Ukwazisa

Kukho iziphumo ezizizo ezizizo ezizizo zonke ezizinzileyo ezikwizibonelelo ezisisiseko phantsi koMphetho-mva wesi-5, ofuna ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukubonakalisa isiseko esifanelekileyo phambi kokungena kwiindawo zabucala. Kumongo wophando lwempahla zenkohliso, lo mgangatho ungowona ubalulekileyo. Imisebenzi yokuphanda isoloko iquka imimandla emininzi ekwizikomfa yezorhwebo, kwaye ixhomekeke kwimiqathango ecacileyo ekhoyo. Ngaphandle kwesizathu esimiselwe kakuhle, isiqinisekiso singatyhafiswa, kwaye zonke iingxinano zicinezelwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima elindelekileyo yokubangela ii-arhente ezifanelekileyo zezinto zobuxoki, ukuchaza iimfuno zomthetho, ukusetyenziswa koovimba abacacileyo, ukwenziwa kweenkqubo ezicacileyo, kunye neziphumo xa imigangatho ingadityaniswangadizwanga.

Yintoni Unobangela Ofanelekileyo?

Unobangela ofanelekileyo yingcamango esemthethweni esekelwe kwiSindululo sesine soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.Ifuna ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kube nenkolelo esengqiqweni . "Iinkolelo ezisekelwe kubungqina obuyinyaniso" yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenzekile okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bubekwe kwindawo ethile. Umgangatho awuqiniseki; kunoko, ufuna okungaphezulu kunokukrokra nje kodwa okungaphantsi kobungqina obufunekayo bokuqinisekiswa. Iinkundla zihlola ngokunokwenzeka unobangela ongaphantsi [ uxilongo olupheleleyo lwemeko [ olumiswe [[FLT:]] olukhoyo, nolunokufumana ubungqina obukhoyo, kwaye luza kufumana ukuba ngaba ngabaphi na.

Phambi inguqu, amagalelo amaninzi asetyenziswayo uvavanyo oluqinileyo Aguilar-Spinelli, olufuna abaphathi-mikhosi ukubonisa isiseko solwazi nolwakhanyo. Ulawulo lwangoku lwenza ukuba iijaji zikwazi ukutshintsha-tshintsha, kodwa lubeka nobunzima obukhulu kwi-ffidavit ukuba iphelele kwaye ilungelene. Iimpahla zenkohliso ziyafuneka, i-affvidat kufuneka inxulumane i-enobugciso, indawo, kunye nomsebenzi wobuxoki kunye nezibakalazo ezithile.

Uqwalaselwa Olukhethekileyo Kwizinto Ezintle Zokurhoxisa

Iimpahla zobuqhetseba zinika uvavanyo olungaqhelekanga lokumisela unobangela onokwenzeka. Ngokungafaniyo nolwaphulo-mthetho lwesithethe apho ukurhwebelana ngentengo kusenokubonakala lula (umz., iziyobisi okanye izixhobo), izinto zobuxoki zisoloko zifana neemveliso ezisemthethweni. Abangenisi-mali kufuneka babonise kungekuphela nje ukuba izinto ziyinkohliso kodwa kwakhona kukho unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kukrokrelelo oluthile, indawo, okanye ukusebenza okuqhubekayo. Umthetho ubandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunolwazi olunjengophawu lwenkohliso phantsi ko-18.C.

Indlela Obuyiyo Ubungqina

Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka kwiziphumo zenkohliso zisoloko zakhiwa ngokudityaniswa:

  • Izinto ezifakelweyo: impahla ezifunyenweyo ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwamanani ukudlula kwisathuthwane sangaphambili, ukuthenga okungaphantsi komthunzi, okanye imiqobo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingxelo zonikezelo: Iziphumo zokwenza, ukugcina, okanye umsebenzi wokusasaza.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iincam ezitshintshayo: Iingxelo ezivela kwabasebenzi bangaphambili, abakhuphi, okanye abathengi, ezixhaswa luphando oluzimeleyo.
  • Iingxelo zemali: iingxelo zebhanki, ukudluliswa kocingo, okanye uthengiso olufihlakeleyo olubonisa ukurhwetyelelwa ngesantya esiphezulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Kwi-data esemgceni yentengiso: thengisa iiprofile, uluhlu, uhlolo, kunye neembali zenqanawa kwiqonga elinjengeAmazon, eBay, okanye i-media yentlalo.
  • Iipateni zempahla ezisuka kwisazulu senkohliso esaziwayo, ukusebenzisa iilebhile zoshishino lwenkohliso, okanye iidilesi zokubuya ezitshintshanayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwenexusi

Umba ophindaphindwayo kwizicelo zesiqinisekiso sobunyani kufuneka ubonise ubuchule bokufumana izinto zenkohliso okanye ubungqina obunxulumeneyo (umz., irekhodi yesixhobo sokubhala ibekwe apho. Isiqinisekiso esingenanto sikhona. Isiqinisekiso sokuba igosa lifuna ukukhangela indawo yokugcina impahla, i-affidavit kufuneka ibonise ukuba iimpahla zenkohliso okanye ubungqina obunxulumeneyo (umz., iirekhodi ze-patroniki) zikhona. Isiqinisekiso esingenanto sokuba ikrokrebe “umqhathangathi" akanele. Iinkundla zifuna izibakala: iimbambo zobuxoki ezikhahliweyo ezilayishiweyo zifakwe kwiveni, umbambo oluqinisekisa ubunjani kunye nomthombo wezinto ezilungileyo, okanye iirekhodi zokuthumela ziqhagamshelana iingxelo zencoko ezininzi ze-omfolorf. Ngaphandle kolu hlobo oluchana oluchana oluchanakeleyo, oluchanakeleyo lufuna ukuvavanywa.

Ukutyhalela Ishishini Eliyintaphane Kwizinto Zobuxoki

I-affidavit ngundoqo wesicelo sesiqinisekiso. Kwizinto zobuqhophololo, kufuneka ilungiselelwe kakuhle ukusinda kuhlolo lomgaqo-siseko. Ezi ziqalelo zilandelayo zingundoqo:

Inkcazelo Engcacisiweyo Ngomsebenzi Wezaphuli - mthetho

I-affidavit kufuneka ichaze uhlobo lobuxoki, iimpawu ezibandakanyekileyo, kunye nengozi yezoqoqosho. Inceda ukuquka inkcazelo ecacileyo yendlela ezinokwenziwa ngayo izinto, ezingenisiweyo, okanye ezisasazwa ngayo. Umzekelo, i-affidavit ingathi: “Ngokusekelwe kuqeqesho nakumava, iiwotshi zobunewunewu zenkohliso zidla ngokuveliswa kumzantsi-mzantsi-ntshona we-Asia kwaye zithuthwe kwipasile esithambileyo. Abaphathi-mikhosi baphawula ukuba bafumana iibhokisi ezininzi ezingaphawulwanga zisuka eThailand kwindawo yakhe yokuhlala." Umomo-mongongongongo ke unika iMastimenti yesakhelo yesiseko sokuqwalasela izibakala.

Uququzelo lweeInformant

Ukuba unobangela onokwenzeka uxhomekeke kumthengisi, i-affidavit kufuneka ichaze isiseko solwazi lomthengisi nesizathu sokuba ulwazi luthembeke. Kwimeko zenkohliso, abalamli basoloko benolwazi ngokuzenzekelayo . njengalowo wakha wabonwa erhanelwayo esebenzisa ilogo yenkohliso. Igosa kufuneka lichaze amanyathelo athathiweyo ukuqinisekisa incam, njengokuqhuba intengo elawulwayo okanye ukuqwalasela iingxelo zikawonke-wonke.

Inkxalabo Yokungakhathaleli

Umba ofanelekileyo kufuneka ubekho ngexesha imvume ikhutshwa, hayi iiveki okanye iinyanga emva kohlolo. Imisebenzi yokuchaphaza ingaba yeyokwexeshana; incam yomsebenzi we DVD yenkohliso eneenyanga ezintandathu esele ingasebenzi. I-affidavit kufuneka ichaze isizathu sokuba ulwazi luhlale lufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo . ngokomzekelo, kuba ukrokrelo luthengiswe kwi webhsayithi enye njalo, okanye ngenxa yokuba ixhuzula elisuka kumthombo omnye livele rhoqo ngeveki. Kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo, iinkundla zifumana ingxaki encinane, kodwa i-affidavit kufuneka ihlaziye indalo eqhubekayo.

Comment

I-affidavit kufuneka idwelise izinto ezizakubanjwe ngokuzichaza. Iinkcazelo ngokubanzi ezifana ne “iimpahla zenkohliso” zamkelekile ukuba zixhaswa ngobungqina, kodwa kungcono ukuqamba amagama ezintlobo (umz., “izihlangu ze-Nike, inkohliso uLouis Vuitton, kunye nesixhobo sokumisa ipetroling begs,". Imvume ezibanzi ezinokubethwa phantsi njengemvume jikelele. Igosaveli kufuneka kwakhona lichaze isizathu sokuba ezi zinto zibubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukusetyenziswa komntu ngamnye.

Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni Lokubangela Ityala Elifanelekileyo Kwabahlaseli

Abakhuseli basoloko behlasela uqinisekiso apho isizathu esinokwenzeka singekho okanye apho i-affidavit iqulathe izinto ezingekhoyo okanye iingxelo zobuxoki. Icebo lomthetho lisaziwa njenge ukuva (ukusuka ku-[] Franks v. Delaware[], 438], U.S 154 088)). Ukuphumelela, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ngobungqina obuthi: (1) i-affiant yazi kakuhle kwaye idedeye, okanye ngokungakhathali ngenxa yenyaniso, iquka inkcazelo yobuxoki okanye inkcazelo eshiyweyo, kunye nokuqula kokungamele i-'i-'injini'.

Isiseko Esiqhelekileyo Socelomngeni

  • Ukunikezelwa kobunyani obukhoyo: Ukuba i-affidavit ichaza umbhali-lwazi “njengoba unjalo” ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba umamkeli unengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye unike inkcazelo yobuxoki kwixesha elidlulileyo.
  • ukugunyaziswa kwezibakala zokuchaza: umzekelo, i-affidavit ayixeli ukuba umkroti unemvume esemthethweni yeshishini yokuthengisa iimpahla ezithile eziphawulweyo, okanye umnini wephawu akavumanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zikho.
  • [[UMTL:0]] Ubuchule: Ulwazi olukwi-affidavit ludala kakhulu ukuba lungaxhasa inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ubungqina buza kubakho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iphepha le nexus: I-affidavit idibanisa umkrokreli kwinkohliso jikelele kodwa iyasilela ukudibanisa indawo ethile eza kuphendwa ngobungqina.

Ukuba ummangalelwa umi kakuhle kwityala lamaFrank, ubungqina obufunyenwe phantsi komthetho ophenduliweyo bungacinywa phantsi komthetho wokuzimela. Oku kusenokubulala abatshutshisi, ingakumbi xa iimpahla zobuxoki ngokwazo zibubungqina obuyintloko.

Imizekelo Yomthetho Ophathelwe Kwityala

iUnited States v. [FFF:1], 102 F.3d 657 (d Cir. 1996), inkundla yaxhasa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwinkcazelo entsonkothileyo yomphathi-mikhosi yemisebenzi yewotshi kunye nokuxhasa kophendlo, kuquka umgqomo okhupha isigqubuthelo senkohliso sewotshi. Ngokuchaseneyo, [FLT:] United States v. Riccardi, 405 FD 852 Cir. 2005, isiqinisekiso sakhutshwa ngenxa yokuba i-affvidat yayingenalunxulumano phakathi kwendlu yommangalelwa kunye nezilungileyo zobuxoki.)

Ezi meko zigxininisa ukubaluleka kwezityholo ezingobunyani. Iqikelelo eliqhelekileyo lokuba ukwenziwa kwenkohliso kusasazekile okanye “ukukrokrela u-” kusebenza ngendlela ethile akwenzeki kube ngunobangela olindelekileyo wendawo ethile.

Impembelelo Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho Nokutshutshiswa

Kumthetho ogcinwayo, ukuqonda isizathu esinokwenzeka asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; kuchaphazela ngqo ukubonakala kobungqina nempumelelo yamatyala. Xa isicelo sogunyaziso sixhaswa kakuhle, ukuphengulula okuphumayo kungakhupha kungekuphela nje iimpahla zobuxoki kodwa kwaneerekhodi zemali, uluhlu lwabathengi, kunye nezixhobo zekhompyutha ezibonisa umlinganiselo wokusebenza. Le misebenzi isoloko isetyenziswa njengobungqina ekuvavanyeni okanye ukusukela ilahleko.

Ukubonakala kobungqina obufunyenweyo

Phantsi kwe ulwahlulo olulungileyo lokholo ukusuka ku-United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (19984), ubungqina obufunyenwe phantsi kwegunya elibuthathaka busenokuvunywa ukuba igosa lisebenze ngokusengqiqweni kukholo lwamajaji. Noko ke, oku kucalucalucalulo akusebenzi xa u-ffidavit eswele ngokunokwenzeka kuba kungabikho komphathi ofanelekileyo onokuthi akholelwe ngokwaneleyo. Kwimeko zobuxoki, ezinje [[FLT:] ukukhusela nokukhusela komda [[FLT] kunye [FLT] [FLT] [5]

Ucelomngeni Lokurhwebelana Kwamanani Namazwe Ngamazwe

Imisebenzi yenkohliso yale mihla ixhomekeke kwimigangatho ye-intanethi kunye ne-oyile yeqela elinqamlezayo logcino-zincwadi. Unobangela onokwenzeka unokusekwa ngobungqina bamanani obufana needilesi ze-IP, iirekhodi ze-imeyili, kunye neeprojekthi zezentlalo-ntle. Kodwa iinkundla zixakene nokuba idilesi ye-IP iyodwa yenza uqhagamshelwano olwaneleyo kwindawo yokukhangela okuphathekayo. Kwiziphaluka ezininzi, idilesi ye-IP yindawo nje yokuqala; kufuneka idityaniswe nobunye ubungqina obukhoyo .

Amatyala ehlabathi lonke adibanisa intsalela entsonkothileyo. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungafuneka ulungelelanise namagunya asemzini okanye kusetyenziswe izivumelwano zoncedo lomthetho ukuze ufumane ubungqina. Oku kunokwenzeka kubangela ukuba imilinganiselo isebenze kwiimfuno zasekhaya, kodwa izibakala ezisisiseko zisenokuvela kuphando lwaphesheya. Amagosa kufuneka abhale ngenyameko iqhina lokugcinwa kwentolongo nokuthembeka kobungqina obunjalo.

Ukulungelelanisa Unyanzelo Namalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ityala elingunobangela ofanelekileyo lisoloko lichazwa “njengomGaqo-siseko ophakathi kwabemi kunye namandla karhulumente. Kwiimeko zenkohliso, olu lungelelwano lunzima kuba abakrokrelelwayo bangabasebenzi abancinane okanye abantu abasenokungawuqondi ngokupheleleyo umthetho. Imithetho ebanzi ibeka engozini yokungena kumashishini asemthethweni okanye kumaqela amsulwa amsulwa. Kwangaxesha linye, umthetho wenkohliso ubalulekile kubameli abafana ne-Ofitmark Office ye-Unity ye-United States, enokuthi i-[FLTRATS:1], enikela ingxelo yokuba iindleko zobuxoki zemali ezibiza imali esemthethweni okanye iimpuza-atho-makhwe. Iimpuluni ze-elektroniki zinokufumana umlilo, ii-machithm engekho mthethweni.

Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba “umgangatho we-asease-" awuphezulu kakhulu. United States v. Warshak, 631 F.31d 266 (6th Cir. 2010), inkundla yaphawula ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubangelwa“ kukunokwenzeka okanye amathuba amakhulu olwaphulo-mthetho, hayi ukuboniswa kolokwenene kolwaphulo-mthetho.” Sekunjalo, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka baphephe ukuxhomekeka kuohendo okanye kwiinjongo ezingaxhaswangaxhaswanga. Kumo-mbali, ubuzwe bomntu okanye uhambo oluqhelekileyo kumazwe athile, ukuma yedwa, abanakuxhasa sizathu esilindelekileyo.

Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo Lokunyanzeliswa Komthetho

Ukuqinisekisa izicelo zophando lwenkohliso, amaqumrhu nabatshutshisi kufuneka:

  1. [[UMTL:0] Isibonda esilawulwayo okanye uvavanyo luthenga ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla yeyobuxoki nokuseka uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwemkrokro kunye nento erhanelekayo.
  2. [[UMTHLO] Iincam zolwazi loMphathi-majoni weCandelo ngokuqwalasela okuzimeleyo, ukutsala umgqomo, okanye ukuvavanya ushicilelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka.
  3. Iquka ingcaphephe ye-affidavits kumnini phawu okanye iingcali zoqikelelo ezinokuqinisekisa uhlobo lwenkohliso lwezinto kwaye zichaze iindlela zokurhweba.
  4. bhala indalo eqhubekayo yomsebenzi wokoyisa iimpikiswano ezidala, usebenzisa ubungqina bokuthengisa okuphindaphindiweyo okanye ukubhengeza okungaguquguqukiyo.
  5. [[UMTL: 0] Mncinci umda [ wophendlo kwindawo ezithile nezinto, ukunqanda ukubilisa ulwimi olunokuthi lugqalwe njengesiqinisekiso jikelele.
  6. Uxwebhu luthathelwe ukuqinisekisa ulwazi, kuquka umhla woqwalaselo ngalunye nokwazi imvelaphi nganye.

Ngokulandela ezi ndlela, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kunokuqinisekisa ukuba unobangela umiselwe ngokuqinileyo, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa kweSine SoMthetho ohlaziyiweyo nokunyusa amathuba okuba ubungqina buvunywe xa kuvavanywa.

Isiphelo

Isizathu esifanelekileyo sihlala sililitye lezicelo ezigunyazisiweyo zomthetho kuzo zonke iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye iimeko zenkohliso azihlukanga. Ukuntsonkotha kwezi misebenzi. "ukucinezela ngekhompyutha ye-intanethi, ushishino lwezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nokwenza okuntsonkothileyo" ii-demidis zezixhobo zokuqhuba abaphathi kunye nabatshutshisi ngee-arhente ezithe ngqo nezinolwazi olusemthethweni. Isiqinisekiso esakhiwe kwinkcazelo encinci okanye ulwazi oludala aluzukusindanga phantsi kokuhlolwa, kwaye ukucinezelwa kobungqina obungundoqo kungalula kwanomzekelo onamandla. Ngokuphikisana noko, isicelo esibhalwe kakuhle esisekelwe kwizibakala ezingqinini eziqinisekisiweyo, nenexus, kunye nesiseko sangoku senkolelo senza ukuba amagunya alwe ngokunempumelelo xa ethobela umGwamasti. Kwindlela eqhubekayo yokukhusela ipropati, ukukhusela ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwemali.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, khangela i-'s ubuncwane bempahla zenkohliso, kwiphepha lezinto zobuxhakaxhaka le-DJ [, kunye ne Imithetho ye-Procedure Rulage 41 izicelo ezilawula imigaqo yemithetho ye-mo ye-'fact'.