Indima Yezibonelelo Zephondo Kwinkqubo Yomthetho Wesizwe waseJapan: Uhlalutyo Olwandisiweyo

Inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseJapan idla ngokubonwa ngelensi yamaqela ayo alawulayo esizwe, ingakumbi iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) kunye nelona qela liphambili lezomGaqo-siseko leDemocratic Partial yeJapan (CDP). Noko ke, le mbono ayiwuboni umqathango onzima wokulawula kwamaJapan: indima eqhubekayo nebalulekileyo yamaqela ekhoyo ekhoyo. La maqela, asekelwe kwiphondo elithile okanye kwimimandla yesixeko esibanzi, asebenza njengemijelo ebalulekileyo yemibutho lesizwe kwinkqubo ye-Rogravimentation. Ngoxa anokuphatha izihlalo ezimbalwa kuphela kwiSiko (iKokkami), impembelelo yawo ikhula kakhulu ngaphezu kwamandla awo okungamanani awo. Ngokuvelisa izitshixo ezizitshixo ezincinane, ii-oventilidi ezikufutshane, kunye neenkqubo zemikhosi yesizwe, ezisetyenziswa yimibutho yesizwe, imikhosi yesizwe, i-Dynerton, i-eactive i-ographding, i-etingsss, i-ementmentation

Umhlaba Omiyo Wemimandla EJapan

Amaqela engingqi eJapan achazwa ngokujongwa kwawo kwindawo ethile kwaye azimisele ukufikelela kwimibandela evakalayo kwindawo ethile, njenge-stato, isixeko okanye ingingqi yesixeko. Ngokungafaniyo namaqela esizwe avelisa imigangatho ebanzi yokubhenela kwizikhululo kulo lonke ilizwe, amaqela emimandla agxininisa amandla awo kwimicimbi efana nemisebenzi yengqalelo yasekuhlaleni, ukuvuselelwa kwezoqoqosho kwiindawo eziwohlokayo, ukulondoloza inkcubeko, nokusingatha iingxaki ezikhethekileyo zentlalo okanye zemekobume ekhethekileyo kummandla wawo.

Imizekelo emikhulu yeQela

Amaqela amaninzi engingqi afikelele ubukho obuphawulekayo kunye nempembelelo kumgangatho wesizwe. Iqela lombuso weOsaka lokubuyisela iNguqulo eOsaka (Osaka Isipani) ngokunokwenzeka liqela lengingqi eliphambili nelinempumelelo kwiJapan. Lifunyenwe ngumphathi womphathi wedolophu nerhuluneli, ijoni elisoloko lijolise kulawulo eOsaka Prefec, linyanzelela kwi-'Osapholis Plan''' iPlane" ukuquququququzelela inkqubo yefreyidi ekhethekileyo yegumbi elifana neTokyo. Impumelelo yayo kunyuko lwasekuhlaleni iguqulelwe kwiNFFoka yooka neNeton, ngokobukhokho obude obude obukhoyo, ngokobuninzi lwamazwe asekuhlaleni, uluntu olukhoyo.[5]

Indaleko Yembali

Indima yamaqela ephondo iye yavela ukususela kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe. Ngexesha lokulawula kwenkqubo yonyaka ka-1955, xa i-LDP yaza yanika inkcaso engundoqo, amaqela ephondo acekelwe phantsi. Noko ke, utshintsho lwezopolitiko ngo 1990, kuquka ukusekwa kwenkqubo yemiqathango exube edibeneyo edityanisiweyo edibanisa ulwahlulo olunye nomelo, lwadala amathuba amatsha amaqela amancinci. Umlinganiselo womelo wamaqela avumela amaqela axhaswa yingingqi ephondo ukuba afumane izihlalo kwanokuba ayengenakuphumelela kwimimandla enye ekwiqela elinye. Iinkqubo zesizwe ezithelekele umkhosi, ii 2000 kunye nezonyaka wama-2010 zabona ukunyuka kwemizwano yezoqoqosho, kunye nokukhuthuka kwendlela ye-Tokyo. Ukuphumelela kwe-Ocsborn Parnism kunye ne-okinism transtysss, imovector asebenza ngokuqwalalks amaqela amaqela amaqela eegovertiveriverivel amaqela ee, amaqela ee

Umatshini Wempembelelo Kwinkqubo Yokutya Yesizwe

Phezu kwako nje ukulinganiselwa kwemiqathango yezihlalo, amaqela engingqi aphembelela inkqubo engundoqo esekelwe kwinkcubeko kunye nenkqubo yepalamente yaseJapan.

Ukulungiselela inzala kunye nokuhamba

Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuphembelela ikukusebenzisa imicimbi yezobupolitika. Kwipalamente apho umbutho olawulayo usoloko uxhomekeke kumgangatho omncinane okanye kufuneka uthethe nezixhobo zokuchasa, amaqela engingqi aba ngamalungu angenakuthengwa. Umzekelo, i-LDP-edictedednething isoloko ifuna inkxaso ye [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] (iqela elinesiseko sonqulo nesiseko sobuntlalo), kodwa xa elo qela lingenamandla amaqela aphezulu, okanye xa umthetho othile ufuna izakhiwo eziphezulu, amaqela asekuhlaleni afana ne-Osaka Emvali ekhohlo, izivumelwano zombutho, amaqela akhuphe uvumelo lwemibutho, irhafuthelo lwezolawulo, okanye izindululo zezolawulo eziluncedo ngokungqalileyo kwisiseko soburhulumente belizwe lokuqhuba i-Oclescinezelele phambili kwisivumelwano sesizwe phakathi kwezinduluko, iingxoxo ezithenjiweyo zesivumelwano ezithenjiweyo ezitheneyo.

Ukubuyiselwa koMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noMthetho

Ngaphandle kwemibutho esesikweni, amaqela ephondo aphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokusebenzisa amandla awo okuvota njengesixhaso semali ematyala. Kwikomiti nakumgangatho wokuvota, banokusongela ukurhoxa okanye ukuvota ngokuchasene nesicelo sikarhulumente ngaphandle kokuba intengiselwano ekhethekileyo elungileyo kummandla wabo iqukiwe. Olu rhwebo-mthetho lusebenza ngokukhethekileyo xa urhulumente ejongene nokwahlukana kwangaphakathi koovimba bakhe okanye xa amaqela achaseneyo enikela ucelomngeni lokuxhasa intlalo-ntle. Amalungu eqela eliDietet aba ziingcali kwimimandla ethile yezomthetho (*) njengezinto zokulungisa intlekele, okanye imfundo enxulumene nommandla wawo, kwaye asebenzisa obu buchule xa ikomiti yekomiti imisela umthetho wesizwe. Umzekelo, ummeli we-Okinawe-Okina ungenza umbutho elikhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemali okanye ukulawulwa kwezoqoqosho.

IKomiti eBandakanyekileyo

Inkqubo yekomiti kwiNational Diet inika amaqela enye indlela yokuphembelela. Kwanaxa kunezihlalo ezilinganiselweyo, amalungu eqela lengingqi asoloko ekhuselekile kwiindawo zeekomiti ezingundoqo . NjengeKomiti yeLizwe, yoThambelo neyokuthutha, okanye iKomiti yezezempilo, yeLabour and Welfare . apho ayakwazi ukuphelisa iindleko kunye nabaphathi-mathandabuzo. Ubuchule bawo bawenza abe ngabathathi-nxaxheba ekujongeni inxaxheba kunye nobume benkqubo. Ngokuzingisa ngokuzinzisa ngokucokisa, bayakwazi ukubumba umthetho obene nemibandela yelizwe lonke kodwa ochaphazela ngokukhethekileyo imimandla yabo. Le miqathango yengca elawula imicimbi yezomthetho, nangona ingabonakali kakhulu kunabantu abakwimibutho yemibutho, apho amalungu esekuhlaleni axhasa iziphumo zawo ezinde kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala leQela lengingqi

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile kucacisa indlela amaqela emimandla aye awuchaphazela ngayo umthetho wesizwe nomgaqo - siseko.

Iqela Lokubuyiselwa EOsaka

IOsaka Reformation Party ime njengemeko ephumelele kakhulu yeqela lengingqi elisebenzisa impembelelo yesizwe. Yasekwa ngo-2010, yazuza izihlalo kuDiet ngokufaka isigxina sikawonke-wonke ngokungaphazanyiswa nokungakhathalelwa kwemali yerhafu eOsaka. Isicelo sayo sokusayinwa kwe-(Osaka Metropolis Plan) /aitenter yokuquququzelela i-Osaka ne-Osaka City enezibhedrelasi enye ekhethekileyo. Iqela lasebenzisa ubukho balo kuMkhosi woluntu ekuziseni nasekunyanzeleni umthetho ovumela ukuphinda kuphinde kuqhubekeke. Ngexesha lonyaka wama-202017, iqela laba ne-2017, lafumana umlinganiselo ophambili wendlela yokutya okuzinziswa kwesizwe. I-LDP, ifuna ukuxhasa kwemithetho-mthetho yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni, i-Osakaze i-Esmond, i-ethe ke i-ethe ncam yesizwe yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni lasekuhlaleni lasekuhlaleni lasekuhlaleni lasekuhlaleni lasekuhlaleni lasekuhlaleni la

Iqela leMikhosi yaseOkinawa

IOkinawa Social Mass Party (OSMP) ibisoloko iyilizwi lokungavumelani nemithetho karhulumente osembindini emalunga nesiseko somkhosi wase-U.Okinawa isebenzisa izihlalo ezininzi zemikhosi yase-U.S. kwaye i-Prefetra ibisoloko iluchasa ulwakhiwo lwezisekelo ezintsha, njengokuphinda kuphuhliswa kweSitiko se-Futenma Air. i-OS, ngokufuthi isebenzisa izihlalo zayo zokuDiaseko ukuphakamisa iimfuno zeOkinawa. Ukuphumelela okuphawulekayo bekukukukukukukukubandakanya iimfuno zolwimi oluthile kuqingqo-mali yonyaka kunye nemithetho ekhethekileyo exhasa inkqubela yezoqoqosho nenkqubo engakumbi yemeko-bume yendalo, isoloko ihlawule ukubuyiswa kwemibutho yokhuseleko olusemgangatho lwesizwe. Ngexesha lokuma kwe-U. Umkhosi wase-Japan, i-OMP, ibonelela imigaqo exhobileyo exhotyiswe ngakumbi kurhulumenteni ekwanezelele inkqeleneyo ukuba i-ogcuku, i

Abanye abaQiniseki-mthetho bengingqi abanokuncomeka

Amaqela akwingingqi ancinane kunye nemithetho-siseko ezimeleyo elungelelaniswe nentsebenziswano yengingqi nawo aye enza iziphumo. Umzekelo, amaqela aseHokkaido aye ajolise ingqalelo ekuwohlokeni kwezoqoqosho kuluntu lwasemaphandleni olulobayo, exhasa ngempumelelo inkxaso-mali kushishino lokuloba kunye notyalo-mali kwimisebenzi ehlaziyekayo yamandla kwingingqi. ETohoku, amaqela amela iindawo ezichaphazelekayo ngenxa yenyikima yonyaka ka-2011 kunye ne-tsunami aye atyhala ngenxa yemithetho eqinileyo yesizwe. Le migudu igxininisa ingqina ukuba kwanelungu elinye leDioet Dieat elikwiqela lengingqi elinokubeka inxalenye yomthetho wesizwe, ukuba nje ayakwazi ukwakha inkxaso yecandelo lokwahlukana lonyaka ka-2011 kunye nentlalo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nemibutho Yephondo

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo yabo, amaqela engingqi asebenza phantsi kwemiqathango ephawulekayo elinganisela umlinganiselo wawo kunye nogcino.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Amaqela engingqi anemiqathango emincinane yemali, abasebenzi abancinane, kunye nezibonelelo zentlangano ezibuthathaka xa zithelekiswa namaqela amakhulu esizwe. Awanakulingana nomatshini wemali we-LDP welizwe lonke okanye ubuchule beCDP bokufumana inkxaso-mali. Lo msantsa wezibonelelo uchaphazela amandla awo okuqhuba inkqubo, ukuvelisa amaphulo asebenzayo e-mediadiam, nokugcina imibutho yengingqi eyomeleleyo kwimikhosi emininzi. Amalungu amaninzi ephondo uDiet asebenza ngemingcipheko emincinane, eqeshwa kakhulu, enyanzelela ukuba afake imigaqo emincinane. Oku kuwenza abe buthathaka ukuba aphumele ngaphandle kwemiqatha eqele yamaqela amakhulu anokuthunyelwa ngamaqela ophando olunzulu kunye noovimba beenkqubo.

Ukubonakala kwesizwe nengqalelo yamajelo eendaba

Amaqela ephondo azama ukufumana intsebenziswano yesizwe ngaphandle kwezindlu zawo zolawulo. Izixhobo zelizwe ezisekelwe kwiTokyo zisoloko zijolise ingqalelo kumadabi okhokelo lwe-LDP, iindlela zeCDP, kunye namanyathelo amakhulu enkqubo asuka embindini. Izandi zengingqi, nokuba zibandakanya izicelo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo yesizwe, zisoloko zifumana kuphela ingxelo yengingqi yasekuhlaleni. Oku kungabonwa kwenza kube nzima kula maqela ukwakha udidi lwesizwe okanye ukwandisa inkxaso yawo ngaphaya kwesiseko sawo sokuqala somhlaba. Ngoko ke intetho yabo kufuneka ixhomekeke kakhulu kwintelekelelo-mali-ntle nezixhobo zotyani ezisetyenziswayo ezisetyenziswayo kumaziko e-Adiographia.

Ukulungelelanisa Imidlalo Yangaphakathi Neyomhlaba

Uxinezeleko olungundoqo lwalo naliphi na iqela lengingqi lulungelelanisa intsabelo ekhethekileyo yabaxhasi balo nemfuneko yokuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwesizwe. Xa iqela lengingqi lingena kwisivumelwano neqela elikhulu lesizwe, lijamelene nomngcipheko wokudityaniswa. Inkxaso yalo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe okanye irejista yokhuseleko oludityanisiweyo ingabonwa njengentlawulo yamalungu asekuhlaleni alindele ukuba iqela lichase urhulumente osembindini ngokungenamgangathweni. Umzekelo, iOsakazo lwe-Osakazelo lokuvuma ukudibana neLDP kwiP kwiSicwangciso seMetropolis ikhokelela ekumangalelweni abagxeki bengingqi yokuba ishiya inzondelelo yalo. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukuba iqela lengingqi lilindele ukuba inkcathanga ityala ngokungqongqo kwimicimbi yonke imicimbi yesizwe, lingaba lingaze lingakhuselwa nakukhusele nako ukulungiselela nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na le misebenzi elilungele ukulawulwa kwalo.

Ukuzala nokuphumelela

Amaqela ephondo asoloko ekhiwe kwiinkokeli ezinamandla okanye kwimibutho ethile yasekuhlaleni, ewenza abe sesichengeni sokuguqulwa kokhokelo kunye nokuguquguquka ngokwesimo sikawonke-wonke. Ukufa okanye umhlala-phantsi wenkokeli yokuseka inqanawe kunokubangela ukuncipha kwenkxaso ekhethekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba isibheno sawo sibotshelelwa kwizikhalazo ezithile zasekuhlaleni (umz., inkcaso esisiseko e-Osaka okanye utshintsho lolawulo, ukuba loo mba uxakekiswayo (okanye ukuba i-impatho yeqela leqela li-raison d’être iphelelwa amandla. Ukuxhasa iqela lengingqi kwimijikelelo emininzi yonyulo kufuna ukuquluko lweqela lengingqi nokuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-ophaka, ucelomngeni oluye lwaphicothal

Amathemba Ekamva EMibutho YeeNtlanganiso

Ikamva lamaqela ephondo lengingqi kwinkqubo yesizwe yowiso-mthetho eJapan lixhomekeke kwimiba emininzi yesakhiwo kunye nezobupolitika. Utyekelo oluqhubekayo lokuncitshiswa kwabemi basemaphandleni kunye nokuxinezelelwa kwabantu basezidolophini lunganceda okanye luthintele amaqela emimandla yengingqi. Kwesinye isandla, njengoko imimandla yasemaphandleni ilahlekelwa ngabemi, impembelelo yayo yezobupolitika iyayehla, eyenza kube nzima kakhulu kumaqela esizwe ukuwina izihlalo. Kwelinye icala, ukunganeliseki ngemithetho-yo ephakathi kweTokyo isenokukhula kwimimandla encinci, ukunyusa imfuno yomelo lwengingqi ekhoyo. Inkqubo edityanisiweyo ye-voloti yeqela elidityanisiweyo isoloko ingunxano kufutshane, kodwa akukho tshintsho lukhulu lunokutshintsha umlinganiselo.

Enye into yile nto inokwenzeka kumaqela engingqi ukuba enze iminqophiso ebanzi okanye imikhosi edibeneyo. i-Osaka Reconsolection Party ihlole izivumelwano kunye namaqela aneziqu ezidibeneyo akwiziqendu ezidibeneyo kwamanye amaqela eengingqi, kodwa uthungelwano lwesizwe lwamaqela engingqi lusenokungabi lula. Ukuba loo mbutho unokuthi uvele, unokuba ngumkhosi obalulekileyo kweyesithathu kwezobupolitika, ukuguqula kwingqokelela yabadlali basekuhlaleni ibe yilungu elidibeneyo elilungeleneyo lokuphembelela imicimbi emininzi. Ukunyuka kwemicimbini yemicimbini kunye ne-me media meternel kusenokunceda amaqela esizwe ukuba akwazi ukuphelisa imiqobo yezothethotho, evumela ukuba anxibe ushishino lwemali nyaka kulo lonke ilizwe, nangona oku kufuna ushishino lwemiba lwemibutho yamaqela amaqela akhoyo akhoyo akhoyo.

Ekugqibeleni, indaleko yemeko yezobupolitika yaseJapan ``iquka ukukwazi ukuhambelana kwenkqubo yamaqela ahlukeneyo okanye ukutshintshela koorhulumente abamanyeneyo njengesiqhelo `iyakunyusa ukuxhathisa kwamaqela engingqi. Njengokuba ulawulo lwe-LDP lujongene nobuninzi boluntu kunye ne-header yezoqoqosho, kwaye njengoko amaqela aphikisanayo ehlala ehlukene, indima yamaqela amancinane axhaswayo isenokukhula. Kwimeko enjalo, amaqela engingqi angokuba ngabaxhasi basekuhlaleni kodwa abalulekile kulo naliphi na ilungiselelo elizinzileyo elizinzileyo, ewanika indima engapheliyo nenempembelelo kwiziphumo zemithetho yesizwe.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ephondo eJapan angaphezulu kakhulu kunabadlali abakwindawo yolawulo-mthetho yesizwe; akwimeko yedemokhrasi enempembelelo nenefuthe. Ngengxoxo yequmrhu, ukuthengiselana kwemithetho-siseko, ukuqokelela ikomiti, kunye nokugxininisa okungapheliyo kwimibandela yengingqi, abumba imithetho yesizwe ngeendlela ezibangela ukuba amaqela amakhulu, nezibalulekileyo zawo ezibanzi, azihoyi. I-Osaka Reconfix Party yeQumrhu lokuzinzo lwezinzonzo lemputha, i-Okiogracle, i-Okiogractic Mas Party, i-soli yentlalo yentlalo-ntle yephondo, i-ntle yephondo, kunye nomsebenzi wemiqatha lephondo, ukujonga iziphumo ezicacileyo zemithetho-luvolo-luntwini, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe, kunye nokusongela kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yesizwe, kunye neengxaki zemiqatha yemiqatha yeemeko yemimandla yamazwe ahlala phambili. Ngexesha lamaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela ee, abonisa ukuqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa ukuphakama kwemi