Indima Ehlala Ihleli Yomphathi Kwimbopheleleko Yomsebenzi

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simi njengesinye sezona zithethe zibalaseleyo nezinamandla kulawulo lwaseMerika. Ngaphezu kokuba singumthetho wesithethe, esi sithembiso sibalulekileyo sisebenza njenge-ankile yomgaqo-siseko, sibophelela umphathi oyintloko kumthetho wesiseko welizwe. Nangona isifungo ngokwaso sishwankathela, intsingiselo yaso yempilo yeriphabliki sikhulu. Sisibhengezo esisesidlangalaleni sokunyaniseka kumthetho, ukubophelela ulawulo lomthetho, kwaye sibiza uxanduva olunzulu ukuba kumele imbopheleleko yaqule kude ngaphaya kweqonga lokunikezelwa. Ukuqonda indima ebanzi yesifungo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela esisifungo esisi singulo singulo solongamelo nommi wabemi ekusebenzeni kolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Ukuchaza iOath enguMongameli: Umbhalo, imbali, kunye neSiseko somGaqo-siseko

Isifungo somongameli sibekwe kwiGatya II, Icandelo 1, Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Amagama acacileyo agunyaziswa, avumela umahluko omnye kuphela: ukhetho "lufumbezo" okanye "luqinile". Umbhalo ufundeka ngolu hlobo: " Indifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi yoMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kuvumela ukuba ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko we-United States.[FLT]

Olu hlobo lwaxutyushwa ngenyameko ngabaSeki Abasunguli. Babeqonda ukuba esi sifungo asisosifungo sobuqu kodwa yayiyisivumelwano esisemthethweni nesemilinganiselo ephakamileyo phakathi koMongameli nabantu. Imfuneko "yokulondoloza, ikhusele, kwaye ikhusele" uMgaqo-siseko umisela umsebenzi olawula ukunyaniseka, iminqweno yobuqu, okanye uluvo oluqhelekileyo. Isifungo singuvavanyo nxamnye nesiphambeko solawulo lwesigqeba, isikhumbuzo sokuba amandla kamongameli athathwe kwisiseko esiphezulu somthetho. Ngembali, isifungo silawulwa nguMphathi-mthetho oPhakamileyo weNkundla ka-John Adams, nangona umGaqo-siseko ungagunyazimiselanga lomthetho ongqalileyo. UGeorge Washington wongezelela esi sibizo esidumileyo "Sondincedayo" emva kokuthabatha isifungo ngowesifungo ngo-1789, emva kokuba silandelwa yisithethe esiqhelekileyo, nangona silandela imiyalelo esingumthetho esingumthetho esingumthetho.

Ukufakwa kwesifungo kwiQumrhu II(*) inqaku elichaza amandla aphezulu (iso kuyafundisa. Ilandela ngokukhawuleza igalelo elithwele intloko kunye nokubekwa kolawulo lwamandla obungameli, iphawula ukuba igunya liza ngesandla kunye nokuphendula. Isifungo siyimfuneko yokugqibela phambi kokuba uMongameli athathe amagunya apheleleyo kunye neembopheleleko zeofisi. Eli thuba lotshintsho, elingqinela izigidi zabemi kunye nabaphulaphuli behlabathi lonke, liguqula ummeli okwiMongameli eUnited States, ligxininisa ekuthunyelweni koxolo kwamandla.

IOwat Njengesikhonkwane Somthetho Wedemocratic

Embilinini wayo, isifungo somongameli siyindlela yokugunyazisa igunya eliphakamileyo. Kwinkqubo karhulumente eyakhelwe kulawulo oluqhelekileyo nokuvumelana nabalawulwa, isifungo sisebenza njengesiqinisekisi esinguwonke ukuba uMongameli uza kusebenza kwimida yomthetho-siseko. Esi senzo sokwenziwa kwezithembiso zikawonke wonke sibangela ukulindela okunyanzelisayo. Siguqula amandla ezobupolitika ukusuka kwinkani nje okanye kuloyiso lonyulo lube ngumsebenzi othenjiweyo othembekileyo .

Ukumisela UMthetho

Eyona mbopheleleko iphambili yoluntu eqinisekiswe sisifungo kukuhlonela umthetho. Xa uMongameli efunga ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, bayavuma ukuba akukho mntu, kwanoyena unamandla, ongaphezulu komthetho. Lo mgaqo ngunobangela osisiseko wokulawula komGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sisebenza njengenkqenkqeza phambili ngokuchasene notyekelo lobugqeba, ukukhumbuza umphathi ukuba izenzo zakhe zimele zihlolwe ngokusemthethweni, ukuphatha ubukhombhini, nokutolika kwejaji. Kubemi, ukuthobela lo mmiselo kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke, ukomeleza ukholo kumaziko asemthethweni nakukungathobeki mthetho.

Ukumisela Ingqibelelo Nokholoso Lwabantu Bonke

Isifungo sikwasebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokumisela. Ngokuzibophelela ngokuzithandela kumgangatho ongqongqo wendlela yokuziphatha nosemthethweni, uMongameli umisela umzekelo obonakalayo kulo lonke uhlanga. Oku kubonakaliswa kwabantu bonke komcimbi kumsebenzi kukhuthaza isithethe sokuthembeka. Xa iinkokeli zibonakalisa ukunyaniseka, ukubonakala, nokuvuma ukuthoba umdla wobuqu kuluntu, ziphakamisa umgangatho wendlela yokuziphatha yoluntu. Ngokuchasene nomoya wesifungo, kungaphelisa ukuthembana nokonakalisa urhulumente. Ngoko ke, isifungo simisela isiseko solawulo olusisiseko, ukuba abemi bafanele bafune ukhokelo lwemithetho yokuziphatha, hayi kuphela kumongameli kodwa kuwo onke amagosa kawonke-wonke, nako, ngokukhula, ngokusuka kubo ngokwabo ngokwabo.

Unxulumano Olungqalileyo Phakathi Kwesithuku neNtloko

Isifungo somongameli asikho kwi-athom; sikhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo uxanduva lwentlalo-ntle yabantu. Oku kwenzeka ngobuchule obuninzi obudityanisiweyo obuguqulela isithembiso senkokeli kwisenzo sobumi.

Ukukhuthaza Imicimbi Yezobupolitika Nokuba Nenxaxheba

Ukubukela uMongameli efunga ukulungiselela umGaqo-siseko kusenokuba ngumxhasi onamandla wokuthabatha inxaxheba. Kukhumbuza abemi ukuba ilizwi labo ekunyuleni loo mongameli imicimbi nokuba ukuganana kwabo okuqhubekayo kuyimfuneko ukuze baphendule urhulumente. Isifungo sifanekisela ukuqala kwesahluko esitsha, ngokufuthi sikhatshwa ngamasicelo, inkonzo, kunye nentsebenziswano. Izifungo ezininzi zinxibelelanisa isifungo esicacileyo kwisicelo senkonzo yesizwe, sokuzithandela, kunye nobumi basekhaya. Oku kungakhuthaza abantu ukuba bavote, baqhagamshelane nabameli babo, basebenze kwimibutho yoluntu, basebenze kwimibutho yezentlalo, kwaye basebenze ngoxolo. Isifungo, kule ngqiqo, sithetha isifungo esingumsebenzi obanzi we-Rodemocralitive.

Ukuqinisa ukufundwa kwemithetho yezolwimi nolwazi olusemgathweni

Ukuvelela kwesifungo somongameli kwintetho yesidlangalala kunika ingongoma yokungena yendalo kwingxubusho emalunga nomGaqo-siseko, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, neembopheleleko zamasebe ahlukeneyo orhulumente. Xa abemi beva isifungo sicatshulwa, bashukunyiselwa ukuba baqwalasele intsingiselo yaso: Kuthetha ukuthini "ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka" iofisi? Kuthetha ukuthini ukubeka i-"gcina, ukukhusela, nokukhusela" uxwebhu abanokwazi okuncinane ngalo? Oku kungabangela ukufun ’ ukwazi ngemigaqo yesiseko, iBhili yamaLungelo, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso. Amaziko emfundo, amajelo-media, amajelo-media, kunye nemibutho yezelelwanowambutho isoloko isebenzisa ixesha lokunikezelwa komsebenzi ofundisa ukuphucula ukufundwa komthetho-mthetho-siseko, isiseko sobundrenti yobundrenti yobundrenti.

Ukunika Umgangatho Wokuphendula Nokuphanda

Isifungo sinika abemi kunye nabameli babo imigangatho ecacileyo, enenjongo yokulinganisela ukusebenza komongameli. Ukuba uMongameli wenza ngendlela ebonakala ngathi iyawuthoba umGaqo-siseko (ngokomzekelo, ngokutyeshela imiyalelo yenkundla, ngokuphula umthetho wezomthetho, okanye ngokusebenzisa amandla olawulo ukuze bafumane inzuzo yabo siqu) isifungo sinika isiseko esicacileyo sokugxeka, ukuphengulula, kwanokungagunyazi. Lo msebenzi wokuphendula ungundoqo ungundoqo kuluntu. Abami abamele basebenze ngokulula; bangabameli abakhutheleyo bomGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sibagunyazisa ukuba bafune kumthetho ongundoqo kwaye sibenza uMongameli amele aphendule umgaqo omnye osebenza kubo bonke abemi: ukuthembeka kumthetho. Iintlangano ezinjalo zinjengoMthetho we-Cecrogentives [FLD] [FF]

Imizekelo engokwembali yamandla entsimbi kunye nempembelelo

Imbali inikela imizekelo emininzi yesifungo somongameli esisebenza njengomqondiso onamandla wokuqhubeka, umanyano nokuzinikela ngamaxesha engcinezelo yesizwe.

UAbraham Lincoln wesibini (1865)

Mhlawumbi asizange sifungo sokumiselwa komGaqo-siseko we-Union sithatyathwe phantsi kweemeko ezininzi kuneso sesibini sikaAbraham Lincoln. Njengoko imfazwe yabemi yayisondela ekupheleni, uLincoln wanikela idilesi enyukayo eyagxininisa uxolelwano kunye nokuphiliswa kwesizwe. Isifungo sakhe sasikukuqinisekiswa kwakhona komGaqo-siseko we-Union. Yagxininisa ukuba naphakathi kolwahlulo logonyamelo, ukufuduselwa ngoxolo kwamandla nomthetho kwakuza kuphumelela. Intetho kaLincoln yayibizwa ukuba "inyaniso kwicala lento ekhoyo" kunye "ikhathiso," inxibelela ngqo ukuzinikela kwesifungo somcimbiso kubulungisa kulawulo lokuziphatha lokwakha kwakhona nomanyano.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Wokuqala Ukwenziwa uphando (1933)

Kubunzulu boxinzelelo lomoya olukhulu, uFranklin D. Roosevelt wathatha isifungo nohlanga olusengxakini. Isindululo sakhe esidumileyo sokuba "kuphela kwento esimele sisoyike yiyo" yayibophelelekile ngqo kumsebenzi wakhe womgaqo-siseko ukusingatha uxanduva lobuzwe. Isifungo sanika iqonga kwi Roosevelt ukunyanzela ukholo kumaqumrhu olawulo lwedemokhrasi nokucela amanyathelo angaqhelekanga ukubuyisela uzinzo lwezoqoqosho. Ukusebenzisa kwakhe igunya lesifungo lokukhuthaza urhulumente worhulumente kwabonisa indlela ukuzinikela "ukukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela" okunokuchazwa njengomyalelo wesenzo senkalipho, semfesane kwinzala kawonke wonke.

UJohn F. Kennedy's Inaugrary (1961)

UJohn F. Kennedy uvula idilesi entle kumgca: "Buza ukuba ilizwe lakho lingakwenzela ntoni, faka oko ungakwenza kwilizwe lakho. Oku kubizwa komsebenzi kwakuyisicelo esithe ngqo kuxanduva lwesizwe, kufunyaniswe phakathi komongo wesifungo uKennedy ebesandul' ukuthathwa. Wamisa umongameli njengeqonga ngenjongo yesizwe kwaye wakhuthaza abemi ukuba bathabathe iindima zabo ekwakheni ibutho labantu elingcono. Isifungo saba yibhodi yokukhuthaza isizukulwana ukuba siphumele inkonzo kawonke wonke, ubutshato, ubutsha - , kunye nokuzibophelela okusebenzayo kucelomngeni lwemfazwe yomlomo, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nokuhlola ummandla wendalo.

Gerald Ford's Oath (1974)

Emva kokuyeka kukaRichard Nixon, uGerald Ford wafunga kwiWhite House East House Rouge, ezimisele ukubuyisela ukuthembana kurhulumente oshukumayo. Amazwi akhe, "Uloyiko lwethu olude lwesizwe luphelile," ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomsebenzi wakhe womgaqo-siseko wokuxhasa umthetho. UGqr. Waqonda ukuba isifungo sakhe sasingekuko ukuphatha igunya nje kuphela kodwa sasikukukukuphilisa iRiphabliki nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nabani, kwanoMongameli, singaphezulu komGaqo-siseko. Lo mcimbi ugxininisa indima yesifungo sokuzisa uzinzo nokuqhubeka komthetho ngexesha lomgaqo-siseko.

Isifungo Nokuthuthwa Kolawulo Ngoxolo

Enye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zesifungo somongameli yindima yayo ekudluliseleni nasekunikezeleni amandla ngoxolo. Le nkqubo yindawe yolawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nenkangeleko engundoqo kuzinzo lwezobupolitika. Isifungo siphawula isiphelo esisemthethweni solawulo olunye nokuqalisa okusemthethweni komnye. Inika ixesha elisemthethweni apho inkokeli ehambayo ivuma ukufaneleka kwenkokeli ezayo, kunye nenkokeli ezayo ithembisa ukuxhasa isiseko somgaqo-siseko esinye esenziwa yinkokeli ekhululekileyo.

Olu tshintsho loxolo aluzenzekeli; luyisithethe soluntu nomthetho oqiniswa sisifungo. Ngokufunga ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, uMongameli ozayo wenza imithetho efanayo yedemokhrasi yomdlalo owavumela umnduleli wabo ukuba alawule. Oku kuqhubekeka kuthintela imijikelo yempindezelo, ugonyamelo, okanye umanyano lwezopolitiko. Isifungo sisebenza njengesiqinisekiso sikawonke-wonke ukuba amandla akazukubanjwa ngamandla kodwa aza kudluliselwa ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni. Kuba abemi, abangqinelani abakhokeli abanoxolo baqinisa intembelo kwindlela yokuzinza yenkqubo kunye nendima yabo ekukhetheni iinkokeli zabo. [FLT] Iziqinisekiso zeNtlanganiso zeNtlanganiso zezo zeNtlanganiso yoxolo. [[3]

Imiqobo Nocelomngeni: Xa Isithukuthezi Sivavanywa

Nangona isifungo sisisixhobo esinamandla sokukhuthaza imbopheleleko yoluntu, asisiso isicombululo. Ukuphumelela kwaso ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke kubuntu nengqibelelo yomntu osithabathayo, kwakunye nokuphaphamela kwamaziko nabemi abawaphendulisayo. Kukho imida yemfuza.

Ukunyanzeliswa Nokucaciswa

UmGaqo-siseko awunikezi mgaqo-nkqubo ocacileyo wokuqinisekisa isifungo ngaphaya kwenkqubo yezobupolitika. Ukuba uMongameli waphula umoya okanye ileta yesifungo, isicombululo sixhomekeke ekupheliseni kweNdlu yabameli, ukuqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi, okanye ukoyiswa kwelonyulwa. Akukho nkomsiswano ezimeleyo okanye inkundla ehlola ukuvumelana kwesifungo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amazinyo esi sifungo akhaliphele kuphela njengokuthanda kwezobupolitika kweBhunga kunye nonyulo. Ngaphezu koko, ulwimi lwesifungo luvuliwe ekutolikeni. Yintoni ethetha "Ukuphunyezwa okuthembekileyo" kwesikhundla okanye "Ukugweba umGaqo-siseko" anokukhuphiswa, ingakumbi ngexesha lokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye xa kubuzwa imibuzo engomthetho.

Inokwenzeka Ukuba Uhanahanise Yaye Ucekise

Xa abemi beqonda ukuba uMongameli wenza ngokuchasene nemigaqo yesifungo, ngokomzekelo, ngokusebenzisa amandla olawulo ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zobuqu, ukuhlasela ijaji, okanye ukungahoyi inkqubo yamaquant poenas , kungabangela ukugxeka nokungathembi, ukuphelisa ulawulo. Umsantsa phakathi kwesithembiso sesithethe kunye nento elawulayo ekhoyo ungenza udelelo lwesizwe olucelwe ukukhuthaza. Abemi abagxeki banokuvakalelwa ukuba isifungo asisebenzi, okanye ukuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe, ikhokelela ekuthobeni kwesameleni umvoti, inciphise inte, kwaye inciphise ukuzinikela kwemisebenzi yezentlalo efana nenkonzo yenkundla egwebayo okanye ukusebenza kwabantu. Inkokeli ezithiye ngokunyanisekileyo zithob ’ ukonakalisa imithetho yezomthetho nemithetho ekwayifumbele ukukhusela impucuko.

Ingxolo Kwixesha Lokuhlalwa Kwelanga

Kwixesha lokudityaniswa kwezobupolitika, ukumanyaniswa kwesiphiwo somongameli kungadinwa. Isifungo esifanayo abaxhasi boMongameli abasijonga njengesibophelelo esingcwele kumbono wabo welizwe singajongwa ngabachasi njengesifungo esingekho ngqiqweni kwinkqubo ebuthathaka. Kunokukhuthaza umanyano, unikezelo nesifungo singaba sinye semfazwe yemfazwe yotshaba. Kule ndawo, amandla esifungo sokukhuthaza ingqiqo eyahlukeneyo yetyala lesizwe axhomekeke kwinkokeli, amajelo-mente, kwaye abemi bakhetha ngenkuthalo ukugxininisa intsingiselo yayo emanyanisayo yomgaqo-siseko kwiimfuno zawo ezisusiweyo. Cendow I-Endewment for International International Peacep [FLD [FULD:1]] ivelisa izibonelelo kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo umgaqo wedemokhrasi, kuquka nokufunza, i-oknculkn, i-operation, ivavanywa kwibutho labantu abahlala kunye nezizwe.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zabemi Ezinokusabela Kubizo Lwesinyithi

Isifungo somongameli asingomqondiso nje oqhelekileyo; sisimemo esisebenzayo ngabemi ukuba bamkele iimbopheleleko zabo zoluntu. Nazi iindlela ezicacileyo zokuphendula:

  • Zifundise ngokwakho kumGaqo-siseko: Ukuqonda uxwebhu oluqinisekiswe nguMongameli ukukhusela linyathelo lokuqala ekukhuseleni ubumi obunolwazi. Funda umGaqo-siseko, ufundisise amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye ufunde ngeBhili yamaLungelo. IZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unikela izinto ezisemgangathweni wemfundo ezintle.
  • Ukukhupha kwiNnyuko Yonke: Isifungo sithatyathwa nguMongameli onyuliweyo ngabantu. Ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota yeyona ndlela ecacileyo abemi abathatha inxaxheba ngayo ekukhetheni iinkokeli eziza kuthabatha eso sifungo.
  • Abasemagunyeni Abameleyo baphendule: Thelekisa abameli bakho abanyuliweyo ukuze bavakalise inkxalabo ngezenzo zolawulo ezinokubonakala ngathi ziyasiphula isifungo. Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu, bhala iileta, kunye nenkxaso ejonge ityala likarhulumente.
  • Ukuncedisa kwi-Advocacy yoXalo: Isifungo sikhusela ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nendibano yoxolo. Sebenzisa la malungelo ukuxhasa imithetho ehambisana nemilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.
  • Ukusebenzisa Uluntu Lwakho: Ngaphezu kokuzibophelela kwezobupolitika, uxanduva lwasekuhlaleni luquka ukusebenza ngokuzithandela, ukusebenza kwiibhodi zasekuhlaleni okanye kwimibutho yejaji, ukuba nenxaxheba kunxulumano lwasekuhlaleni, nokucebisa abantu abaselula. Ezi zenzo zomeleza imbonakalo yentlalo exhomekeke kwidemokhrasi.
  • Fundisa kwisizukulwana esilandelayo: Yabelana ngentsingiselo yesifungo somongameli nabantu abaselula. Xoxa ngembali yayo, intsingiselo, kunye neembopheleleko ezithethwayo kwinkokeli nakubemi. Ulutsha olufundileyo lusisiqinisekiso esingcono sekamva eliphilileyo ledemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Isinyithi njengobizo oluqhubekayo

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla asingombhalo osemazantsi wembali okanye umzuzu odlulayo kamabonwakude. Sisifungo esiphilayo, esiphefumlayo esiqulunqwa kwidemokhrasi yezomGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Amandla ayo ahlala kumazwi athethwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine kumanyathelo eCapitol, kodwa kwimbopheleleko eqhubekayo sibeka kumntu othethayo kunye nabemi abawabonayo. Isifungo sikhuthaza uxanduva lwesizwe ngokufuzisela ingqibelelo, ukumisela imigaqo esisiseko, nokunika umgaqo wokuziphendulela. Simisela umnqophiso phakathi komphathi kunye nabalawulwa, osekelwe ekuthembeni umthetho.

Ngoxa isifungo sijamelene neengxaki ezibangelwa kukungathembi, ukudibaniselani, nokucacisa ngokuphandle, amandla aso okumanyanisa nokukhuthaza amasalela. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba idemokhrasi asingomdlalo wokubukela kodwa ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo ofuna ukuba ummi ngamnye athathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Xa uMongameli efunga ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko, abazenzeli isithembiso; bacela wonke umntu waseMelika ukuba athelele ekusekeleni amaxabiso achaza uhlanga. Ngoko, isifungo somongameli simi kumsebenzi obalulekileyo kunye nesimemo esihlala njalo sokuzigcina, ukutyala, ukuthembisa, nokuba ngumGaqo-siseko.