Ukwenziwa komGaqo-siseko wase-United States yayiyenye yeengxoxo zezopolitiko ezithanda ukuphikisana nezingqongqo kwimbali yeMelika. Phakathi ko 1787 no1788, ishwangusha leRiphabliki ekwintsalela exhonywe kumlinganiselo njengoko amaFederalris kunye namaAnti-Federalist aphikisana ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo bamandla esizwe. Yayiphakathi kolu gqaba-phambili lwengxoxo yokuba [[FULT:] iPubris iPagest Pagens [[FLY] [iiiiiiksi]. Le ngqokelela yezincoko ezingamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu, ebhalwe ngesantya esivuthayo sika-Alexague, uJames Magnomes, noJohn Jay sydy phantsi kwe-mPubris esisiseko soluegconst projectives (iiences) ngenxa yendlela yemithetho ye-Melika, i-Melika, i-Unian siseko esingundoqo.

Imbali: Uhlanga Olusengozini

Ukuqonda ungxamiseko oluphakathi kweMaphethisi yoManyano, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde imeko embi ejongene ne-United States phantsi . Iingcebiso zeNgqungquthela. Yathathwa ngo1781, iMigaqo yadala urhulumente obuthathaka ongenanto yamandla erhafu, ukulawula urhwebo, okanye ukunyanzelisa imithetho. Isiphumo sasiluhlanga olusengxakini. Urhulumente wesizwe wayesophulwe, engakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala akhe okanye ukuxhasa umkhosi. Amazwe azimeleyo asebenza njengezizwe, emisa imiqobo yorhwebo nxamnye nenye kwaye ebandakanyeka iimbambano ezikrakra.

Le nkqubo ibuthathaka yaphantse yawa phantsi kobunzima uShays'Svumo ngo-1786, xa abalimi abaxhobileyo eMassachusetts bevala iinkundla ekuvukeleni iinkundla zokutyunyuliswa kwetyala nemigaqo yerhafu. Urhulumente wesizwe wangqineka engenamandla ukungenelela, edalula ububuthathaka obungundoqo boMbutho. Njengoko uGeorge Washington ekhalaza, " Singaba ngabantu abamanyeneyo, okanye asinguye. Ukuba ngaphambili, masisebenze njengesizwe. Ukuba oku, asisayi kuphinda senze isenzo esidede. [[FLT.FLT:3] Imvukelo yasebenza njengeqela, abathunywa abathumeli abathumeli abathubeleleyo kumazwe akwiziiPladelphi eGwayo kwe-Philadelphiyalphiya 17877. UmGwano wemthelela i-mgaqo-siseko onamandla.

IGenesis Yephepha Loludwe LwamaFederal

AmaPhepha oMgaqo-siseko woLawulo lwaMazwekazi ayengeyoyondlela yokuzifundela. Ayesisixhobo sezobupolitika esahlulwe kakhulu, sinamandla anjengeRhuluneli George Clinton uMgaqo-siseko. Hamilton wacinga ngothotho lweencwadi zephephandaba eziza kuchaza nokukhusela lonke icandelo loMgaqo-siseko omtsha. Wamkela amacandelo amabini angundoqo: Jay [FL:], uJay [FFLT], umlawuli wexesha elizayo ohlonelwayo njengoMgaqo-mthetho-siseko wase-United States; [FFFF:] noMgaqo-siseko wakhe [FFFF]

Umbhali kunye negama lenyani "Publius"

Ababhali bamkela i-pseucm ye- "Publius," imbekiselo ku Publius Valerius Publiola, umzobo wesiseko seRiphabliki yeRoma. Le nkcazelo yesithethe yayijolise ekudibaniseni ityala le Komiti yesizwe nelokubheno lwempuluswa kwe-propurbacism. Hamilton wabhala uninzi lwezincoko (51), u-Madisonson no Jay wanikela kahlanu phambi kokuwa. [FT] Inkcaza yapapashwa kakhulu kumaphephandaba amane aseNew York,[[[[FLT:] [2] [okanye ne-FLT] IJourgnome] i-FLT], [[4] kunye nevolu inguqulelo ezininzi ze-Authony, u-Apply4]

Imigaqo Engundoqo: Indlela Elubala Emele Ilawule Ngayo Ulawulo

AmaPhepha abizwa ngokuba yiFederalist asingomthetho okhethekileyo. Amela uphando olunzulu lwentanda-bulumko ngobume borhulumente weriphabliki, ubuntu, kunye nokulawula. Ababhali bachaza ngokucwangcisiweyo imigaqo esisiseko eya kuxhasa urhulumente omtsha wase-U.S.

Imfuneko yoManyano (Uluhlu lweNkcubeko No. 1-14)

Izincoko zokuvula, ezilawulwa nguHamilton noJay, zathetha ukuba ukudibanisa kuya kukhokelela kwimfazwe engapheliyo phakathi kwamazwe, kushiyeke kusemngciphekweni wokulawulwa ngamagunya aseYurophu. u-Faceralist No. [2 [umthetho] waphikisa ukuba uProvice unike "abantu abamanyeneyo" abasuka kookhokhokhokho, bathethe ulwimi olunye, bathi unqulo olunye" kwilizwekazi, nokuba bahlulelene ngokungekho siseko sobuhlanga nomthetho ombi. [[FLT:] uFaterlist], umboniso wembali obonisa ukuba "i-comfaci" ayizange i-listrigan" impikiswano.

Ingxaki Yokungabi Namdla (Umbhali - mbali) No.

Umphengululi No. 10, ubhalwe nguJames Madison, uthathwa ngokubanzi njengetshe elinqabileyo leMapa yeFederalist. Kuyo, uMadison wajamelana ngqo nolwantlukwano olungundoqo lwe-Anti-Federalist: ukuba irepublic enkulu ayinakuzilawula ngokunempumelelo. Waqala ngokugcin ajonge isifo esingundoqo sikarhulumente oqhelekileyo, "ingxaki yokusebenza". Wachaza imo "njengeqela elimanyeneyo kwaye eliqhutywa nomdla oqhelekileyo, okanye wenza inzala, echasene namalungelo abanye abemi, okanye izilangazelelo ezisisigxina ezisisigxina."

Unyango oluqhelekileyo lobuzwilakhe boninzi lwaba lukwenza ibutho labantu libe lincinane kwaye libe lifana (njengoko likwidemokhrasi egqibeleleyo). uMadison waphikisa ngelithi olu nyango lwalumbi kakhulu kunesifo. Endaweni yoko, wacebisa ukuba iMelika i- ulwandiso lwerepublic enkulu, eyandisiweyo. Kumhlaba omkhulu apho kukho izilangazelelo ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo kunye namaqela, akukho cebo lizakwazi ukulawula. Inyaniso iyakuhlola kwaye ilungelelanise, yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba inkoliso yabantu engekho bulungisa ime. Njengoko uMadison ebhalile, "Exten com, kwaye uthatha intlukwano ezininzi kunye nentlalo ye-luvo oluninzi; wenza ukuba uninzi lwenkoliso olupheleleyo lungangenelelane neenjongo eziqhelekileyo zokuhlasela ezinye izigrorhorho zabemi.[3] [Eft]

Ukwahlukana kwamandla kunye nokuHluka noLulinganiso (Uluhlu lweFederalist No. 47-51)

Mhlawumbi esona sicwangciso sisebenzisekayo sezincoko, uFederali No. 47 ukuya ku 51, wachaza ukwakhiwa kwangaphakathi korhulumente omtsha. UMadison wavuma umgaqo ocaciswe nguMontesquieu(ukuthi uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye namagunya okugweba kufuneka zahlulwe ukuze kuthintelwe ubuzwilakhe. Noko ke, waphikisa ukuba ulwahlulo olunyulu, nodonga olungenakulawuleka phakathi kwamasebe, lwalungasebenzi kwaye luyingozi. Endaweni yoko, uMadison wayila inkqubo ye-" i-partummentation" apho isebe ngalinye linondlela zokuzikhusela ngokwalo ekungeneni kwezinye iingeneni.

Kumthetho odumileyo Inzala yomntu mayidityaniswe namalungelo esiseko sendawo. , uMadison wachaza ulungiso lwentetho yokukhangela nolwahlulo. Wabhala, " Inzala mayiyenziwe ukulwa nephulo. Inzala yomntu mayidibane namalungelo esiseko sendawo. Inkqubo yokunika isebe ngalinye izixhobo zokulwa nezinye. UMongameli uyakwazi ukurhoxisa umthetho; iBhunga linokuyilawula i-veto; i-State iyakuqinisekisa ukuhlangana nezivumelwano; i-judiary iza kuhlola imithetho. Le nkqubo ye-"FUlawulo" yayilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-rhulumente ingulawulo lwayo.

Umanyano noBukhosi boMbindi (Uluhlu lweNkcubeko No. 39, 45)

IAnti-Federalist yaphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko wadala urhulumente wesizwe ozinzisiweyo oza kutshabalalisa amazwana. uMadison waphendula esi sityholo ku Fateralist No. kunye [[FLT:] no-.[45].[FULT].[FUMGUMGUMGaqo-3], uchaza umgaqo wesizwe , ozakuba uyakwazi ukuphelisa [[FLT] [[FLT] [4] [unid' [umbuso] [od' onamandla].[4]. Umthetho onegunya elikhoyo urhulumente uthelelayo, ugunyaze unikeze urhulumente nongaphi nakulawulayo.[7]

Ukwakhiwa koBungameli (Uluhlu lwe-Federali uNo. 67-77)

Isebe eliphetheyo lalingumthombo othile wexhala kuAnti-Federalist, ababesoyika ukuba iza kuba ngukumkani onyuliweyo. Hamilton wakhokela ekukhuseleni umongameli. Federalist No. 70, waphikisana ngokubalulekileyo ngegunya lolawulo oluphezulu"[ njengelungu elibalulekileyo lorhulumente olungileyo. I-Energy, wayephikisa, ukuba kuyimfuneko kumanyano, ukuthumela, kunye nokufihla ngamaxesha obunzima. Oku kwakufuneka kukhankanye, kunomphathi-mikhosi, umlawuli wolawulo.

UHamilton wakhusela iElectoral College njengendlela yokulungisa ukhetho lukawonke-wonke. Waphikisa ngelithi "ingqondo yabantu" yayiza kuhluzwa kwiqumrhu labanyuli "abanako ukuhlalutya iimpawu ezichanekileyo kwisikhululo." Izincoko ezikwidesi zikwaquka ukhuseleko lwamandla okumisa kukaMongameli, indima yakhe njengoMthetheli-iNkululo-Chief, kunye nenkqubo yokungaqeqeshi, eyathiwa nguHamilton "owesizwe senkampathi" eyayiyimfuneko ekukhuseleni iriphabliki ekuxhaseni impathisweni kwegunya elikhulu.

Ijedili elizimeleyo (Uluhlu lwe-Federal No. 78-83)

Kwi u-Federalist No. 78, Hamilton wanikela eyona nkxaso inamandla yokuzimela kwinkululeko yokugweba kwingcamango yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Waphikisa ngelithi ijaji yayilisebe "eliyingozi" kuba lingabambanga gunya lengxowa okanye ikrele. Ukubuyisela ubuthathaka bayo obungokwemvelo, idikoniaeary efuna ukuzinza nenkululeko. Oku kwakufuneka ukuba abagwebi babambe iiofisi zabo ngexesha le "ukuziphatha okuhle" (ubomi becala) nokuba imivuzo yabo ayinakuncitshiswa.

Hamilton wahlabela mgama, echaza imfundiso ye yomthetho wokuhlola. Waphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawungu "mthetho wesithethe" kwaye nawuphi na umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho ochasene noMgaqo-siseko wawuphuthile. Wawela kwiinkundla, njengommeli womthetho ongenamkhethe, ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko. Hamilton wabhala ngokudumileyo, [[[FLT:]] Oku kutolikwa kwemithetho kungumthetho ofanelekileyo nongaqhelekanga. Umgaqo-mthetho womthetho ungowona umele uqwalaselwe, enyanisweni, kwaye umelwe uqwalaselwe ngabagwebi, njengomthetho ongundoqo. Ngoko ke kumele baqinisekise intsingiselo yawo.[FLT] [FLT] [5]

Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Kwimpikiswano Yokuqhatha

Impembelelo ekhawulezileyo ye-Federalist Papers kwindibano yokuvota ingundaba-mlonyeni wembali. ENew York, izincoko zafundwa kwaye zaxutyushwa kwiphephandaba. Ngoxa indibano yesizwe yaqala yancitshiswa ngamandla i-Anti-Federalist, iimpikiswano ezizizinzileyo ze "Publist" zanceda uHamilton ukutshintsha imvakalelo kawonke-wonke. Izenzo zobuchule zokusebenza kwindibano yaseNew York, zidityaniswe nempapasho yezincoko ezipheleleyo, zanceda ukukhusela ivoti encinane engama-30/27 exhasa ukuvunywa kwe-ratityhidiation. EVirginia, iingxoxo zika-Magnotes kwiPudera Pells . Ngokuthe ngqo kwi-octiveracticism kunye noBill yamaLust Patrick. Ibalulekile ukuphawula isithembiso sokudibanisa i-Bill, i-Hamilyton (egleston) kwaqala ukuphikisa okungalunywa (e).

Ilifa: Okusesikweni Kwethu

Intsingiselo yokwenene yeManqaku eeNkundla eziPhakamileyo ibekwe kungekuphela nje kwisiphumo sawo esikhawulezileyo kodwa kwigunya lawo elihlala lihleli njengentcazo ngomGaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabaphatha njengowona mthombo unegunya "wenjongo yantlandlolo" okanye "intsingiselo yantlalo" yoluntu lwangaphambili. Zicatshulwe kwizigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezingama-500, kuquka amatyala e-sradentias [MCulloch v. Maryland [1819], ezixhomekeke kuhlaziso lwezi mithetho engundoqo kaHamilton, ebhekisele kuGawulayo, uGaqophi oluthe lulu oluthe lwabiwo olukuManyeneyo, uGciromes uGenestrist "Ulkthe , No.4] kunye [FLDiast:] kunye nababhali beNkuqulu . Abaqulukelelwa-outhoba Abaphezulu bambi beNkunene" babiza i

Izincoko zisabalulekile kubafundi bomthetho, bezobupolitika, nakwezembali. Iimpikiswano ezikuFederallist No. 10 kunye noNo. 51 zingundoqo wobuninzi baseMerika. Ukuzikhusela kwamandla aphezulu kuFederali uNo. 70 kuyaqhubeka kubumba iingxoxo ezimayela namandla obumongameli. Iingxoxo zocalulo lwezomthetho kuFederal No. 78 zisengundoqo ekutolikeni komgaqo-siseko. AmaPhepha angowona nje mveliso embali; ayinxalenye ekhoyo yesithethe solawulo lwamaMelika. Ukuwafunda kumele kungene kwingxoxo enkulu ephathelele amandla, inkululeko, kunye nomyalelo ochaza iprojectalmenti yeMelika.

Isiphelo

AmaPhepha aFederalidist aphumelela kumsebenzi wawo oyintloko: anceda ukuncetheza ilizwe elithandabuzayo ukuba lamkele umGaqo-siseko onamandla, omanyeneyo. Kodwa indima yalo ekwakheni urhulumente wase-U.S. ingaphezulu kakhulu kweemfazwe zokwandiswa kwenqanawa zomkhosi wamashumi asibhozo anesibhozo. Ababhali `Hamilton, Madison, neJay . Bavelisa ingcamango ebanzi karhulumente weriphabliki esekelwe kwingqiqo eqinisekileyo yendalo yoluntu. Babonisa ukuba irepublic, eyahlukeneyo, ingazinziwa kwaye ikhulu ukuba ilungele ukumiswa kakuhle. Balungiselela inkqubo yokwakha yobuchule yamazwe ahlukeneyo, ivavanya, kunye nolungeleneyo, engqineke ingqineke ilungile. Nabani nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ukuqonda ingqiqo, neenjongo zorhulumente zeMelika, iPluvidian