumente bamaIndiya akuyo ayilo msebenzi wokwenza ulawulo oluqhelekileyo okanye ukugweba, kodwa kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni imbali ende yolawulo lwamaMerika kunye noxando ohlala ulawulo olude, nolawulo lwedemo-demo-demokhrasi.