Uzimele - geqe lungaphezulu kunendlela ephakamileyo; luzinziso lomthetho-demokrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bagqiba amatyala asekelwe kwimigaqo yomthetho nakumaxabiso omgaqo-siseko, kungekhona kwiminqweno yegqeba eliphetheyo okanye iimvakalelo zehlokondiba. Kuluntu oluphantsi, ingakumbi iLGBTQ+ abantu, icandelo elizimeleyo elizimelayo lisebenza njengomgca wokugqibela wokuzikhusela kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezichaseneyo okanye kwisigqeba esineentloko. Xa iinkundla zikhululekile ukutolika umthetho ngokungakhethi buso, zinokuwabetha amalungelo asisiseko, zikhusela amalungelo angundoqo, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba ukulingana akuso nje isithembiso esikwiphepha kodwa kusekho ngokwenene.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yomgwebo

Enyanzelweni yayo, ukuzimela ngokwamatyala, yimfundiso yokuba ijaji kufuneka yahlule amanye amasebe orhulumente — isikhulu kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kwahlukana kunyanzeliswa ngezixhobo ezininzi zokwakha: ubomi okanye ukumiswa kwexesha elide kwabagwebi, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukunqanda ukuncitshiswa kwemivuzo, kunye nokuthintelwa kwetyala lemiqathango yasekuhlaleni. Oku kukhusela kuvumela abagwebi ukuba balawule ngokubhekisele kumthetho nakwiimeko, ngaphandle kokoyika ukuphindwa okanye ukuphazanyiswa kwezobupolitika.

Uzimele-mthethweni olawulayo kukwaquka inkululeko yamaqumrhu (inkqubo yenkundla iphela) kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye (inkululeko yomgwebi ngamnye kwimpembelelo yangaphandle). Zombini ezi zimo ziyagxeka. Ngaphandle kwazo, iinkundla zinokuba zizixhobo zengcinezelo kunokuba zibe zizikhuseli zobulungisa. Umzekelo, xa urhulumente enokuthi asuse abagwebi abagwebi abaqhwabela ityala elingafanelekanga okanye abafake iinkundla nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, umthetho uyawa. Ngokuchasene noko, umthetho onamandla, ozimeleyo uyakwazi ukubeka amanye amasebe esweni, anyanzelelwa kwimiqathango yesiseko, kwaye ukhusela amalungelo amancinane ekulweni kobuzwilaliso.

Indlela Inkululeko Yejaji Ekhusela Ngayo ILGBTQ+ Amalungelo

I-LGBTQ+ ibutho labantu liye lajamelana nentshutshiso engokwasemthethweni ngokwembali — imithetho yobufanasini, imiqathango enxulumene nokutshata kwabantu abangoondinganyeni, imiqathango yokufumana abantwana abatshatiweyo, kunye nokucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi. Le mithetho idla ngokubonakalisa ikhethe eliqhelekileyo kunokuba ibe yimigaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo, ezikhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ziye zakwazi ukungena kwaye zivakalise imithetho enjalo ngokuchasene nomthetho-siseko. Ingqiqo icacile: ukuba abagwebi bayalumkela uninzi okanye iinkokeli zobupolitika, ziya kunqabile ukuvavanya ucalucalucalucalulo oluqhelekileyo. Kodwa abagwebi abazizimeleyo banokusebenzisa umlinganiselo wobugqesho ngaphandle koloyiko.

Iziganeko Eziphawulekayo Ezaguqula Ubomi

Izigqibo ezininzi zembali zibonisa oku kunamandla. EUnited States, Lawrence v. Texas [2003]) yabetha imithetho ye-sodomay kwilizwe lonke, ilawula ukuba ihambo esondeleyo ikhuselwe yinkqubo efunekayo. Isigqibo saxhomekeke kwimeko yeNkundla yozimeleyo kwelo xesha, apho uninzi lusathetha ukuba ulwalamano olufanayo nolwezopolitiko lusaphulwe. [Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, kuthe kugqalwano oluphezulu lweNkugqibela-mthetho. [[FLT] kuMgaqo-siseko we-onke u-mthetho-siseko [FLT] [FFF:] (203]) [203] kwaye [umthetho-siseko obalulekileyo uthembisa ukufikelela kulowo uluvo lwayo].[5]

Ngaphaya kwe-United States, iinkundla ezizimeleyo ziguqule iLGBTQ+ amalungelo emhlabeni wonke. Ngonyaka ka-2018, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Indiya kwi-. Navatej Singh Johar v. Umanyano lwaseIndiya luye lwabetha icandelo 377 loMthetho we-Penal Codentinel, owenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluphangaleleyo. INkuNkundla yathiyalo isithi umthetho waphula umthetho ongundoqo ekuvaleni amalungelo obuqu, ukulingana, nesidima. Umgwebo wawubalasele umqondiso uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba baboshwe ngumGaqo-siseko, hayi yimbali ethandwayo okanye imbali yomthetho. Ngokunjalo, ngo-2019, iNkulwanombolo ephakamileyo ye-Botswana yaya yawisa umthetho oweyo-edentine. “Ugwebelu ngokomthetho lwalo lwalo lwabhalwayo, lungalululuvo lwasemthethweni oluqhelekileyo, luye lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezopolitiko, kwaye luye

KwiCaribbean naseAfrika, iinkundla ziye zadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKenya, ngo-2019, yaxhasa ukubhaliswa kweLGBTQ, iqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokunxulumana nalo likwabela kubo bonke abemi. Lo mthetho weza nangona iingxelo zobutshaba zivela kwiinkokeli zobupolitika. Kwaye eMzantsi Merika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamaMelika yamaLungelo oluntu — iqumrhu elizimeleyo — lakhupha uluvo oluzimeleyo lowiso-mthetho ngo-2018182018 olufuna ukuba amalungu aqaphele amalungelo alinganayo omtshato obufana nokwabantu abatshatile kunye nawabufana nabo bonke ubufana. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuba iinkundla ezizimeleyo, imimandla kunye nezizwe, zibalulekile ekuguquleni amalungelo abantu ekukhuselweni kokhuseleko.

Imbono Ethelekisayo Ngenkululeko Yejaji

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkululeko yokugweba neLGBTQ neLGBT+ amalungelo alufani kuwo onke amazwe. Kumazwe apho ijaji izimele kakhulu khona — njengeKhanada, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu — iinkundla bezisoloko ziphumelela kwaye ziphumelela ekumelani ukulingana. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika, yayingowokuqala ehlabathini ukulawula ukuba ilungelo lokulingana likwalela ukucalucalucalucalulo ngokwezi ngokwezimbo zesini, kwanangaphambi kokuphela kocalucalulo. EKhanada, iNkundla yango ePhakamileyo yowama 2004, ithetha ngomtshato oweshumi elinesithoba.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kumazwe apho inkululeko yokulawula ibuthathaka okanye iphantsi kohlaselo, i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo asoloko engekho semthethweni okanye ephinda eqalwa. EPoland naseHungary, izenzo zakutshanje zikarhulumente ziye zanciphisa inkululeko yokugweba — kuquka ukunyanzelisa abagwebi abathabatha umhlala-phantsi kwangethuba kunye nokudala iinkqubo ezintsha zokulawula zobupolitika. Kwangawo la mazwe, iLGBTQ+ amalungelo aye abuyiselwa emva, kunye nemithetho esemthethweni. Xa iinkundla zibotshelelwa okanye zigxutyushwa, azinakuphinda zikwazi ukuhlola ucalucalucalulo.

Isifundo sicacile: icandelo elizimeleyo lejaji liyimfuneko (nangona linganele) kwinkqubela-phambili exhasekileyo kwiLGBTQ+ amalungelo. Ngaphandle kwalo, impumelelo yomthetho isenokutshintshwa lula, kwaye ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko luhlala lukho.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Inkululeko Yokugweba

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, inkululeko yokugweba ijamelana nezisongelo ezingapheliyo ehlabathini lonke.

  • ukuphazamisana nemithetho kunye nokupakishwa kwenkundla. Xa urhulumente enokumisela inani elingenasiphelo leejaji ezinyanisekileyo, ulungelelwano lwengqiqo yenkundla. Imizekelo iquka ulwandiso lwakutshanje lweTribunal yomGaqo-siseko wasePoland kunye neNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseHungary, eye yaba zizixhobo zeqela elilawulayo.
  • Ukubhaliswa kwabagwebi ukwenzela imithetho engathandekiyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, abagwebi abalawula ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente bajongene nengqeqesho, umvuzo, okanye ukunyanzelwa ukuba uthathe umhlala-phantsi. Oku kudala iziphumo ezimandundu ezinokuthi zithintele abagwebi ekukhuseleni amalungelo amancinane.
  • [[UMTL:0] umkhosi nogonyamelo nxamnye nabagwebi. Kweminye imimandla, abagwebi abava iLGBTQ+ amatyala bafumana izisongelo zokubulawa. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo nokhuseleko olunikela ubungqina, abagwebi bangathandabuza ukulawula bexhasa ukulingana.
  • Ujikelezo lweBHRIT. Yinkqubo yenkundla ephantsi kwemincili engenakusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Imithetho ebambekayo, izibuko ezixineneyo, kunye nokunqongophala koovimba bophando, konke kunganciphisa ukwenza izigqibo zokungakhethi.
  • Uxinzelelo lwePubilic kunye nokungalawuleki kwentlalo. Kwanakwidemokhrasi, iinkundla ezizimeleyo zinganyanzelwa yimibhiyozo yentlalo okanye amaphulo ezobupolitika. Umva wetyala -Obergefell[ isigqibo eUnited States kunye ne-Indiya [[FLT:]] Navtej Singhar ] ukuphumeza umthetho obonisa ukuba izigqibo zekomiti yetyala azenzeki kwikhama. Inkululeko eqinileyo ifuna impucuko eqinileyo kunye nokuqonda kwabantu ngokubanziwa kwabantu.

Isisongelo Sokufikelela ngokugqithisileyo

Mhlawumbi eyona ngozi iphambili kwinkululeko yokulawula kukuqhatha. Xa umongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi oyintloko engahoyi imiyalelo yenkundla, ijaji ilahlekelwa ligunya layo. Kwamanye amazwe, njenge-Venezuela ne-Turkey, ukugxabhagxampulathela kwegunya kutshabalalise lonke uzimele-mthetho. Kwezi ndawo, iLGBTQ+ abantu bajamelana nocalucalulo olugqithisileyo ngaphandle kokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni. Ngokuchasene noko, kumazwe anjengeColombia neBrazil, apho iinkundla ziye zalwa noxinzelelo lwezikhundla lwezikomkhulu, LGBTQ+ amalungelo aphezulu aye ahambela phambili ngenxa yezigqibo zomthetho wekomkhulu weKholo 2016, njengalo 2016 evumela ukutshatana okuziqululisa i-ethe .

Ngoko, ukukhusela inkululeko yokulawula akuyonkxalabo nje engekho mgaqo-siseko, ngumbandela obangela ubomi okanye ukufa kubantu abasengozini. Xa ukuwa kwejaji, amalungelo abantu ayathintelwa.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Yogwebo

Xa kujongwa ngezithintelo, kubalulekile ukuqinisa inkululeko yokulawula ngamaqhinga amaninzi:

  • Iinkqubo zokumisa ezisekelwe kwi-Merit. ezicace gca, ezingenaparatis ezisetyenziselwa ukukhetha abagwebi — njengeekhomishini ezilawulayo eziquka abameli bentlalo-ntle kunye ne bar — zinciphisa ubungozi bobukho be-politiki.
  • [[Ukhuseleko: 0] ukhuseleko. Abagwebi kufuneka babe nokhuseleko lokhuseleko, olususiweyo kuphela ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu ngomzimba ongakhethi buso. Ubomi okanye amagama abekwe ixesha elide anceda ekukhuseleni kwimpindezelo yezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali eyaneleyo. Iinkundla kufuneka zibe noqingqo-mali olwaneleyo ukuze zisebenze kakuhle. Ukuchwetheza ijaji luhlobo lolawulo lwezobupolitika.
  • Uphatho lwehlabathi lonke. iziqu zengingqi ezinjenge European Court of Human Rights neNkundla yamalungelo abantu yaseMerika isenokunika umva xa iinkundla zesizwe zingaphumeleli. Izigqibo zazo zithwala ubunzima bokuziphatha nobusemthethweni.
  • Ukudibanisa uluntu. Imibutho egadileyo, imibutho egadayo, kunye namaqela amalungelo abantu angajonga izisongelo zokuzimela geqe kwaye akhuthaze uluntu ngokubanzi. Amaphulo emfundo anceda uluntu luqonde isizathu sokuba icandelo lejaji elizimeleyo lingenele wonke umntu, kuquka amaqela acuthelwe phantsi.
  • [[NTL:0] Umyili weConstitution. ukuxhasa inkululeko yokulawula kumgaqo-siseko — kunye namalungiselelo okubekwa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nomvuzo — kwenza kube nzima ngoorhulumente ukuyichitha.

Indima Yomthetho Wehlabathi

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe ukhuthaza ukuzimela ngokwamatyala. I-UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary (1985) inikela isiseko esibanzi. Bathi “amagwebi aza kugqiba imicimbi phambi kwawo ngokungakhethiyo, esekelwe kwizibakala kwaye evumelana nomthetho, ngaphandle kwemiqathango, iimpembelelo ezingafanelekanga, iingxinaniso, iingxinaniso okanye iiphazamisa.” Amazwe angenisa le migaqo esemthethweni yasekuhlaleni adala imekobume eyomelele ngakumbi yokukhusela LGBTQ+. IKomiti yamaLungelo e-UN isoloko ikholelwa ukuba iinkundla ezizimeleyo ziyimfuneko ekunyanzeleni amalungelo eZizwe Ezihlangeneyo nawasebupolitikini, kuquka amalungelo okulingana nawokungahlanga.

Kubantu abaxhasa iLGBTQ+, iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zezizwe ngezizwe — ezinjenge - Universal Pearly Review yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo okanye izikhalazo zesivumelwano zequmrhu — zinokubacinezela oorhulumente abalalanisayo kwinkululeko yokugweba.

Umlo Oqhubekayo

Ngoxa iinkundla ezizimeleyo ziye zaphumelela kakhulu, umlo ukude kakhulu. EUnited States, ukutyunjwa kwabagwebi ababambelele kwisithethe kunye nabagwebi abanobulungisa abanoxanduva olude kuye kwabangela ukuxhalatyiswa phakathi kweLGBTQ+ amalungelo. Izigqibo zakutshanje ezifana no Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLLT:1] [2022] — ezathi zabhukuqa ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuqhomfa — ziye zakhokelela ekucingeni ukuba ulingana komtshato okanye amalungelo obuhlobo obufanayo obusondeleneyo anokuphinda kuphinde kuthathwe kwakhona. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuzimela ngokwezintlukwano zomthetho akukwanele; ukuqululwa nokucingelana kwenkundla yephondo. Kodwa kwana kwinkundla yephondo, ukuzimela kuthetha ukuba imigaqo-mthetho imele ilandele kwaye ingathethi imiyalelo yezomthetho.

EMpuma Yurophu, ukukhukuliseka kwenkululeko yokugweba kuye konakalisa ngqo i-LGBTQ+ yabemi. EPoland, urhulumente uye wasebenzisa iipali zoqeqesho ukugunyazisa abagwebi abawisa umthetho wokukhusela i-LGBTQ+ + amalungelo. EHungary, umthetho owelela “ingcamango yobufanasini” kwabancinane waxhaswa yinkundla eyayizele abaxhasi abanyanisekileyo. La matyala abonisa ukuba xa inkululeko yokulawula ikomiti iphantsi, imithetho yokukhupha umthetho womthetho isala ihlala ihleli kwaye yanda.

Noko ke, kukho neempawu ezikhuthazayo zokuzinzisa. EIndiya, phezu kwayo nje ingcinezelo yabasemagunyeni kwijaji kwezinye iimeko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yazigcina zizimele kwimicimbi yentlalo. EBotswana naseKenya, iinkundla ziye zamelana ngokuqinileyo nemithetho yezobupolitika. Kwi-European Union, iNkundla yeSigwebo se-European Union (CJEU) iye yawisa umthetho wokuba amalungu e-EU afune ukuqaphela amalungelo anye angoowesizwe kwanokuba imithetho yesizwe ingumthetho wecalucalucalulo — isigqibo esiphikisa imigaqo yeHungary neyokulawulwa yiPoland. ICJEU ivumela ukuba ilungele amalungelo angundoqo.

Kwindlela yehlabathi lonke yeLGBTQ+, isifundo sicacile: ukuxhasa icandelo elizimeleyo lejaji asiyonto iphambili. Kukubekwa phambili kwemithetho. Ukumangalelwa, ukumangalelwa, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-acis zonke izixhobo ezixhomekeke kwiinkundla ezikhululekileyo ukusebenzisa umthetho. Ngaphandle kwaloo nkululeko, ezona mpikiswano zingcono zomthetho ziya kuwela kwiindlebe ezingevayo.

Isiphelo

Ukuzimela geqe akuyonto iphambili kulawulo-bume olusele lunamaziko aqinile. Luyintsika ebalulekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo abona babuthathaka. Kwinkundla yelifa lesizwe, iinkundla ezizimeleyo ziye zaba yinxalenye yeengqeqesho ezibalaseleyo — ukusuka ekuphathweni kolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya ekukhuselweni kwemitshato kunye nokukhuselwa emsebenzini. Kodwa ezi mpumelelo zihlala zingonakala. Ukuhlaselwa kwezobupolitika kwabagwebi, amaqhinga enkundla agqwethayo, nokungahlonelwa kwemithetho yenkundla kusongela ukuphelisa inkqubela emashumi eminyaka.

Ukukhusela inkululeko yokugweba kuthetha ukukhusela umthetho. Kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki indlela avakalelwa ngayo ngokwesini okanye ubufanasini, angaya enkundleni aze alindele ukuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni okusekelwe kumaxabiso omgaqo-siseko. Kungumlo lowo amagqwetha, abaxhasi, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo kufuneka balwe kunye. Ijaji elizimeleyo lisisiqinisekiso esingcono sokuba amalungelo abantu akasayi kunikelwa kwisibingelelo sekhethe eliqhelekileyo okanye amandla aphezulu.

[[UMTLL:0] ukuqhubekeka kofundo olu: Umthetho woMthetho nenkululeko Yomthetho , LGLU LGTQ+ Amalungelo omshwankathelo[[FLT:]], kunye amalungelo abantu Watch – LGBTQ+ Amalungelo.[FLT:]