Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela yokulawula amatyala enkundla yenkundla kubalulekile kumntu wonke ojamelene nocelomngeni olusemthethweni. Enoba ubandakanyeke kwimpikiswano yezetyala, ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye umbandela womthetho weentsapho, ukwazi oko ungakulindeleyo kunganciphisa ixhala kwaye kukuncede wenze izigqibo zolwazi kuyo yonke inkqubo esemthethweni. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha amatyala amaninzi angokwamakhaya nawamatyala eUnited States, ziwenza abe yindawo yokuqala apho amaMelika amaninzi adibana khona nenkqubo yokugweba.

Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sihamba kumacala onke enkundla, ukusuka kwisahlulo sokuqala ukuya kwizicelo zasemva kwetyala. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo, iinkqubo, kunye nezona zibalulekileyo kwinkundla yelizwe, uza kukulungela kakuhle ukusebenza ngempumelelo negqwetha lakho nokusebenzisa ubunkimbi benkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo zeNkundla zikaRhulumente

Iphondo ngalinye linenkqubo yalo yokugweba ezimeleyo, yaye iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha amatyala eenkundla eUnited States angaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini. Ngoxa kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe, inkoliso ilandela inkqubo efanayo equka iinkundla ezimatyala, iinkundla eziphakathi kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe.

Icala Eliyimfihlelo Leenkundla Zelizwe

Urhulumente ngamnye unemigangatho enye okanye engaphezulu yenkundla yamatyala kwaye ubuncinane enye inkundla egwebayo. Ukuqonda eli qela lezahlulelo kubalulekile kuba limisela indawo ityala lakho eliqala kuyo kwaye likhetha ntoni ukuba awuvumelani neziphumo.

Igosa elisebenza jikelele lenkundla yenkundla yezorhulumente yinkundla egwebayo, elona qondo lisezantsi lenkundla yaye idla ngokuba lithuba apho ityala okanye ukumangalelwa kuvela khona. Isenokuba yinkundla yemithetho jikelele, njengesiphaluka okanye inkundla ephakamileyo, okanye isenokuba yinkundla enegunya elikhethekileyo okanye elilinganiselweyo, njengeprobate, eselula, inqwelo-mafutha, okanye inkundla yentsapho.

Iinkundla Ezigwetywe Ngemiqathango

Iinkundla zasekuhlaleni, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zikamasipala, ziinkundla ezilawula imimandla elinganiselweyo ngegunya kwiityala ezincinane nakulwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo olwenziwa kwidolophu okanye kwisixeko esithile.

Iinkundla ezincinane zimela olunye uhlobo olubalulekileyo lweenkundla zezolawulo ezilinganiselweyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho yephondo, iinkundla ezincinane zisingatha amatyala apho imali edityanisiweyo iphakathi kwee-$3 000 ne $20 000 (R7,50 000). Kwizityholo ezincinane, iinkundla zidla ngokuzimela ngokwazo, kwaye inkqubo ilula xa ithelekiswa neetyala zenkundla ezithe rhoqo.

Ezinye iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ziquka:

  • Iinkundla zezeeprojekthi, eziphatha ulawulo lwezabelo nokukhutshwa kwemimiselo, nakumazwe amaninzi zisingatha imicimbi efana nokuchongwa kwetyala, izicelo zokusetyenziswa kweenqanawa zokukhusela, kunye nokuthathwa
  • Iinkundla zentsapho, eziva amatyala abandakanya ukugcinwa kwabantwana nokuxhaswa, ukutyeshelwa nokuphathwa kakubi kwamatyala, maxa wambi nolwaphulo-mthetho lolutsha okanye ukugwetywa, nangona inkoliso yeenkundla zentsapho ingaluchasi uqhawulo-mtshato, oludla ngokusingathwa ziinkundla zegunya
  • Iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho ezilawula ukuqhekezwa nokuphulwa kweemoto, izibongozo zokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuqhuba, nemiba enxulumene noko, kunye nezinye iinkundla ezichaphazelekayo ezinxulumene nokwaphulwa kwemoto

Iinkundla zoMgaqo-nkqubo jikelele

Inkundla yephondo yinkundla enegunya eliqhelekileyo kwiphondo yaye ingumgwebi wamatyala abandakanya umgaqo-siseko karhulumente nemithetho karhulumente.

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, kuquka imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yasekuhlaleni enjengezonzakala zobuqu, imicimbi enkundleni yentsapho, imiba yezamkelo nemicimbi yempahla. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zikwanegunya lokuphulaphula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, njengokwaphula umthetho wephondo nesixeko.

Inkundla

Izigqibo zeenkundla ezisezantsi zingahlaziywa liqela lenkundla yephondo ephakathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho inkundla ephakamileyo yokubhenela, inkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe, eyongamela inkqubo yenkundla. Inani elincinane lamazwe aswele inkundla ephakathi. Kuloo maphondo, abalawuli beenkundla zegunya jikelele banelungelo lokubhenela ngqo kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe.

Imithetho Engokwesiko kunye noguquguquko

Uninzi lwamazwe achaza ukufuzisela ukugcinwa kwenkundla jikelele yolawulo kufutshane neMithetho yeNkqutyana yeCandelo loLuntu ngotshintsho lokuphendula iindidi zamatyala ezivela kuphela kuqheliselo lwaseburhulumenteni (njengokungaphulwa kwendlela), kwaye ifuzisele imithetho yabo yemigaqo yokuziphatha engoochwepheshe esondeleyo kwiimodeli ezimiselwe yiMelika Bar Association ngotshintsho oluncinane.

Noko ke, imithetho elawula iinkundla zikamasipala yileyo imiselwe yimithetho karhulumente, yaye ngenxa yoku, inkqubo esemthethweni iyahluka ngokwemeko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqonda imithetho ethile ekwigunya lakho kubalulekile ukuqhuba ityala lakho ngempumelelo.

Ukuqalisa Ityala Lenkundla Yaseburhulumenteni

Uhambo oluya enkundleni yephondo luqala ngokuqokelelwa kwamaxwebhu okuqala aqalisa ngokusemthethweni inyathelo lomthetho. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ukuba ngaba uqalisa ityala (ummangalelwa) okanye iqela elimangalelwayo.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo Okanye Isicelo

Ityala loluntu liqala xa ityala lobupolisa lifakela isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu lwesiseko lufeza iinjongo eziliqela ezibukhali: luchaza isiseko esiyinyaniso samalungu abandakanyekileyo, luchaza izityholo ezisemthethweni ezimangalelwayo, luchaza isindululo okanye isicombululo okanye isicombululo esifunwa yinkundla.

Isikhalazo kufuneka sibekwe kwinkundla efanelekileyo, exhomekeke kwimibandela emininzi equka uhlobo lwetyala, ubungakanani bemali ephikisanayo, nalapho amaqela ehlala khona okanye apho iziganeko ezibangela ukumangalelwa zenzeka khona. Ukuqhutyelwa exesheni eliphosakeleyo kungaphumela ekugxothweni okanye ekudlulisweni kwetyala lakho, kubangele ukuba ulibaziseko kunye neendleko ezongezelelekileyo.

Xa kuqukunjelwa isikhalazo, ummangalelwa kufuneka ahlawule umrhumo wefashoni, ohluka-hlukeneyo ngokolawulo nangohlobo lwamatyala. Ezinye iinkundla zinika abantu abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula iindleko zeshefu, nangona abafaki-zicelo kufuneka babonise ubunzima bemali ngoxwebhu olunenkcukacha.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Inkonzo yenkqubo yeqela elinye ekumangaleleni okanye ekuqhubekeni ngokusemthethweni ukunika elinye iqela isaziso esifanelekileyo sokuqalisa umsebenzi womthetho. Imigaqo efunekayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni ekwiMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States iyazithintela iinkundla ekusebenziseni igunya lobuqu lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa unesaziso esifanelekileyo sezenzo zenkundla.

Ukuhlangabezana nalo mthetho, iinkundla kufuneka zilungiselele ukuba abamangalelwa bathunyelwe kwizicelo zenkundla kunye nekopi yesikhalazo sommangaleli. La maphepha adityanisiwe kuthiwa yinkqubo. Olu xwebhu luyinkundla esemthethweni echaza ummangalelwa wale nkundla kwaye inika ulwazi malunga nendlela anokuphendula ngayo.

Umsebenzi ofanelekileyo wenkqubo asingomsebenzi nje oqhelekileyo ````ingumsebenzi womgaqo-siseko'' oyimfuneko. Umsebenzi ofanelekileyo wenkqubo ubalulekile ekuxhaseni inkqubo efunekayo kwaye uvumela amaqela ukuba asebenzise ilungelo lawo ukuviwa enkundleni. Ukuba inkonzo ayigqitywanga ngokufanelekileyo, inkundla isenokungabi nagunya phezu kommangalelwa, kwaye naluphi na ugwebo olufunyenweyo lungangasebenzi.

Iindlela zenkonzo zahluka ngokwemeko kodwa ziquka inkonzo yobuqu (ukuhambisa amaxwebhu kummangalelwa), ukubuyisela (ukugcina amaxwebhu nomnye umntu onoxanduva kwikhaya okanye emsebenzini), okanye inkonzo ngeposi kwezinye iimeko. Amanye amaphondo avumela ukupapashwa kwamaphephandaba abamangalelwa abangenakufumaneka emva kwemigudu yenkuthalo.

Impendulo yommeli

Xa esebenze kakuhle, ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuphendula kwisikhalazo iintsuku ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-30, kuxhomekeka kwimithetho karhulumente nakuhlobo lomsebenzi. Ummangalelwa uneenketho ezininzi zokuphendula:

  • Ifayile Impendulo: Oluxwebhu luphendula isityholo ngasinye esikhalazweni, mhlawumbi ukuvuma, ukukhanyela, okanye ukuchaza ukuba ummangalelwa akanalwazi olwaneleyo lokuvuma okanye lokukhanyela. Impendulo ingaqinisekisa uphengululo oluyiyo. /Izizathu ezithenjiweyo zesizathu sokuba umchasi makangaze aphumelele nokuba izityholo ziyinyaniso.
  • Imposiso yokurhoxa: Endaweni yokuphendula, ummangalelwa angayila intshukumo ephikisayo yokuba isikhalazo kufuneka sipheliswe ngenxa yezizathu ezingokwasemthethweni, njengokungabinagunya, inkonzo engalunganga, ukungaphumeleli ukumisela isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, okanye ukuphela kommiselo wemiqathango.
  • Ifayile iCounterclaim: Ummangalelwa angaqinisekisa izityholo zakhe ngokuchasene nomphathi, oza kusombululwa kwityala elifanayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Yenza into: [ ukuba ummangalelwa akaphumeleli ukuphendula ngexesha elifunekayo, ummangalelwa angacela ugwebo olungagqibekanga, avumele inkundla ukuba ilawule kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba.

Isabelo Setyala Nokumiswa Kokuqala

Emva kokuba ityala lidluliselwe, inkundla ibeka ityala eliza kusetyenziswa njengenani elikhethekileyo ukulandelela onke amaxwebhu kunye neenkundla. Eli tyala likwayalelwa umgwebi okanye igosa elikhethekileyo eliza kulawula loo tyala xa liqukunjelwa.

Iinkundla ezininzi ziphethe ingqungquthela yokuqala yokulawula amatyala okanye ukucwangcisa ingqungquthela ekuqaleni kule nkomfa. Ngethuba lale nkomfa, ijaji idibana namagqwetha (okanye amaqela azibonelayo) ukuze amisele amaxesha okufika kwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo, kuquka ukufunyanwa, ukuhamba, kunye nokuvavanywa. Olu cwangciso locwangciso luba yimaphu yendlela yokulungisa intlanganiso kwaye luncede ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhubela phambili ngokunempumelelo.

Iinkqubo zangaphambili kunye nokufunyanwa

Isigaba sangaphambi kovavanyo sidla ngokuba yeyona ndawo inde nenzulu kakhulu yoqikelelo. Ngeli xesha, omabini amaqela asebenza ukuqokelela ubungqina, ukuxinana kwemiba ephikisanayo, nokulungiselela ukuvavanywa okanye ukuhlaliswa. Inkqubo yokufumana yeyona iphambili yomsebenzi wangaphambi kovavanyo.

Ukuqonda Indlela Yokufumana Izinto

Kwizenzo zasekuhlaleni, inkqubo yokufumana ibhekisela koko kusetyenziswa ngamaqela ngexesha langaphambi kwetyala ukuqokelela ulwazi ekulungiseleleni ukuvavanywa. Imithetho eManyeneyo yeProcedia yeNtshona Koloni inemimiselo yokufumana ekhululekileyo, kwaye inkoliso yeenkundla zikarhulumente ilandela uhlobo olufanayo olusekelwe kwi FRCP, Isahluko V, "Depositions & Discovery".

Uphando lwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kulungile ngokunika abantu bobabini ubungqina obuza kusetyenziswa kwimeko ethile. Luvumela amacala omabini ukuba ahlole amaxwebhu, ubungqina, nezinye iinkcukacha ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngoko ke akukho nto imangalisayo. Ngokunikana ubungqina kwangoko, ukufunyanwa kwenkundla kunye namaqela kunceda inkundla ijonge kwimiba yokwenene kwaye kukhuthaza izigqibo ukuphendulana okanye ukuvavanywa.

"Iinkcazelo" ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza inkqubo apho amaqela afumana khona ulwazi kunye nobungqina malunga nemibandela esekumangalweni. Ingabandakanya ukuxilongwa kwamawaka amaxwebhu nee-imeyili kwakunye neeyure zokugcina amangqina ekusenokungabi nanto ingathetha ngayo ekugqibeleni. Kodwa yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho qela lifihla ibhola kwaye zonke iinkcukacha ezinxulumene netyala zityhiliwe.

Indawo Yokufumanisa

Ngokutsho koMthetho 26(b)(1), "iingingqi zingafumana ukufunyanwa malunga nayo nayiphi na into engeyomfuneko enxulumene nento efunwa okanye ukhuseleko lwawo nawuphi na umntu." Olu mlinganiselo ubanzi uthetha ukuba amatheko anokucela ulwazi olungenakusetyenziswa ekucikidisweni kodwa lungakhokelela ekufumaneni ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo.

Phantsi koMthetho woManyano woLawulo lwangaphakathi 26(b)(1), umlinganiselo wokufumana okuvumelekileyo udlulela kwi "nayiphi na into engekho mthethweni enxulumene nento efunwa liqela okanye ukhuselo kunye nokulungelelana kweemfuno zetyala" umgangatho wokulungelelanisa, wongezwe ukuLawulwa kwama-26 ukudlula ekulungisweni kweFRCP, ufuna iinkundla ukuba zilinganise izinto ezintandathu: ukubaluleka kwemibandela, ubungakanani bempikiswano, ufikelelo olunxulumeneyo lolwazi, oovimba bamaqela, ukubaluleka kokufumana okuzinzileyo, nokuba ngaba umthwalo wokufumana okucetyiweyo ungcono kungcono kunoncedo lwayo.

Izivalo zediski zokuqala

Umthetho 26(a) (1) kufuneka amaqela atshintshiselane ngezambulo zokuqala ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo esisemthethweni. Ezi nkcukacha kufuneka ziquke amagama kunye nolwazi lokuqhagamshelana kwabantu abanokufumana ulwazi, inkcazelo kunye nekopi (okanye inkcazelo ngodidi nendawo) yamaxwebhu anxulumeneyo, ubalo lwelahleko, kunye nazo naziphi na izivumelwano ze-inshorensi ezisebenzayo.

Ngokutsho kweFederal Pages of Civil Procedire, ummi wasemkhosini kufuneka aqalise ingqungquthela phakathi kwamaqela emva kokuba kunikelwe isikhalazo kubamangalelwa, ukulungiselela inkqubo yokufunyanwa. Amatheko kufuneka azame ukuvumelana ngocwangciso olucetyiweyo lokufunyanwa, aze athumele iCwangciso seDiscovery kwinkundla kwisithuba seentsuku ezili-14 emva kwengqungquthela.

Iindlela Zokufumana

Emva koko, inkqubo engundoqo yokufumana eqalayo equka: ukutyhilwa kokuqala, ii-asethi, ii-aspectives, ukuncinwa kwemibuzo, isicelo sokungeniswa (RFA) nesicelo sokuveliswa kwamaphepha (RFP). Sinye sezixhobo sifeza injongo ekhethekileyo yokuqokelela inkcazelo nokwakha imeko yakho.

Ungenelelo

Imibuzo ebhaliweyo omnye umbutho uthumela kwelinye, ecela iimpendulo phantsi kwesifungo. Le mikhulu yokumisa izibakala ezisisiseko, ezifana nokwaziwa kwamangqina nemihla engundoqo. Intlanganiso ibhalwe phantsi imibuzo enikezelwe kwiqela eliphikisanayo, eliza kuphendula phantsi kwesifungo. Umthetho we FRCP u-33 ubeke igosa ngalinye kwi 25 iintlanganiso ngaphandle kokuba inkundla ivumele okungaphezulu.

Ukungenelela kuluncedo kakhulu ekufumaneni ulwazi lwemvelaphi, ukuchonga amangqina namaxwebhu, nokuseka uhlobo lweziganeko lomnye umntu. Zingabizi mali ingako xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokufumana kwaye zinokulungiselelwa ngaphandle kobuchule obuninzi obusemthethweni, nangona ukuzoba ngocoselelo kubalulekile ukufumana ulwazi oluluncedo.

Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu

Izicelo eziqhelekileyo zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha (ii-email, izivumelwano, ii-screens), okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo. Zombini amacala kufuneka avelise izinto ezifanelekileyo, ezingafumanakaliyo zokuhlolwa. Kulwazi lwangoku, uphando lwe-elektroniki (ukufumana ulwazi) luye lwaya lusibaluleka ngakumbi njengoko ushishino oluninzi kunye nothungelwano lobuqu lubakho nge-electron.

Izicelo zoxwebhu zingafuna uninzi lwezixhobo eziquka izivumelwano, uqhagamshelwano, iirekhodi zemali, iifoto, iividiyo, iindawo zonxibelelwano, imiyalezo yentlalo-ntle, kunye nee-imeyili. Iqela elicelayo kufuneka lichaze amaxwebhu ngendlela esengqiqweni, kwaye iqela eliphendulayo kufuneka livelise amaxwebhu njengoko egcinwa kwikhondo eliqhelekileyo loshishino okanye licwangciswe ukuze ahambelane neendidi kwisicelo.

Izicelo Zokuthunyelwa

Izicelo ezibhaliweyo ezicela iqela ukuba livume okanye liphikise iinkcukacha ezithile. Ezi miba inciphileyo yokuvavanya ngokucacisa oko kuthethwayo ngempikiswano. Izicelo zokuvunywa zizixhobo ezinamandla kuba nawuphi na umba ovunyiweyo umiselwe ngokupheleleyo iinjongo zemeko, ukuphelisa imfuneko yokungqina loo nto xa kuvavanywa.

Ukuba iqela alisabeli kwizicelo zokuvuma ngexesha elifunekayo, le mibandela iyavunywa. Oku kunokuba nemiphumo etshabalalisayo, mhlawumbi oku kunokubangela ukuvunywa kwezibakala ebekuya kufuna ubungqina obuninzi.

Ukwakhiwa:

Umbuzo we-oral, owenziwe nge-person (okanye okude) weqela okanye ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo, kunye nentatheli yenkundla ebhala amagama onke. Imithetho ingasetyenziswa ekuvavanyeni kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu ekuvavanyeni ukuthembeka nokugcina ubungqina. Izixhobo zifana nodliwano-ndlebe oluqhutywa phantsi kwesifungo sobupolisa basenkundlani, amagqwetha kuwo onke amaqela, yaye ngamanye amaxesha elinye iqela ngokwalo. Icebiso liya kubuza iqela eliphikisayo okanye icandelo lesithathu lamangqina elicetyelwe ukufumanisa ulwazi olunxulumene noluvolo okanye ukutshixa ubungqina babo obungasetyenziswa kamva ukuba liza kusetyenziswa xa lizama ukutshintsha iimpendulo zalo.

Ukwahlulwa kulinganiselwe kwishumi kwiqela ngalinye, kungekho lugcinwe luthatha ixesha elingaphezu kweeyure ezisixhenxe ngosuku, nangona iinkundla zingayiguqula le miqathango. Imithetho yezomthetho yeyona ndlela ibiza imali eninzi yokufumana into kuba ifuna ixesha eliyigqwetha, iindleko zenkundla zonxibelelwano, kwaye ngokufuthi iindleko zokuhamba.

Naphezu kweendleko, inkxaso ixabisekile ekuhloleni ukuthembeka kwamangqina, ukufumana iimpendulo ezizenzekelayo ezinokutyhila ubuthathaka kwimeko yelinye icala, ukugcina ubungqina bamangqina asenokungafumaneki ekucinyweni, nokuqokelela inkcazelo enokusetyenziswa kumangqina angawachasayo aguqulayo kamva.

I-Subpoenas

Imiyalelo yenkundla efuna ukuba iinkundla zikhuphe amaxwebhu okanye iimali (njengeebhanki okanye abasebenzi bangaphambili) okanye zibonakale zivela kwimibutho egciniweyo. AmaSubpoena andisa ukufunyanwa kwenkcazelo ngaphandle kwamaqela ngokwawo, avumela ukufikelela kwinkcazelo egcinwe ngamaqela esithathu afana nabaqeshi, abaqeshi, abasebenzi bezonyango, amaziko emali, namanye amangqina.

Iiyure Neencwadi Ezifileyo

Ukufunyaniswa kwezixhobo ezisebenza phantsi kwemigca engqongqo eguquguqukayo ngokwemithetho. Ukufunyaniswa kudla ngokuqala emva kokuncedwa nokuphendulwa kokuqala, kuqhubekeke kude kube iintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwiinkundla zephondo laseVirginia, amaqela aneentsuku ezingama-21 zokuphendula kwizicelo ezifunyenweyo. Oku kuqina ngakumbi kunexesha elikwi-athom (ngokufuthi eliziintsuku ezingama-30).

Zonke iinkundla zephondo neenkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zimisela ixesha elimiselweyo lokufunyanwa, elimiselwe phantsi koMthetho we-FRCP 16. Ubungqina abuveliswanga ngaphambi kokuba ukurhoxa kukhutshwe ekuchotshelweni. Amaqela afuna ukongezelelwa kufuneka abonise unobangela olungileyo.

Ukungafumaneki kwexesha lokufumana okufunyenweyo kunokuba nemiphumo enzulu, kuquka izivalelo, ukulahla ubungqina, okanye kwanokugxothwa kwezicelo okanye ukhuseleko. Ukuhlala ulungelelanisiwe nokusabela ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo zokufumana kubalulekile ekukhuseleni izilangazelelo zakho xa ufumana imiyalelo.

Amalungelo Nokhuseleko

Ukufunyaniswa akuquki yonke inkcazelo. Uthungelwano olukhethekileyo — kuquka uthungelwano oluneengcali kunye nemveliso yomsebenzi elungiselelwe ukulungiselela ukukhutshwa — lukhuselwe kwingxelo enyanzelekile phantsi kwemithetho yeFederal yoBufakazi 502 nemithetho karhulumente elawulayo.

Imfundiso yenzala esebenzayo ikhusela izinto ezibonakalayo (kwaye ezinye ezingaqondakaliyo) ezenziwe ngokulindele ukubekwa kwelitha (umz., i-memorandum evela kwigqwetha elichaza iqhinga lakhe kule meko). Ukukhusela imveliso yomsebenzi kuqwalaselwa kumdla wokusesikweni kuba ukufunyanwa kwemveliso yomsebenzi enjalo kuya kubhenca iqhinga elipheleleyo elingokwasemthethweni phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Xa ewagobile amaxwebhu asekelwe kwilungelo, amatheko kufuneka azenzele ingxelo ekhethekileyo echaza amaxwebhu kwaye achaze isiseko seli lungelo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuqinisekisa ilungelo ngokufanelekileyo kungaphumela ekurhoxisweni kwenkcazelo ekhuselweyo, efuna ukutyhilwa ngenye indlela.

Ukufumanisa Iimpikiswano Nokunyanzelwa Kwamandla

Iinkundla zilindele ukuba abantu bafune "ukumanyana nokuthethana" ngokholo olulungileyo phambi kokuqhuba inyathelo lokunyanzela. Oku kuthetha ukuzama ukucombulula ukungavisisani ngokufunyanwa ngaphandle kokungenelela kwenkundla ekhawulezileyo. Iingxoxo ezininzi zokufumanisa izinto zibandakanya izicelo ezithi zidideke kakhulu, zinzima ngokungeyomfuneko, zifune ulwazi oluphezulu, okanye zifune izinto ezingancedi nto.

Xa amaqela engenakukwazi ukucombulula iimpikiswano ngokunxibelelana, asenokunyanzela (ukucela inkundla ukuba iphendule ekufunyanisweni) okanye ukuthatha inyathelo lokukhusela (ecela inkundla ukuba imisele okanye ithintele ukufunyanwa okuthile). Iinkundla zinamandla okunyanzelisa indinyana yesigwebo sokufumana ukuxhatshazwa, ukususela kwimiqathango yemali ukuya kushenxiswa kobungqina bokugxothwa kwengxelo okanye ukungena komgwebo omiselweyo.

Impembelelo Yokufumanisa Imiphumo Yetyala

Ngokwesiko, amatyala amaninzi amakhaya eUnited States alungiswa okanye aconjululwe emva kokufunyaniswa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Emva kokufunyaniswa, amacala omabini asoloko evumelana ngokomelela nobuthathaka obunxulumeneyo bemeko yecala ngalinye kwaye oku kudla ngokuphumela ekupheliseni iindleko kunye nomngcipheko wetyala.

Inkoliso yetyala lamakhaya ayize iye equlungwini. Bahlala ngaphandle kwenkundla. Ngokuqhelekileyo bafumana isizathu sokuba. Inkcazelo etyhiliweyo ngexesha lokufunyanwa isoloko inika amaqela omabini afumana uqikelelo olusengqiqweni lwamathuba awo ekuchongeni, ikhuthaza ukuxoxa nokulungisa imicimbi ngaphandle kwendleko nokungaqiniseki kwetyala.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Kulo lonke ixesha langaphambi kovavanyo, amaqela angafaka ifayile yezenzo ezahlukeneyo ukusombulula imiba esemthethweni okanye engokwengcaciso. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka:

  • Intshukumo yokukhupha ityala: Ithetha ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza ingxelo esemthethweni esemthethweni okanye inkundla ayinalo igunya
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukuququzelela Ugwebo lwesishwankathelo: Impikiswano yokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo nokuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho, likwazi ukucombulula yonke imeko okanye imiba ethile ngaphandle kokuvavanywa
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion kwi Limine: Ifuna ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile obunganikelwanga ekucinyweni
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Motion kwi Compel: icela ungenelelo lwenkundla ukunyanzela ukuthobela izicelo zokufumana
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho woKhuselo loLungelelo: Ifuna ukulinganisela okanye ukunqanda ukufunyanwa okuthile

Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yesisombululo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa sintshukumo yokugweba ngokufutshane okanye intshukumo yokulahla. Le ntshukumo isenokuphelisa ityala phambi kokuvavanywa, igcine ixesha elininzi nendleko.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukuba imeko ayisombululwanga ngokuhlaziywa okanye ngokuhamba phambili kwetyala, iqhubekeka ivavanywa. Ngelixesha ipesenti encinci yemeko efikeleleka ngokwenene, ukuqonda inkqubo yokuvavanywa kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekucinyweni.

Ukhetho okanye Ityala Lebhenki

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, amaqela anelungelo lokucela ityala lejaji, nangona eli lungelo kufuneka lisetyenziswe ngexesha elichaziweyo kwaye lisenokufuna ukuhlawulwa umrhumo wetyala. Ukuba akukho mgwebi uceliweyo, eli tyala liqhubeka njengetyala lebheri, apho ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wezibakala nomgwebi womthetho.

Xa ityala labachopheli-tyala licelwa, inkqubo iqala ngokukhethwa kwabachopheli-tyala, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-voir etshatyalalisayo. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, abagwebi nabameli abanokubakho bayancinwa ukuba baqonde naluphi na ucalucalulo okanye ungquzulwano olunokuchaphazela amandla abo okusebenza ngokungakhethi. Ii-Attorney zingavavanya ukungelwa kwento (ukubonakalisa ikhethe lokwenene) okanye ukuqhelisela inani elilinganiselweyo lemingeni-mngeni (ukukhulula abalawuli bejaji ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, ngokokwamkelo olusemthethweni).

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Xa ijaji ikhethiwe kwaye ifunga (okanye ukuchotshelwa kwebhentshi kuqalwa), icala ngalinye linikela iingxelo zokuvula. Ezi asizozimpikiswano kodwa kunoko zizimaphu zendlela zobu bungqina obulindelwe liqela ngalinye ukuba libonise. Igqwetha le-polacttiff lithetha kuqala, lilandelwa ligqwetha lommangalelwa. Iingxelo zokuvula zinceda umfumani wento aqonde umongo kunye nentsingiselo yobungqina obuza kuboniswa.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

I-statiff ichaza imeko yabo kuqala, ithwele umthwalo wokubonisa oko bakuthethayo ngobungqina obuphambili (ukuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba yinyaniso ukuba uhlobo lweziganeko lomntu oqhelekileyo luyinyaniso). Ubungqina buvela ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: ubungqina obuvela kumangqina kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo okanye obuyinkqubo.

Ubungqina bamaNgqina bulandela indlela eyakhiwe ngayo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlolo oluCwangcisiweyo: Iqela elabiza ingqina libuza imibuzo ukukhupha ubungqina obuxhasa imeko yabo
  • Ukonakalisa--udibaniso: Iqela elichasayo liyabubuza ubungqina ukuvavanya ukuthembeka okanye ubungqina balo
  • [[Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo: Iqela elabiza ubungqina lingabuza imibuzo eyongezelelweyo ukucacisa okanye ukuguqula ubungqina obungacetyiswanga ekuhloleni okunqamlezayo
  • Ukwahlula- ulwahlulo: Ibekelwe umda umbuzo owongeziweyo ngumphicothi-

Xa kunikelwa ubungqina, amagqwetha asenokuphakamisa iimpikiswano kwimibuzo okanye kwimiboniso, ephikisa ngelithi ayayichasa imithetho yobungqina.

Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli (egqibelele ukunikela ubungqina bawo), usenokuthatha isigwebo esijoliswe kuso (esikwabizwa ngokuba sisigwebo njengomcimbi womthetho), ephikisa ngelithi ummangalelwa akabunikelanga ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa oko bakuthethayo. Ukuba eli nyathelo alivunywa, ummangalelwa unikela ityala labo, elandela indlela efanayo yokunikela ubungqina kunye nobungqina obubhaliweyo.

Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, ummangalelwa anganikela ubungqina obuphikisayo ukuphendula imicimbi emitsha ephakanyiswe kwityala lommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa anganikela ubungqina obubonisa ukuba ukho.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba buvezwe bonke ubungqina, icala ngalinye likhupha iingxoxo zokuqukumbela. Ngokungafaniyo neentetho zokuvula, iingxoxo zokuvala ziziziboniso ezeyiselayo apho amagqwetha aphikisana ngesizathu sokuba ubungqina buxhasa isikhundla somthengi wawo. Umphengululi uphikisa kuqala, alandelwe ngummangalelwa, aze ke ummangalelwa abe nethuba lokuthetha ngokuphikiswa.

Ukuvala iingxoxo kuvumela amagqwetha abophe ubungqina, agxininise ubungqina obulungileyo, abonise ubuthathaka kwityala lomchasi, kwaye achaze indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kwizibakala ezinikelweyo. Eli lithuba lokugqibela lokuncenga umfumani wento phambi kokuba kuqaliswe iingcinga.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho abamele bawusebenzise ezibakala. Le miyalelo icacisa izibakala zengxelo nganye okanye ukuthethelela, umthwalo wobungqina, indlela yokuvavanya ukuthembeka, neenkqubo zokucetyiswa. I-Attorney inikela imiyalelo ecetyisiweyo yokuchophela ityala, kwaye ijaji igqiba ukuba yiyiphi imiyalelo eza kunikwa.

Imiyalelo yenkundla ibaluleke kakhulu kuba ichaza isiseko esisemthethweni esimele sisetyenziswe yinkundla yetyala. Iimpazamo kwimiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala zinokuba sisiseko sokubhenela ukuba ziphumela kwikhethe kwiqela elithile.

Izigqibo neSigqibo

Emva kokufumana imiyalelo, abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi ngabom ngasese. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, uninzi lwamazwe awafuni zigqibo zidibeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkoliso enkulu (njenge 9 kwi 12 yezijunga) yanele. Ijaji ihlola ubungqina, isebenzisa umthetho njengoko uyalelwa, ize ifikelele kwisigwebo.

Kwityala elikwisihlalo, ijaji isenokukhupha umthetho ovela kwisihlalo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano okanye isenokuwuthabatha loo mbandela phantsi kocetyiswa aze anikele isigqibo esibhaliweyo kamva.

Isigqibo okanye umgwebo umisela imiphumo yetyala, kuquka enoba ummangalelwa uyaphumelela kusini na, nokuba uphi na umntu omangalelwayo oye wafumana imvume yokuthetha naye, yaye okona kona okanye olunye uncedo lunikwa.

Intshukumo yeposi

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayigcina intshukumo zasemva kovavanyo, ezifana ne:

  • Umququzelo womgwebo Nakuko ugwebo (JNOV): I-Argues zokungafikeleli sigqibo esinentsingiselo esinokuba sifunyanwe ngokusekelwe kubungqina
  • [[NTL:0] Ityala elitsha:[ Ii-Agues ezithi ziphosakele ngexesha lokuvavanywa zifune ukuvavanywa okutsha, njengokuvuma okungafanelekanga okanye ukushiya ubungqina, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala ephosakeleyo, okanye ukuziphatha okubi kweqela okanye ijaji
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo kuMphathi-mikhosi okanye kuMgwebo oMehliweyo: Ifuna ulungiso logwebo olusekelwe kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni okanye ezibunyani

Oku kuthabatha inyathelo kunika ithuba lokulungisa iimpazamo ngaphambi kokuba ityala libhenele kwibheno, nangona kunqabile ukunikwa.

Inkqubela-phambili nezibheno zasemva

Ukuqukunjelwa kwetyala akuphelisi ukupheliswa. Iqela elilahlekileyo lisenokuba nokhetho lokucinezela iziphumo ngentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo okanye izibheno.

Ilungelo Lokubhenela

Nangona kungekho mfuneko yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente yokuba abamangalelwa banikwe ilungelo lokubhenela kwiinkolelo zabo, ilungelo elinjalo licacile kwinkqubo efunekayo yeGatya-wine lokuLandliselwa kweMimiselo yeMiqathango. Ngaphezu koko, lonke urhulumente unelungiselelo, elidla ngokuba kumgaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo, elinika abamangalelwa isibheno esinye ubuncinane.

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, naliphi na iqela lingabhenela kumgwebo ochaseneyo, nangona imithetho ethile kunye nemisebenzi emiselwe ixesha iyahluka ngokolawulo. Isaziso sesibheno kufuneka sigcinwe ngexesha elifutshane emva kokungena komgwebo, ngokunjalo iintsuku ezingama-30 kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, nangona oku kungafani.

Iziseko Zokubhenela

Izibheno azizizo iinkundla eziqulunqweyo okanye amathuba okunika ubungqina obutsha. Kunoko, inkundla ephendulayo ihlolisisa ingxelo yetyala ukuze ifumanise ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazelekayo ezichaphazelekayo.

  • Imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yokuchonga
  • Ukuvuma okanye ukulahla ubungqina obungafanelekanga
  • Akukho bungqina buneleyo bokuxhasa esi sigqibo
  • Iimpazamo ekusebenziseni umthetho ongaphantsi
  • Izenzo zempazamo zemveli ezachaphazela ubulungisa betyala
  • Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo ngumgwebi
  • Ukuphulwa komGaqo-siseko

Asizizo zonke iimpazamo ezivumela ukuguqulwa. Iinkundla zephulo zisebenzisa "impazamo engalawulekiyo" imigangatho, ukuqinisekisa umgwebo ngaphandle kokuba impazamo isenokuchaphazela iziphumo zetyala.

Inkqubo Eza Kufikelelwa Ngayo

Inkqubo yokudityaniswa komthetho yahlukile kakhulu kwityala lenkundla. Iinkundla zetyala zahlukile kuneenkundla zamatyala, zombini kumsebenzi kunye 'nemvakalelo.' Ngokungafaniyo nenkundla yamatyala, edla ngokungqongwe yimo yezulu exakekileyo, inkundla yezaphula-mthetho isoloko ihlala kwisakhiwo secapitol okanye isibonelelo sayo, ngokuqhelekileyo inethala leefayili elipheleleyo lomthetho. I-décor kwisakhiwo apho iinkundla zenkundla zetyala zidla ngokuba sesikweni kwaye ngokufuthi zineempawu zemifanekiso yabagwebi bangaphambili abaqwalaselwa njengeedenti zomthetho.

Isibheno siqala xa ummangali (umbutho onomtsalane) efaka isaziso sesibheno kunye nokulungiselelwa kwemiyalelo yengxelo yetyala, kuquka iirekhodi zetyala kunye nemibhalo yamaxwebhu agciniweyo. Umlawuli wandula ke afake isaziso esifutshane esiphikisayo ngesizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla egwetyiweyo kufuneka siguqulwe okanye silungiswe.

I-appelle (iqela elikhusela umgwebo) liyila impikiswano emfutshane ephendulayo yokuba kutheni isigqibo senkundla echongiweyo kufuneka siqinisekiswe. Umgwebi angayila impendulo emfutshane ephendula impikiswano ephakanyisiweyo ngofutshane.

Amaxwebhu afutshane angobuchule obuphezulu achaza ingxelo yetyala nakumagunya asemthethweni, anikela iimpikiswano zomthetho, kwaye achaza isizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla yamatyala sasichanile okanye siphosakele. Iinkundla ezininzi ezilawulayo zineemfuno ezingqongqo zokulungiselela nokufaka.

Emva kokuba iqukunjelwe kafutshane, inkundla ingacwangcisa impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, apho amagqwetha kwicala ngalinye anikela iimpikiswano zawo kwaye aphendule imibuzo evela kubagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abahleliyo ukuze baphulaphule iingxoxo zomlomo, badla ngokuphuma ngasemva kwilengalenga elinomphetho ongqalileyo kucwangciso olululo nakukukhala kwenkundla. Asizizo zonke izibongozo eziqukwayo ezithethwayo.

Izigqibo zeNkundla

Emva kokuqwalasela impikiswano emfutshane nentetho (ukuba kulungiselelwe), inkundla echaphazelekayo inikela isigqibo. Inkundla isenokuthi:

  • [[FT:0] Isiqinisekiso: Ukuxhasa isigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo
  • Umva: jika isigqibo senkundla egwebayo kwaye unakho ukungena kumgwebo womnye umntu
  • ``I-Remand'' [ Thumela eli tyala emva kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela imicimbi ebhekele phaya ehambelana nesigqibo senkundla egwebayo
  • tyfile: guqula ezinye iinkalo zomgwebo wenkundla evavanyiweyo ngeli lixa uqinisekisa ezinye

Izigqibo ezithe gqolo zikhatshwa zizimvo ezibhaliweyo ezichaza indlela yokuqiqa yenkundla. Ezi mbono ziba yinxalenye yomthetho wetyala okhokelela kwizigqibo zexesha elizayo.

Izibheno Ezingakumbi

Kumatyala aphakathi, iqela elingaphumeleliyo lingafuna uhlolo kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe. Noko ke, ngokungafaniyo nesibheno sokuqala, esidla ngokuqukwa ngumbandela wokulunga, osoloko uhlolisiswa yinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe ngokuqhelekileyo iphakamile. Inkundla ephakamileyo igqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala asekelwe kwimibandela efana nokuba eli tyala libandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni, ukungqubana phakathi kwezigqibo zenkundla ephantsi, okanye imicimbi ebangelwe ngumdla obalulekileyo kawonke-wonke.

Inkqubo yokufuna uhlolo lwenkundla ephakamileyo ibandakanya ukufaka isicelo sokuzihlola, ukucelela isibambiso, okanye uxwebhu olufanayo oluchaza isizathu sokuba eli tyala lifanele inkundla inikele ingqalelo. Iqela elichasayo lingayifaka phantsi impendulo, inkundla ephakamileyo igqibe ukuba ingayiphendula kusini na.

Ukuba inkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe iyala ukuhlolisisa okanye iwisa isigqibo, inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe idla ngokuphela. Kwimeko ezinqabileyo ezibandakanya imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, iqela lisenokufuna uhlolo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, nangona iNkundla ivuma inxalenye encinane kakhulu yezicelo ezifunyanwa yiyo.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwemigwebo

Xa zonke izibheno zidinwe okanye ixesha lokubhena liphelile, umgwebo uba ngummiselo. Ukuba umgwebo uhlawula imali emoshakeleyo, iqela elilawulayo kusenokufuneka lithathe amanyathelo okuqokelela umgwebo ukuba iqela elilahlekileyo alibhatali ngokuzithandela.

Imigaqo yokunyanzelisa imigwebo iyahluka ngokwemeko kodwa isenokuquka oku:

  • Imali ephumayo
  • Imali ehlawulwa yibhanki
  • Ubuxoki kwimpahla
  • Ukuthengiswa kwempahla
  • Ukuqwalaselwa kwetyala lempahla nengeniso yomgwebo

Maxa wambi kusenokuba nzima kakhulu ukuqokelela isigwebo kunokuphumelela, ingakumbi ukuba ityala linezinto ezisikelwe umda okanye lizama ukufihla okanye ukudlulisela izinto ezithile ukuze liphephe ukuhlawulwa.

Enye impikiswano

Asingawo onke amatyala alandela indlela yesithethe yokuchotshelwa kwetyala nesibheno. Iinkundla ezininzi zeli lizwe zikhuthaza okanye zifuna amaqela ukuba azame ezinye iimpikiswano phambi kokuba aqhubeke ukuya kwityala.

Isicwangciso

Ukuphendulana kubandakanya iqela lesithathu (umlamli) elinceda amaqela ukuba athethelene ngemiqathango. Umlamli akagqibi ngetyala kodwa kunoko unceda abo badibanayo banxibelelane, baqonde izinto abafana ngazo, baze bahlole izicombululo ezinokwenzeka.

Ukukhupha intetho ngokufihlakeleyo, intsingiselo yokuba iintetho ezenziwe ngexesha lokukhupha ulwazi azinakusetyenziswa njengobungqina ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka livavanywa. Oku kufihla imfihlo kukhuthaza ingxubusho ecacileyo kunye nokucombulula ingxaki.

Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuba kuthethwe ityala phambi kwetyala, ingakumbi kumthetho weentsapho, kwiingxelo ezincinci, nakumatyala athile asekuhlaleni. Kwanaxa kungafunwanga, ukuphendula kusenokuba yindlela eluncedo yokucombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kwendleko nokungaqiniseki kwetyala.

Ushenxiso

I-Arbitration yinkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-ADR apho umququzeleli ongathathi-nxaxheba (okanye iqela labaququzeleli) eva ubungqina kunye neempikiswano ezivela kumacala omabini kwaye ekhupha isigqibo esibophelelayo. Ukuthatyathwa kwemiqathango kuyafana nokuvavanywa kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kungenandlela isesikweni, enemithetho ekhululekileyo yobungqina kunye nenkqubo.

Ukuthatyathwa kwemithetho kusenokuba yinto yokuzithandela (evunyelwa ngamaqela) okanye inyanzelo (ecelwe ngokuvunyelwa okanye ngokomyalelo wenkundla). Izigqibo zokuhlanganisa zisisibophelelo sokugqibela kwaye zibophelele, zinezizathu ezilinganiselweyo zokubhenela.

Izivumelwano ezininzi zorhwebo ziquka amabinzana afuna ukuba iimpikiswano zicombululelwe ngokukhutshelwa kwetyala kunokuba zihlaziywe. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zinyanzelisa ezi zivumelwano, nangona kukho iimvume zokungalawuleki okanye iimeko apho ukukhutshwa komthetho kunokuthi kwaphule inkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Iingqungquthela Zokuzinzisa

Iinkundla ezininzi zimisela iintlanganiso zokusingatha iintlanganiso apho ijaji okanye amagqwetha adibana khona namaqumrhu namagqwetha awo ukuze axubushe amathuba okuhlaliswa. Ngokungafaniyo nokuhlaliswa, iingqungquthela zingabandakanya igosa eligwebayo elinika uvavanyo lwamandla nobuthathaka betyala okanye ukucebisa imibalwa.

Iingqungquthela zokuzinziswa zingasebenza kakhulu kuba uhlolo lwegosa lejaji luthwala ubunzima kwaye lunganceda amaqela ahlakulele ukulindela okusengqiqweni ngeziphumo zokuvavanya.

Uxanduva olukhethekileyo lwabaLawuli abaLawulweyo

Ngeli xesha igqwetha licetyiswa kumatyala amaninzi asenkundleni, abantu abaninzi bazimela ngenxa yezithintelo zemali okanye uhlobo lwetyala labo. Iligijiji (ekwabizwa ngokuba zii-pro pro ligings) zijongene neengxaki ezingaqhelekanga kwiinkqubo zenkundla yezorhwebo.

Oovimba abathe bazinika abaLawuli

Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo ziye zavelisa oovimba bokunceda abathathi-nxaxheba abazimeleyo, kuquka:

  • Iziko loncedo lobuqu nabasebenzi abanokunikela iinkcukacha zeprocedest (nangona zingalucebisanga ngokwasemthethweni)
  • Yenza iipakethi nemiyalelo yeendidi zomzekelo oqhelekileyo
  • Ulawulo lweNtlalo-ntle yeNkcubeko
  • Ithala leencwadi lomthetho elifumaneka
  • Ingxelo yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Imibutho enje [[Nkqutyana: 0] Iluncedo.org inikezela ngoovimba beefayili beenkonzo zomthetho ezikhululekileyo neziphantsi, ngelixa unxulumano lwebar yombuso lunika igqwetha iinkonzo kunye neenkqubo ze-prono.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe U umda

Abameli abazimelayo kufuneka baqonde ukuba iinkundla zibabambe kwimilinganiselo efanayo njengeegqwetha. Abagwebi abanako ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni okanye banikele impatho ekhethekileyo kumaqela aziphendulela ngokwawo. Imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, imithetho yobungqina, nomthetho ophantsi osebenzayo ngokulinganayo nokuba iqela linalo na igqwetha.

Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo

  • Ukuqonda nokuthobela imithetho entsonkothileyo
  • Ukunikela ubungqina ngokufanelekileyo nokuhlolisisa amangqina
  • Ukudrafta amaxwebhu asemthethweni asebenzayo
  • Ukuqhuba iziphumo zolwazi ngokwemida esemthethweni neyokuziphatha
  • Ukuqonda nokugcina imiba yokubhenela
  • Ukulawula uxinezeleko olungokweemvakalelo lokuzimela

Kumatyala anzima okanye abandakanya izithintelo ezibalulekileyo, ukudibana negqwetha (h/ngokwangeenjongo ezilinganiselweyo ezifana nokuhlola amaxwebhu okanye ukunikela amacebiso abalulekileyo) kusenokuba luncedo.

Ukuqonda Iindleko Zenkundla Neengxaki

Ukuqonda iindleko eziziindleko kunceda amatheko aqingqe imali efanelekileyo aze enze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokuphathelele ukulandela okanye ukukhusela amatyala.

Iindleko Zezilo Ezimnandi Neendleko Zenkundla

Iinkundla zimangalela iimali zokutyala amatyala aqaliswayo, ukuqokelela iinkonzo ezithile, nokucela ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala. Le mali iyahluka kakhulu ngokolawulo nohlobo lwamatyala, ukususela ngaphantsi kwama-100 ukuya kumawaka aliqela eerandi ekumangalelweni okuntsonkothileyo.

Imali eyongezelelekileyo ekhusini isenokuquka:

  • Inkonzo yemirhumo
  • Iikopi zamaxwebhu enkundleni
  • Iintlawulo zenkundla
  • Imali ye Jury
  • Imali yamaNgqina kunye nemayile
  • Iintlawulo zobugcisa

Iinkundla ezininzi zinika amaqela angenamali ahlawulelwa iindleko zenkundla. Iinkqubo zokuhlawula iimali zifuna iinkcukacha zemali ezipheleleyo okanye ngokwenxalenye esekelwe kwiimeko zomfaki-sicelo.

Iindleko Zokufumanisa

Uphando lungabiza imali eninzi, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima. Iindleko zisenokuquka:

  • Iintlawulo zenkundla zemali (ngokufuthi iiR3-7 ngephepha leSCPL)
  • Ushicilelo lwevidiyo
  • Uxwebhu lokukopa kunye nemveliso
  • Ubuchule bokufumana izinto ze-elektroniki kunye nokuhlola
  • Iintlawulo zobungqina ezibonelelwayo
  • Iindleko zohambo lwendawo ngaphandle kwetoom

Iintlawulo kufuneka zisebenze namagqwetha azo ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokufumana ingeniso ezilungelelanisa imfuneko yolwazi kunye neendleko zokuyifumana.

IAttorney Fees

Iimali ze-athorney zidla ngokumela iindleko ezinkulu kwixabiso lemali ekwintlawulo. Ii-attorney zinokuhlawula intlawulo ngeeyure, iindleko ezithe tyaba ukwenzela iinkonzo ezithile, okanye iindleko zemali (apho igqwetha lifumana ipesenti yokuchacha).

Kwiimeko ezininzi, iqela ngalinye lihlawula ityala lalo logqwetha kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ophumeleleyo. Noko ke, eminye imimiselo, izivumelwano, okanye imithetho yenkundla ivumela iqela elilawulayo ukuba lifumane iindleko zegqwetha kwiqela elilahlekileyo. Ukuqonda enoba ukuhlaziywa kwemali kuyasebenza kusini na kwimeko yakho kubalulekile ekuhloleni ubungozi bemali neengenelo zokulishwa.

Ukuqwalasela Ubuchule Nehambo Entle

Inkqubo yomthetho isebenza kwimigaqo yokunyaniseka, yokusesikweni neyokuhlonela inkqubo yokugweba.

Inkundla

Amagqwetha namagqwetha anembopheleleko yokuthetha ngokuphandle enkundleni, ithetha ukuba amele angenzi magama abuxoki enyaniso okanye umthetho. Oku kuquka ukulungisa izivakalisi eziphosakeleyo xa zifunyenwe kwaye zichaza ukulawula igunya elingokwasemthethweni elichaseneyo nesikhundla sazo.

Ukwaphula umsebenzi wokuthetha ngokuphandle kunokuphumela kwisigwebo, kuquka isohlwayo semali, ukugxothwa kwezibhengezo okanye izikhuselo, okanye ukululekwa kwamagqwetha.

Ukufumana Iimbopheleleko

Ukuba ungummangalelwa okanye ummangalelwa okwisuti yoluntu, nokuba kulula okanye kunzima kangakanani, kufuneka ukulungele ukunikela inkcazelo eninzi ngetyala lakho. Unyanzelekile ukuba utshintshise inkcazelo kunye namaxwebhu kwelinye icala, kwaye ukububeka okanye ukutshabalalisa ubungqina obunxulumene nayo kunokuba nemiphumo enzulu.

Ukusetyenziswa kobungqina ```ukutshabalalisa'' okanye ukutshintsha okubalulekileyo kobungqina'.) kungaphumela kwisigwebo esiqatha, kuquka imiyalelo engalunganga (ukuxelela abachopheli betyala basenokuthatha ubungqina obutshatyalalisiweyo bungamkelekanga kwiqela elabutshabalalisayo) okanye ukugxothwa kwemiba okanye ukhuseleko.

Umanyano Noogcisa

Iinkundla zilindele ukuba amaqela namagqwetha aziphathe ngesidima nangobuchule. Oku kuquka ukuphatha amaqela aphikisanayo, amagqwetha, amangqina, nabasebenzi benkundla ngentlonelo, kwananangezityholo zokulwa.

Ukukhathazwa, ukusongelwa, okanye ihambo exhaphazayo kusenokuphumela kwisigwebo kwaye kusenokukwenza ungabi nantembelo enkundleni. Ukugcina ubuchule bakho kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuzithethelela kunceda kwiminqweno yakho yaye kunegalelo ekulawuleni okusesikweni ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Kwimiba Yenkundla Yetyala

Ukulilungisa ngempumelelo ityala lenkundla yenkundla yenkundla kufuna ukulungiselela, ukucwangcisa, nokuqwalasela iinkcukacha. Nawa amacebiso aluncedo okukunceda ukuqhuba le nkqubo:

Hlala Ulungelelene

Gcina ifayili ebanzi ngawo onke amaxwebhu enkundla, unxibelelwano, izinto zokufumana, kunye nobungqina. Yenza uludwe lweziganeko ezibalulekileyo kunye nemiqathango emiselwe ixesha. Sebenzisa inkqubo yekhalenda ukulandelela yonke imihla emiselwe ixesha, imihla yenkundla, kunye nokufunyanwa kwengxelo, ukwakha ngexesha lesigcini-sango ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Thetha Nabanye Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuba unegqwetha, gcina unxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo kwaye phendula ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo zolwazi. Nyaniseka kwaye gqibelela ekunikeni igqwetha lakho ulwazi (ilungelo elifanelekileyo) lokukhusela uthungelwano lwakho, kwaye igqwetha lakho lifuna ulwazi olupheleleyo ukuze likumele ngokunempumelelo.

Xa unxibelelana namaqela aphikisanayo okanye namagqwetha awo, yiba ngoqeqeshiweyo uze ubhale phantsi zonke iincoko xa kunokwenzeka.

Gcina Ubungqina

Xa ulindele okanye uqala, unomsebenzi wokulondoloza ubungqina obufanelekileyo. Oku kuquka ubungqina obuphathekayo, amaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, iikhusi zencoko yababini, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezigcinwe ngombane.

Ukuqonda Iindleko

Ukubhexeshwa kwetyala kubiza ixabiso. Xoxa ngeendleko kunye namalungiselelo omrhumo negqwetha lakho, uze ucele uhlaziyo oluthe rhoqo kwiindleko. Qwalasela enoba ukuchacha okanye iziphumo zithethelela iindleko zokulingwa, kwaye uhlale uvulekile ukucombulula amathuba anokulicombulula kakuhle elo tyala kunokuba ulingwe.

Yiba Nengqiqo

Akukho tyala liqinisekisiweyo. Licingisise ngelifanelekileyo ityala lakho, uqwalasele amandla nobuthathaka bakho. Phulaphula uluvo lwegqwetha lakho ngetyala kwaye uqiniseke ngeziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Le mbono isengqiqweni izakukunceda wenze izigqibo ezicacileyo malunga necebo lokucombulula kunye nokuvavanya.

Lungiselela Ngokucokisekileyo

Nokuba kungenxa ye-ofice, indlebe, okanye ukuvavanya, ulungiselele ngokucokisekileyo. Amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo, hlaziya inkumbulo yakho ngeziganeko ezibalulekileyo, kwaye qhelisela ukuphendula imibuzo. Ukuba uyangqina, qonda ukubaluleka kokuthetha inyaniso, ukuphulaphula ngenyameko imibuzo, nokuphendula kuphela oko kubuzwayo.

Ukuzinziswa

Amatyala amaninzi ahlala phambi kokuvavanywa, yaye ukuhlaliswa kusoloko kunika isigqibo esithe ngqo nesokusebenza kwexabiso kunokuba kuvavanywe. Hlala ukulungele ukucombulula iingxubusho kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuzinzisa, kwaye uxilonga ngenyameko uhlaziyo lunika imvume yokuthetha negqwetha lakho.

Indima Yobugcisa Kwienkundla Zeli lizwe

Ubugcisa buye batshintsha inkundla yale nkundla, ingakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenzisa ngayo ubugcisa kunokukunceda usebenzise inkqubo esebenzayo.

Ukuthutha i-elektroniki

Iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente ngoku ziyafuna okanye zivumele ukugcinwa kwamaphepha nge-elektroniki. Iinkqubo ze-E-filfilim zivumela amaqela ukuba angenise amaxwebhu kwi-intanethi 24/7, afumane uqinisekiso oluzenzekelayo lokufaka ityala lenkundla, angene kwifayile yetyala le-elektroniki.

Iinkqubo zokubhalisa zifuna ukubhaliswa kwaye zingabiza iindleko zorhwebo ukongeza kwintlawulo yetyala. Ukuqonda iimfuno zenkundla yakho kunye neenkqubo zenkundla yakho kubalulekile ekufakeni ifashoni yamaphepha ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Uqhubekeko olukude

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku ziqhuba iinkundla kunye nezinye iingxoxo ezikude ngevidiyo. Iingxoxo ezikude zinokulondoloza ixesha neendleko zokuhamba, nangona zifuna ubugcisa obunokuthenjwa kunye nezicwangciso ezifanelekileyo ukuze ube nenxaxheba kubugcisa.

Xa uthatha inxaxheba kwiziphumo ezikude, qinisekisa ukuba une-intanethi eqinileyo edityanisiweyo, ukukhanya kunye nendawo engasemva elungileyo, nendawo ezolileyo engenasiphazamiso. Vavanya ubugcisa bakho kusengaphambili kwaye ube nezicwangciso zokhuselo ukwenzela ubunzima bobugcisa.

Ukufunyaniswa kombane

Njengoko kutshiwo ngaphambili, ukuqonda iimbopheleleko zakho zokulondoloza nokuvelisa inkcazelo egcinwe ngombane kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa ubungqina obusemzimbeni.

Imithombo

Iinkundla ezininzi zeli lizwe zigcina ii-website ezinenkcazelo ebalulekileyo equka imithetho yenkundla, ifomu, iimfuno zokuqokelela, iikhalenda, kunye nolwazi lwetyala. Iinkundla ezininzi zikwanika ungenelo kwi-intanethi kwiityala ledokisi nakumaxwebhu agciniweyo, zivumela amaqela ukuba ajonge umsebenzi wetyala kunye nokufikelela kwizixhobo ezibalulekileyo.

Ukwazi izinto zenkundla yakho zekhompyutha kungakunceda uhlale wazi uze wenze ngokuvisisana neemfuno zentelekelelo.

Isiphelo

Ukugweba amatyala asenkundleni kubandakanya ukuqonda inkqubo entsonkothileyo yemithetho, iinkqubo nezenzo.

Ngeli xesha esi sikhokelo sinikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwetyala lenkundla yenkundla, ityala ngalinye lahlukile, kwaye imithetho nemigaqo ecacileyo karhulumente iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Ukudibana negqwetha elifanelekileyo kulawulo lwakho kububulumko kuye nabani na ojongene nolu xwebhu, njengokuba ukhokelo olusemthethweni olungononophelo lunokukunceda ukhusele amalungelo akho, uphephe iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi, kwaye ufikelele iziphumo ezingcono ezinokwenzeka.

Nokuba ucinga ukutyala, unikezelwe ngesikhalazo, okanye sele ubandakanyekile ekumangaleleni, ukuqonda inkqubo yenkundla kukunika amandla okwenza izigqibo zolwazi nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe, nangona intsonkothile, yenzelwe ukulungiselela itheko elifanelekileyo lokucombulula ingxabano nokuphatha okusesikweni.

Ngokuhlala ulungelelene, uphumeze imihla emiselweyo, unxibelelane kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza kunye negqwetha lakho (ukuba unalo), ungaqhuba inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yelizwe ngentembelo enkulu nangokucacileyo. Khumbula ukuba uluvo ludla ngokuba lumgama owehlayo kunokuba lube lumgama oshicilelweyo //ubude obude, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokulungiselela kungundoqo ophumelelayo kumatyala enkundla yelo lizwe.

Ulwazi olongezelelekileyo malunga neenkqubo zenkundla yeli lizwe, qwalasela oovimba abatyeleleyo abanjenge Iziko lesizwe leeNkundla zikaRhulumente, elinika iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngemisebenzi yenkundla yezorhulumente, okanye i-webhsayithi yesebe lesebe lesizwe lakho egwebayo ukwenzela imithetho kunye noovimba bolawulo.