Indima Yesizathu Esifanelekileyo Kwizicelo Ezifanelekileyo Zokushicilela Imali

Ingcamango yokuba unobangela olindelekileyo ikwisiseko somthetho wesine Wohlaziyo, ingakumbi kumongo wokufumana imvume yokufumana iingxelo zemali. Isebenza njengendlela enzima yokukhusela ukuzimela kwabantu ngabanye ngeli xesha isenza ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kufumaneke ngokunyanzeleka ukuba kukhutshwe izicelo zemali, ugcino-mali, kunye nogcino-lwazi. Ukuqonda indlela enokwenzeka yokuba unobangela ophathelele kwingxelo yemali efuna ukuxilongwa kwemilinganiselo esemthethweni, imigaqo-mthetho yesiseko somthetho, kunye neendlela eziluncedo zophando-lwazi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imfundiso ebangela izicelo ezifanelekileyo zengxelo yemali, iingxelo ezingongoma ezicacileyo, iimfuno-mali, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa kukuthengwa kwezoshishino zemali kunye nezinto zemali.

Ukuqonda Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Ingcaciso kunye nesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Unobangela ofanelekileyo yinkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala ezingenakuchazwa, yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa yaye ubungqina bokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kufunyanwa kwindawo okanye kwinto eza kuphengululwa. Kwimeko yeengxelo zemali, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kufuneka ukuba umthetho unyanzeliswe ukubonisa ukuba iingxelo zifuna ubungqina obufanelekileyo bolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mlinganiselo uvela kuMphengululo weSine ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S.

" Ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aziyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho madangatye aya kuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, axhaswe ngu-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ingakumbi achaze indawo eza kuphendwa, nabantu okanye izinto ezizakubanjwa..

Umgangatho olindelekileyo usebenza injongo ezimbini: inika abaphandi borhulumente amandla okufumana ubungqina obufunekayo ngeli xesha bekhusela ukuhlasela okuzenzekelayo okanye kokuqiqayo kwe-oyile. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabambelela rhoqo kwisizathu esinokwenzeka, esingayiyo ikhobokiyo isekelwe kwimo epheleleyo yeemeko. iiSango ze-Illinois[, 462], U-U.S 213 (1903), iNkuNkundla ishiye intebeko iqinileyo kwiprong ezimbini eziqinileyo ze-Pintellig[[FLT][FLT][FLT] [FLT]] uvavanyo lokwazisa iinkcedoonke oluthambileyo oluguqukayo, oluguqukayo lwenkcazelo ekhoyo.

Ukwahluka Kukucinezela Okusengqiqweni

Unobangela ofanelekileyo kufuneka wahlulwe kumgangatho osezantsi wokukrokra okusengqiqweni, okuvumela ukuma okufutshane kophando nokuphengulula okulinganiselweyo. Ukukrokrela okusengqiqweni kufuna izibakala ezicacileyo nezinokuchazwa ezibonisa ukuba umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho uhamba, kodwa kulubulungisa obubuthathaka obungaphaya kokokuba nokwenzeka. Isiqinisekiso sengxelo zemali singabhenela kuphela kuvavanyo lwetyala olulindelekileyo, hayi ukukrokra nje. Abaxhasi kufuneka ngoko baqokelele iindidi ezicacileyo ezaneleyo phambi kolu ` besebenzisa isiqinisekiso, ngokufuthi bexhomekeke kuhlaluzo lwentengiso lwemali, iingxelo ezingaphantsi kolwazi olufihlakeleyo, okanye kwingxelo yebhanki.

Imbali Nendima Yeengxelo Zezemali

Ukusetyenziswa kwesizathu esifanelekileyo seengxelo zemali kuye kwavela kwicala elijongene notshintsho kwinkqubo yemali kunye nemfundiso yesine soHlaziyo. United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 [1976], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yebhanki yathi abaphathi-mali abamele ukuba abaxhasi babe nethuba elifanelekileyo lokufumana iingxelo zemali ezigcinwe yibhanki ngenxa yokuba ezo ngxelo zingamaxwebhu ebhanki, hayi amaphepha azimeleyo omguli. Le "35-partic mfundiso" ithetha ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukufumana iingxelo zebhanki ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuba isebenzise i-topiya encinci okanye enye inkqubo esemthethweni. Noko ke, inkqubo esemthethweni yemithetho exhobisayo exhobisayo [FOrson] i-enjiweyo (RFFF]) exhobisa kakhulu, okanye i-ogracka ityala elithenjiweyo, ityala likarhulumente elithenjiweyo, okanye elithenjiweyo, ityala lemali, ityala elithenjiweyo.

Umgangatho Osemthethweni Wabo Bavumisayo

Iimfuneko Zokuhlaziywa Kwesine

Isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo kufuneka sixhaswe ngokunokwenzeka, sisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, sisekelwe kwi-affidavit efunweyo, kwaye ingakumbi ichaza indawo ezakuphendwa kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa. Kumongo weengxelo zemali, i-affidavit kufuneka imisele izibakala ezimisela i-nexus phakathi komsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho orhanelwayo kunye neerekhodi ezifunwayo. Ijaji (okanye, kwezinye iindawo, ijaji yesizwe) isebenza njengomgwebi ongathathi nxaxheba ovavanya ulwano olupheleleyo lwe-affidavit. Ukuba umgwebi ufumana unobangela ofanelekileyo wokungafumani, isicelo sogunyaziso kufuneka sikhatyiwe okanye silungiswe.

Imfuneko Ebalulekileyo

Ingxelo zemali kufuneka zichaze iirekhodi ezifunwayo ngobuchule obaneleyo bokukhusela uphando jikelele okanye lokuhlola. Iinkundla ziye zayichaphaza imithetho echaza "zonke iingxelo zemali" ngaphandle komqathango, njengoko ulwimi olubanzi lungaluchaphazeli ugunyaziso lweSine loMmiselo-Mdathiso-yonyaka. Isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo sengxelo yemali echaziwe sichaza: ityala elikhethekileyo okanye iingxelo ezifuna ukuphengululwa, ixesha apho iingxelo zifunwa khona, iintlobo zeerekhodi (umz., ingxelo yengxelo, ukuphonononga, ukudluliswa kocingo, iirekhodi, izicelo zokubolekisa iirekhodi zemali), kunye nomsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho obekiweyo, kunye nokuqhatho lolwaphulo-mthetho oluthelekele iingxelo. Ngaphezu kokuhlola. Izangombyini nokunqongophalala kwazo kuqhelekile kwengxelo zemali.

Indima yegosa lezeejaji

Isiqinisekiso masikhutshwe yimantyi engathathi-nxaxheba nengahlaliyo, hayi ngabasebenzi bomthetho okanye umtshutshisi. Igosa lejaji kufuneka lizikhethele ngokwalo lihlole i-affidavit lize ligqibe ukuba ityala elifanelekileyo likhona na. Olu gqibo lwazimeleyo lulukhuselo oluchasene nokuqhatha. iUnited States'. Leon, 468], U.S 897 (1997), iNkuNkundla ePhakathiweyo yenza umahluko olulungileyo nolukhoyo, nto leyo evumela ubungqina obufunyenwe phantsi komthetho kamva ukuba ukungabikho sizathu esifanelekileyo ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi basebenza ngokufanelekileyo kumbandela ofanelekileyo. Ngoko, ukungachaphazeli kwayo akusebenzisi ukuba i-ffvidadathanga tyala elifanelekileyo, okanye i-jaji enokwenza umsebenzi ofanelekileyo, ukuba i-odcutle i-odmie.

Isicelo kwiingxelo zemali

Imisebenzi yeengxelo zemali ezilawulayo

Umthetho womanyano unika iindlela ezininzi zorhulumente ukufumana iirekhodi zemali, nganye ineemfuno zayo. Iinqwelo-mafutha ezintathu eziphambili zezomthetho zizezi: (1) Ilungelo lokufumana i-Lifacy Ask (RFPA), 12 C. U-U.S. 76 3401-34222; (2) iSikolo soNxibelelwano loThungelwano (SCA), 18 C.U.C. . . 2701-22222; kunye (3) ne-i-Squarants eziphambili zejaji eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu xa i-RFPA ifuna isiqinisekiso sokukhangela (umz., ukwenzela iirekhodi ezithile zebhanki) okanye xa i-SCA ifuna isiqinisekiso sokunxibelelana kwe- elektroniki ezigcinwe iintsuku ezingaphantsi kwe-180.

Phantsi kweRFPA, igunya likarhulumente lingafumana iirekhodi zemali kwisakhiwo semali kuphela ukuba: umxhasi ugunyazisa ukutyhilwa; i-odonga elingumphathi okanye izicelo zisetyenziswa kwaye umthengi unesaziso; okanye isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula sifumaneka ngesizathu esinokwenzeka. I-RFPA ichaza ngokucacileyo uMphetho-wesine ofanele ubangele umgangatho wokufikelela kwemvume esekelwe kwimali. Umthetho ukwafuna ukuba urhulumente anike abathengi ngekopi yemvume kunye noludwe lweerekhodi ezifunyenweyo, ngaphandle kokuba inkundla ikhawuleziso ekufumaneni isaziso esinokuthi sibangele ukubeka engozini ngokunzulu ukuphengululwa.

ISCA, egquma abanikezeli benkonzo yonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki (njengezibonelelo ze-imeyili) kunye neenkonzo ezingundoqo zomqeshwa, igunyazisa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka sokunyanzela ukutyhilwa kweziqulatho zonxibelelwano ezigcinwe [[FLT: 0]] iintsuku ezili-180 okanye ezincinane[. Unxibelelwano lwakudala okanye ulwazi olusisiseko lomxhasi, ipeyame okanye umgaqo wenkundla ngaphantsi komgangatho osezantsi (njengobango "ukuchazi kakuhle nobuchule"" okungakwanelayo. Lo mahluko usoloko uvela ekuphandweni okubandakanya uthengiso lwemali oluqhutywa nge-imeyili okanye amaqonga, apho okuquluweyo kwemiyalezo ngokwayo kungenza iirekhodi zemali.

Iindidi Zobungqina Ezingqina Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Weengxelo Zezemali

Ukubonisa ukuba iingxelo zemali ziya kuba nobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, abaphengululi baxhomekeke kwiindidi eziliqela zobungqina:

  • Iipateni zorhwebo ezinika inzala: Ugcino lwemali efakwa phantsi komnyango onika ingxelo we-$10 000, ukugqithiselwa rhoqo kumazwe aziwayo ngebhanki, okanye uhambiso olukhawulezileyo lwemali ngetyala (ukubeka) elingalinganiswa ngemali okanye ukulinganisa i-struct.
  • I-Direct ingqina ukusuka kubalathisi okanye kwimisebenzi yobuqu: amangqina okusebenzisana, izibhengezo ezifihlakeleyo, okanye abameli abangaphantsi kwe-imfihlo bangangqina ukuba lo mbandela ubandakanyeke kumsebenzi ongekho mthethweni kwaye usebenzise ii-akhawunti ezithile okanye amaziko emali ukuqhuba inkqubo eqhubekekayo.
  • Ubukrelekrele bezimali obukwiBhanki Shiery Act (BSA) inikela ingxelo [[FLT: Ingxelo zeNguqulo yeNkcubeko yeCanoloji, iNgxelo yoMsebenzi weCandelo, neNgxelo yeNtshona Koloni yeZixhobo zeNtlalo-ntle okanye zeMonetary Applications (III-CIR) ezibekwe ngamaziko emali zingenza isiseko esiyinyaniso sesizathu, ukuba urhulumente angamisela i-nexus phakathi kweengxelo zeBSA kunye nehambo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Uhlolo kunye nothengiso : Abangenisi-lwazi bangasebenzisa ipenaries kulwazi olusezantsi lomrhumo okanye iingxelo zetyala elisisiseko (ezingafuni sizathu silindelekileyo) ukwakha isiseko sesiqinisekiso sesiqinisekiso esifuna ugcino-lwazi oluthe kratya. Umzekelo, ipeace yengxelo yokuvula yebhanki erhanelekayo ingabonisa uchazo kunye negunya lokusayina, ngoko exhasa isiqinisekiso sentengiso yentengiso.
  • Unxulumano phakathi kokrokreleko-krokra nomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni: Ingxelo yobungqina ekwathi umkroti wavuma ukuba wenza uqhatha kwaye emva koko ifakelwe kwityala elithile inganelisa iprojekthi yonxibelelwano. Ngokufanayo, uphando lomzimba olubeka umkrokreli kwisebe lasebhankini ngosuku olunye njengokuba umbalelwa omkhulu ungadityaniswa nobunye ubungqina.
  • ImiFanekiso yokusetyenziswa ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni: Umkrokreli osebenzisa imali kakhulu, uvula iiakhawunti ngamagama omatshini abasebenza eqokobheni, okanye ugcino lwezakhiwo ukunqanda ukuxela iimfuno zingabonisa umgudu wokufihla izinto, uxhasa unobangela olindelekileyo.

UMthetho Obonisa Ityala Obangela Iingxelo Zemali

Izigqibo ezininzi ezichaza indlela iinkundla ezifanele ukucingela ngayo iingxelo zemali. United States v. Nejad, 655 F. App'x 548 (9 yeSidlo se-2016) (engapapashwanga), inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba isiqinisekiso seengxelo zebhanki sasixhaswa ngokunokwenzeka yisizathu esifanelekileyo apho i-affidavit ichaza ukugqithisa kocingo kumaqela angaphandle nembali yommangalelwa yogcino lwemiqathango. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba ubuninzi bemeko, kuquka iimfanelo zangaphambili zabamangalelwa zemali, ibonelele ngesizathu esifanelekileyo sokufumana kwabameli.

Ngokwahlukileyo, yeUnited States v. MacCormack, No. 17-CR-00168, 2018 WL 4926161 (D. Oct. 10, 2018), inkundla yesithili yengingqi ikhuphe ubungqina obusuka kwisiqinisekiso esifuna "zonke iingxelo zemali" kummangalelwa ngexesha leminyaka emihlanu, ukufumana u-offidavit engoneleyo ukuseka ngokunokwenzeka unobangela weengxelo ezininzi zetyala nokuswela isiqinisekiso esithile. Inkundla yaphawula ukuba i-ffidat yazigxeka nje ngokubangeyo ngaphandle kokukhankanya, ukuthelekisa ixesha elidibanisa ummangalelwa kwiirekhodi ezifunwayo. Oku kubonisa ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwe-exxpoances.

Enye imeko enzima yiyo [[[FLT: 0] v. umbambo [[FT: 1], 138 S. 2206 (208), obewungajikelezi ngqo ngeengxelo zemali, ulungisa imfundiso yesithathu ngokugcina ukuba urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu sokuba kunokwenzeka ukufumana ulwazi lwe-cell-- location ngenxa yokuba abantu banokulindela imfihlo esengqiqweni kwintshukumo zabo zonke eziphathekayo ngexesha elide. Ezinye iinkundla ezisezantsi nabaphengululi baphikisa ukuba [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FFF3]] [FT] [5] umqondiso wotshintsho kwiimeko zomthetho ezithelekele ii-data, ezisebenza ngokufanayo, ezibonisa umfanekiso othe ngqo wobomi bomntu ngamnye. Ngoko ke, iNkuNkuthethombo oluphezulu.[5][5]

Iingxaki Nokunyanyekelwa Ngokusemthethweni

Uphando Oluyikomiti Nengozi Yokucinezelwa

Iinkundla zihlolisisa ngokusondeleyo ulwaneliseko olunokwenzeka kwizicelo zemali. Ukuba inkundla ehlolayo ifumanise ukuba i-affidavit ayiphumeleli ukumisela unobangela olindelekileyo, isiqinisekiso singaphelelwa yimfuneko kwaye nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo, kuquka iingxelo zemali ngokwazo kunye nalo nabuphi na ubungqina obuvela kwimichiza ("isiqhamo somthi onetyhefu"), ingacinywa. Iintshukumo zokucinezelwa zisoloko zijolise ekucimeni kolwazi, ukuthembeka kwabanikezi, nokuchanaka kwe-nexus phakathi kweerekhodi kunye nomsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ingxaki Yokungakhathalelwa

Umba ofanelekileyo kufuneka ubekho ngexesha elinikiweyo imvume, hayi ngexesha leziganeko ezichazwe kwi-affidavit. Iingxelo zemali zisoloko zifunwa emva kwexesha elide emva kokuba uthengiso luphumile, kunyuswa imibandela yokunganyani. Ukuba i-affidavit ixhomekeke kuphela kwintengiselwano esuka kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili engenayo isalatha solwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo, ijaji ingafumana ubungqina obunzima kakhulu ukuseka unobangela olindelekileyo. Ngoko ke kufuneka ii-inventigrator zibonise indlela yokuziphatha ecebisa ukuba iirekhodi zemali zizakuqulatha ubungqina obufanelekileyo, okanye iingxelo zendalo esisigxina (umz., ingxelo eshiyekileyo eshiyekileyo kwiincwadi zeziko). Iinkundla zinokufumana ukuba iingxelo zemali zigcine iirekhodi zeminyaka emihlanu okanye ngaphezulu, ngoko ke azinakungasayi kumele zisetyenziswe ngoonobumba-'umthetho-ne.

Ukuzichaza Ngokucacileyo Kwixesha Lokubhalwa Kwamanani

Iingxelo zemali zigcinwa ngokukhulayo kwii-data ze-electronic ezinkulu, zisenza ulwahlulo oluthile lubeluleka ngakumbi nolunzima. Isiqinisekiso esifuna "lonke uluhlu lwamanani lwabathengi bebhanki" siya kuba ngaphezulu kakhulu. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka silungiswe ukumisela ukuphengululwa kwee-akhawunti ezithile, amaxesha, kunye neentlobo zamaxwebhu akholelwa ukuba aqulathe ubungqina. ISebe leJaji liphendla kwaye litsale ikhompyutha kunye nokufumana i-Ecroscopedies kwi-Criminal Avestigations[ izikhokelo zolawulo zolawulo lwezigwebi zelizwe kunye nabameli abaqhubi beengxelo zezobugcisa, kuquka ne-data yemali. Incwadi igxininiso efuna iprojectivestions.

Ukusebenzisa Ubugcisa Obungachazwanga

Unyuko lwe-crypoint kunye neenkonzo zokufihla intloko-mfono-mgama (umz., iireyithi zemali zangasese) ziveza imingeni encinane ngenxa enokwenzeka. Xa umkrokreli esebenzisa idilesi ze Bitocoin engenakudityaniswa lula nochazo, abaphengululi kufuneka baxhomekeke kuhlalutyo lweblockchain, iidilesi ze-IP, okanye iintengiselwano ezisele zazi-umenzi wakho (KC). Ingxelo yengxelo esuka kwi-creacly efihlakeleyo isenokuxhaswa ngokunokwenzeka yisizathu sokuba ityala elithile lidityaniswe nomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, umzekelo, ukudityaniswa kwentengo emnyama okanye ukurhoxiswa kwidilesi enxulumene ne-'intembelo yentlawulelo. Iinkundla zisavelisa iimfuno zenjongo elungele ukufezekisa okuqhubekayo kulo mba. I-Affidatidates imfunento ye-ognote-ms.

Amalungelo abantu bobuqu

Ulungelelwano phakathi kweemfuno zophando namalungelo obuqu lusakhuphiswano. IRFPA kunye ne-SCA sele zinikela ukhuseleko lomthetho, kodwa amanye amazwe amisele iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo zemvume yokubhala ngemali, njengokufuna ukuboniswa kwesizathu esilindelekileyo se anikho[FLT] `ingxelo yemali' engookdwa kwezo zemali (hayi ezo zisuka kwiibhanki) okanye isaziso somthetho esithengwayo kubathengi. Umthetho womanyano ungakhetha ukufumana isiqinisekiso kwanaxa kungeyo, zombi zokuphepha ukucinezelwa kwemiqathango nokunganelisi imiqathango yombutho. Ukongeza umthetho, njengomthetho ocetyiselwayo wesine awungomthetho weSale, uya kubeka amava amandla karhulumente okuthenga ulwazi lobuqu kugcino-data olwaphulwe, nto ekufuneka kugunyaziso lwemali.

Isiphelo

Isiseko esibalulekileyo somgaqo-siseko osisiseko semithetho-siseko efuna iingxelo zemali, iqinisekisa ukuba ukungenelela kukarhulumente kwingxelo yobuqu neyoshishino kufanelekile ngokukholelwa ngokufanelekileyo kolwaphulo-mthetho. Imfundiso, esekelwe kwiSigqibo sesine kwaye emiswe ngumzekelo weNkundla Ephakamileyo, ifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho okukhoyo okunxibelelanisa iingxelo nolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile. Imimiselo efana nelungelo leNkqutyana yezezimali kunye noLwezo Lothungelwano lweZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo woNxilelo-mthetho ibandakanya lomlinganiselo kwaye iphephe izenze zikhusele iproceke. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yezobugcisa ezikhoyo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obufihlakeleyo kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-elective, i-omperejinigralitive, kufuneka ngenyameko ive i-active projective ne-neactives, ikhuselwe kwiingxelo zeNkupho ezithile zeNkupho zemali, kunye noxaso lomthetho ofanelekileyo, iqhubekeka, i-ogciso nabani nabani nabani nabani

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i [[FLT: 0] iCornell Incamery Information enokwenzeka yesizathu , uluvo lweNkundla LoluHlulo] Asilolulo Lwesambulo (H.R. 6414, 118th Congress), kunye noluvo lweNkundla kuCarpenter v. United States. Ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo olunikelwa yincwadi yezandla ye-DOJ's kubungqina be-elektroniki luhlala lulululululo olubalulekileyo loncedo lwenkonzo lwexesha lokwenza uvavanyo.