Ukuqonda Urhwebo Lwenkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Ingcamango yokuthengiselana kwemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke ikwintliziyo yokulawula okusebenzayo. Ukhetho ngalunye lubandakanya ukuncama isiphumo esinqwenelekayo sokufikelela esinye, njengokuba ubuncwane, ixesha, kunye nekomkhulu lezobupolitika zilinganiselwe ngokwemvelo. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka baqhubeke behamba besenza iimfuno zokukhuphisana kubagcini-mathikithi abahlukeneyo, ulungelelanisa impumelelo yezoqoqosho nokulingana, impumelelo emfutshane yexesha elide nokuzinziswa kwexesha elide, kunye nenkululeko nganye ekwintlalo-ntle. Urhwebo asilothuba nje lokwenza ngabomdla, ukukhanyela, nezigqibo ezibonisa izinto eziphambili. Ukuphawula ezi rhwebo ngamanyathelo okuqala kwimigaqo yokuqala yoshishino esebenzayo nelungele ukusebenza.

Izakhono zorhwebo zivela phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, ukusuka kwinkcitho yempilo nemfundo ukuya kumgangatho wemekobume kunye nolawulo lwemali. Zinyanzela abenzi besigqibo ukuba babuze imibuzo esisiseko: Sizimisele kangakanani ukuhlawula umoya ococekileyo? Ngaba sifanele sifake imali engakumbi ukuze sikhusele inkathalo kunyango olubiza imali eninzi? Luluphi umlinganiselo werhafu owamkelekileyo ekuboneni ingqalelo yengqalelo kawonke wonke? Ukuphendula le mibuzo kufuna indlela yokulungele ukuhlolisisa ukhetho, iziphumo ezingoko ukuqonda, nokunxibelelana nokhetho lukawonke wonke.

Ukutshintshwa Kwemithetho

Ukuze kuvunywe uhlalutyo lwentengiso, kubalulekile ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezizithabathayo. Iitradoff zingahlelwa ngokwemilinganiso emininzi, nganye inika iingxaki namathuba akhethekileyo okulawula.

Ishishini lorhwebo lwecebo

Ubuncwane be-Scarce − imali, abasebenzi, izibonelelo----odonga zomkhosi zoorhulumente abakhetha phakathi kweenkqubo zokukhuphisana. Umzekelo, isixeko esinoqingqo-mali olusisigxina kufuneka sigqibe ukuba sifake ingeniso kwiipaki ezintsha okanye sinyusa isityalo saso sokuphatha amanzi. Izigqibo ezinjalo aziqheleki zi-zero-sum, kodwa zisoloko zibandakanya amaxabiso amaxabiso exabiso elona cebo lingcono. Ulwahlulo olusebenzayo lufuna ixabiso elinzima lokuhlola i-benefitting kunye nokuqonda kakuhle kweemfuno zoluntu.

Izalathiso eziqokelelwayo

Amaqela awahlukeneyo kwibutho labantu anezinto eziza kuqala ezingqubanayo. Amashishini asenokufuna ukuphembelela ukukhula, ngeli xesha amaqela emeko-bume eqhubela phambili ukukhusela okungqongqo. Uluntu lwabalimo lungafuna uncedo lwamanzi, ngoxa abemi basezidolophini bexhasa ulondolozo. Ukulungelelanisa ezi zilangazelelo kungumsebenzi ongundoqo wolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka babandakanye kwingxoxo, iimfazwe ze-media, yaye maxa wambi benza ukhetho olungathandwayo ukuze bancede uwonke-wonke.

Temperal Tradoffs: Ixesha elifutshane-Term vs. Nde

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ingapheliyo kulawulo lukawonke-wonke yiziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kunye neziphumo ezizinzileyo. Abezobupolitika basoloko bejongene nengcinezelo yabanyusi yokuhambisa uphumelele ngokukhawuleza, njengokugawula irhafu okanye ukuchitha imali, okunganciphisa impilo ebanzi yexesha elide. Ngokufanayo, ukutyeshela ugcino lwezibonelelo kunika imali egcinweyo encinane kodwa kukhokelela kwiindleko ezininzi eziphezulu kamva. Ulawulo lobulumko luqaphela ixabiso lomonde kunye nokuzikitya kwimigaqo evelisa iinzuzo eziya kumaqela ezizukileyo.

Impumelelo/Impumelelo

Abathengisi bayakwazi ukunikezela ngoovimba babo bangahlawula, kodwa abaqinisekisi ukuba kulungile. Imithetho ekhuthaza ukusebenza kakuhle . njengokungalingani nokubekwa phambili kwe-"nethis" ingandisa ukungalingani. Ngokuchaseneyo, iinkqubo zokunyuswa kwerhafu eqhubekayo okanye iinkonzo ezisisiseko zendalo zinganciphisa ukulingana kodwa zinganciphisa iziphembelelo zezoqoqosho. Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kwempumelelo nokungaguquguquki kulucelomngeni olungapheliyo, olufuna ukwenziwa nokuhlolisingeniswa ngobuchule.

Ukubaluleka Kohlalutyo Lwetrantoff Kulawulo Lwale Mihla

Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo yorhwebo luguqula isigqibo sokwenziwa kwenkqubo yokwenza izinto, i-ad-hoc ibe yingqeqesho ecwangcisiweyo, esekelwe kubungqina. Izisa intsingiselo kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo kwaye ibangela uluntu luthembeke ngokubonisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngokuqwalasela zonke izinto eziyimfuneko.

Ukwenza isigqibo esinyusiweyo

Ngokuzoba ngokucacileyo iziphumo zoncedo kunye nezobungozi zokhetho ngalunye lwenkqubo, uhlalutyo lwentengiso lunceda ekuphepheni iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Umzekelo, isicelo sokucutha izithuthi zombane zinganciphisa ukukhutshwa kombane kodwa kwakhona zinyusa imfuneko yombane, ukutsalela igridi. Uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lungalindela iziphumo ezinjalo luvumele abenzi benkqubo ukuba benze amanyathelo okuphelelisa, anjengokuvelisa ukhuthulo olunempumelelo kunye nolwezinzo olunempumelelo.

Ukubonakala okuthe ngqo noxanduva

Xa oorhulumente bevuma ukuba iintengiso zithe zavela, abemi bangaqonda isizathu sokuba kwenziwe ukhetho oluthile. Oku kunciphisa ukukrokreleka okanye ucalucalulo kwaye kukhuthaza ukunikelwa kwentetho yesidlangalala enolwazi oluthe ngqo. Ukuvulwa kogcino-lwazi, ukuchotshelwa kwezacholo, kunye nokuchaphazeleka zizixhobo ezibangela ukuthengiselwa kwentengiso. Umzekelo, i-ofisi yoLawulo ne-U.S. i-Ofisi yoHlahlo-mali ikhupha uhlolo lwaminyaka lemiqathango, ukuchaza iindleko neengenelo neenzuzo.

Ugcino-lwazi olungcono lwezibonelelo

Imali kawonke-wonke kufuneka isetyenziswe apho ibonelela khona intlawulo entle kakhulu yentlalo. Uhlalutyo lwetradoff luchaza iindawo apho utyalo-mali oluncinane luvelisa iinzuzo ezinkulu nalapho iinkqubo ezikhoyo zingasawathetheleli amaxabiso azo. Uqingqo-mali olusekelwe kwiqanda, olufuna ukuthethelela inkcitho nganye ekuxhuzulweni, lunye kwindlela enyanzela uhlalutyo olucacileyo lokurhwebisa. Oorhulumente abamkela uqingqo-mali olusekelwe kumsebenzi bafumana iziphumo ezisebenzayo nge-R34.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yezorhwebo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala acacileyo kusinceda sibone indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezingekho mthethweni ekusebenziseni izigqibo kuze kutyhile iinkalo ezicacileyo zesigqibo ngasinye.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wonyango: Ukufikelela, indleko, nobunjani

Kukhathalelo lwezempilo, iinkqubo ezisekelwe kakuhle “kunxantathu” ezithi ukufikelela, amaxabiso, nomgangatho azinako konke ukunyuswa ngaxeshanye. Ukukhutshwa kwazo zonke iintlawulo kubo bonke abemi, njengakwinkqubo yezonyango jikelele, zisoloko zifuna iirhafu eziphezulu okanye inkcitho karhulumente engakumbi. Ngokuchaseneyo, iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwintengiselwano zinganika ukhetho olungakumbi nokutshintsha okungakumbi kodwa zishiye uMthetho weNtokhwe eUnited States unenjongo yokwandisa ukufikelela ngokwemiyalelo nangemali, kodwa kwakhona zifuna iindleko ezintsha kwii-infirensiti kunye nabahlawuleli-mali. Abaqulumbi bemithetho bayaqhubeka bethetha ngendlela yokuhamba ngezi miqathathathu ngaphandle kokubingelela nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na into.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: Ulwando olukhoyo.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ixhaphakile. Imida engqongqo yokukhupha ungcoliso lomoya inganciphisa ungcoliso lomoya ize iphucule impilo kawonke-wonke, kodwa inganyusa iindleko zokuveliswa kwemveliso yabenzi kunye nonyuko olucothayo lwezoqoqosho kwixesha elifutshane. Umthetho ococekileyo womoya kwi-U. unconyelwe ngokusindisa amakhulu amawaka obomi, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwawo okufunekayo kwimizi yoshishino eninzi ukuze isebenzise izixhobo zokulawula ungcoliso. Ngokufanayo, ukukhusela izidalwa ezisengozini ngokumisela ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kungangqubana nophuhliso lwezindlu, ezolimo, kunye nokhuthulo lwezibonelelo lwemali. Umthetho osebenzayo uzama ukuhlisa iimpembelelo ezingalunganga zoqoqosho lwemeko-ondolo, ngexesha lokufikelela usukelo oluthambileyo olufana nolwezo lweziko lokwenza umgangatho.

Inkqubo yeNkcubeko: Stimulus v. Ityala

Ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, oorhulumente bajongene nokuthelekisa phakathi kwemfuno evuselelayo ngokusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi nokugcinwa kwexesha elide. Ingxaki yemali kunye nendyikitya yokungazaliseki kwemali ye-COVID ye-19 kwabonwa ukuba kukho urhulumente oboleka inkxaso yezindlu kunye namashishini. Ngelixesha ezi zingenelelo zithintela ukudodobala okunzulu kwezoqoqosho, kwakhona banyusa amatyala kawonke-wonke ukuze banyanzele uqingqo lwemali lwexesha elizayo okanye bafune imilinganiselo yokuzinzisa. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokusebenza ngokukhawuleza ukunqanda ukuwa kwezoqoqosho nokunqanda ukungathwaliseki kwemithwalo yetyala ngucelomngeni olungundoqo kubenzi bemithetho yezomthetho enzima. Ukunyukela okunamandla, bona [[FLT:] uvavanyo lwe-IMFFF]

Ukulawula Iishishini: Iindawo zokurhweba kunye nezixhobo

Ukunika intsonkotha yeentengiso kufuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngoorhulumente abaphumelelayo ukuphucula ukwenza izigqibo.

Ubandakanyeko Lomntu Onenxaxheba

Ukujika-jika kwamazwi ahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo kunceda ukurhweba ngaphandle okunokuthi kungenjalo kungahoywa. Ubugcisa obufana namaqumrhu ahlala abantu, uphando olulahliweyo, kunye noqingqo-mali lokuhlawula izithuba zivumela abantu abachaphazelekayo babonise izinto abazithandayo kwaye baqonde iindleko zezinye iindlela. Umzekelo, isixeko sasePorto Alegre eBrazil senza uqingqo-mali lwemali olucwangcisiweyo, benika abemi ukulawula ngqo indlela elisetyenziswe ngayo icandelo lohlahlo lwemali kamasipala. Le nkqubo ayikhange iphucule imali yobonelelo kodwa yakha ukuthemba noxanduva lwezentlalo.

Ukwenza izigqibo zogcino-lwazi

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olunamandla kunye nohlalutyo lubalulekile ekuhloleni iintengiso. Inkcitho- yokuhlola intengo, uhlalutyo lwesigqibo esizii-crite-intshi, kunye neemvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungakhethiyo zinika ubungqina obunxulumene neziphumo ezinokwenzeka zenkqubo ekhethwayo. Izixhobo ezifana neBhanki yehlabathi Public Policy Proce Modyment Alkit[[] inika izicwangciso zokudibanisa ugcino-lwazi kwisigaba ngasinye sokwenziwa kwenkqubo. Xa izigqibo zisekelwe kubungqina obunokuyila, izicwangciso ziyakhanya kwaye ziyaphelelwa.

Ukucwangciswa kwenkqubo kunye nokuvavanywa kwengozi

Ngenxa yokuba ukuthengwa kubandakanya ukungaqiniseki, ucwangciso lwezicwangciso zokongamela inkqubo lunceda abaququzeli benkqubo bahlole indlela iingcamango ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchaphazela ngayo iziphumo. Umzekelo, ukuceba kwesixeko ukutshintsha imozulu kungafuzisela amanqanaba ahlukeneyo omgangatho wolwandle nokwanda kwabemi ukugqiba apho baza kungenisa khona ulwando lwaselwandle okanye iinkqubo zokufuduswa kwenye indawo. Uvavanyo lobungozi lukwanyusa amathuba eziganeko ezimbi, njengesifo sobhubhani okanye ingxaki yemali, ibangela abenzi besigqibo sokulungiselela amanyathelo athetili. [[FLT: 0] i-OECD's isebenza kwimigaqo yolawulo kunye nomngcipheko wokulungelelanisa izinto kunye nokwenza umgangatho.

Uyilo lomgaqo-nkqubo wolingo kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo

Xa iintengiso zingaqinisekanga, iinkqubo zomqhubi kunye novavanyo lokulungisa zinganciphisa umngcipheko. /indlela yokulawula eguquguqukayo"iqhelekile kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo"izinto ezisetyenziswayo njengoko kuvavanywa, iziphumo, kunye nokulungisa inkqubo esekelwe koko kufundwayo. Umzekelo, abanye oorhulumente baye baqhuba iinkqubo zengeniso ezisisiseko ukuvavanya iziphumo zabo kunikezelo lomsebenzi, ubuhlwempu, kunye nokuzinziswa kokhuseleko phambi kokuzibophelela ekuphumezeni okupheleleyo. Le ndlela ibandakanya inyaniso yokuba ukurhweba kusenokutshintsha ixesha kwaye ubheduxeko luyingxeko olulungileyo.

Imilinganiselo Yorhwebo Lwezigqibo

Imisebenzi yokurhweba ayingobuchule nje; iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngubani ofanele abekwe phambili? Sifanele siyijonge njani intlalo-ntle yesizukulwana esizayo ngokweemfuno zangoku? Le mibuzo ifuna ukuba abenzi bemithetho babandakanye intanda-bulumko yokuziphatha namalungelo abantu.

Okusesikweni Okusasazwayo

Urhwebo oluninzi lubandakanya ukusasazwa kweenzuzo nemithwalo enzima kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo zebutho labantu. Umzekelo, ulwandiso lwerhafu olunokuthi ngokungenakuthelekiswa namali luchaphazele iintsapho ezizizityebi kodwa lungenelele iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba ulwabelo olunjalo luhambelana nale migaqo yokusesikweni nokusesikweni. Ingqiqo “yokuhambelana nolungelelwano". izama ukulungelelanisa ubuchule nokungalinganiswa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abo banamandla amakhulu okuhlawula igalelo olungakumbi, ngoxa iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo zihlala zifikeleleka kubo bonke.

Ukulingana Kwesizukulwana

Ukurhwebelana okude, njengaleyo ibandakanya ukutshintsha kwemozulu okanye amatyala kawonke-wonke, kuphakamisa umbuzo wezibophelelo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ukungaqiniseki ngeengenelo zexesha elizayo kunye namaxabiso kuyinto eqhelekileyo ekuhlaziyweni kwexabiso, kodwa ukhetho lwexabiso lokuhlahlela lubonisa iintelekelelo ezisesikweni. Izinga eliphantsi lokungalinganisi lichaza intlalo-ntle kwixesha elizayo, ngoxa isantya esiphezulu soncedo kufutshane nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo. Abenzi benkqubo mabachaphazele ngokucacileyo ngezigwebo kwaye babandakanyeke ekuciseni ngokubalaleni kwabantu ngohlobo lwelifa abanqwenela ukulishiya.

Izithintelo ezisekelwe kumalungelo

Ezinye iintengiso zinyanzelwa ngamalungelo asisiseko. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente akanakunikezela ngokupheleleyo ngokukhululekileyo ngenxa yokhuseleko lwesizwe, nokuba uhlalutyo olumxinwa lwexabiso lokulungisa ingeniso lungacebisa oku. Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko, izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe umisela imida ekwamkelekileyo yokurhweba. I-COVID-19 klockdows, umzekelo, ibandakanya ukulungelelanisa impilo kawonke-wonke nxamnye nenkululeko yokuhamba kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo enzulu engokwasemthethweni nengokokuziphatha. Kwizigqibo zomthetho, jonga ukhokelo lwe-WHOV [[FLT:] kwimigrafigrafiki yempanethi yempatho yempatho

Ukoyisa Iingxaki Zolawulo Lorhwebo

Nangona kukho izixhobo zenzululwazi ngezonyango kunye neenkqubo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunzima ukulawula urhwebo olusetyenziswayo. Abenzi benkqubo bajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi oluqhubekayo.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nezokungabi Naxesha

Imijikelo yexesha elifutshane yenza izisusa ezomeleleyo zemigaqo enika iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Abezobupolitika bangamathidala ukuxhasa iindleko ezibuhlungu zokurhweba `ezinjengerhafu okanye ukusika iinkqubo ezithandwayo, ngokunjalo xa ezo zigqibo zifuna umdla woluntu. Ukwahlula imiqathango emifutshane kufuna ubuchule bokusebenza obugquma ezinye izigqibo ezisuka kwimicimbi yezobupolitika yemihla ngemihla, ezifana nezizimeleyo, ucwangciso lwemali olude, kunye nemithetho yemithetho-siseko ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwemali. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo ngokwazo zibandakanya ukurhweba phakathi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi nozinzo lwezomthetho.

Uqhagamshelwano oluntsonkothileyo nonxulumano

Iingxaki ezininzi zobuhlwempu ziyadityaniswa. Imigudu yokulungisa ubuhlwempu, umzekelo, ingafuna ukuveliswa kwemali ngexesha elinye kwimfundo, kwezonyango, kwimisebenzi, nakumakhaya. Ukurhweba omnye kuba nzima xa kubangelwa zizinto ezidibeneyo. Iinkqubo zokucinga nokufuzisela zinokunceda, kodwa zifuna ubuchule obuninzi boqeqesho kunye nezinto ezininzi. Ukungena koluvo olulula, njengokusebenzisa uluhlu lokuhlola kunye nemithetho enzima, kungakwanela kwizigqibo eziqhelekileyo kodwa kusemngciphekweni ezintlungwini ezintlukwano.

Ulwazi noHlaziyo

Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo basoloko bengenalwazi olupheleleyo malunga namaxabiso neenzuzo zokhetho olwahlukileyo. Imfuno ekhethekileyo inganqanda okanye igqwethe ugcino-lwazi, kwaye ikamva liyinto engenakutshintshwa. Ulawulo oluguquguqukayo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezinamandla, ezifuna ukhetho olusebenza kakuhle ukunqumla uludwe lwekamva elifanelekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukusebenzisa amashishini njengoMlawuli

Urhwebo loluntu asilophawu lokusilela kodwa luyinxalenye esisiseko yokulawula okunembopheleleko. Ngokuhlalutya intengiso, abangenisi-nxaxheba, nokunamathela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha, abalathisi bemigaqo-nkqubo bangenza izigqibo ezicace ngakumbi, ezinobutyala nezisebenzayo. Ukuntsonkotha kwebutho labantu lanamhlanje kufuna ukuba sihambe ngaphaya kwamazwi anzima size sijamelane nokhetho olunzima oluchaza ikamva lethu elisisininzi. Ulawulo olunempumelelo aluziphelisi izikhundla; luziphelisi ngobulumko, ngobungqina, nangemfesane.

Ekugqibeleni, ubulunga benkqubo bugwetywa kungekuphela kokungabikho kwentengiso kodwa ngendlela elawulwa ngayo. Abahlali abayiqondayo intengiso baxhotyiswe ngcono ukuvavanya izithembiso zezobupolitika baze baqinisekise ukuba oorhulumente banetyala. Njengoko sijamelene neengxaki zomhlaba wonke ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, kunye nokutshintsha kwenani labemi, amandla okwenza urhwebo olulumkileyo aya kuchaza impumelelo yamabutho ethu. Ukuqhubeka kukufunda ngalo mbandela ubalulekileyo, [E] CD karhulumente wolawulo lwezentengiso lwezoqoqosho unika oovimba abaninzi bezomthetho novavanyo, kunye noomatilorgential Office of Ecompust [FLT]]