Inkqubo yabachopheli-mvo ime njengenye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo nezihlala zihleliyo zolawulo-mthetho. Ngokubeka amandla esigqibo ezandleni zabemi abaqhelekileyo, izigwebi ziguqula imigaqo engokwasemthethweni ibe ngamava oluntu aphilayo. Abayiyo nje imibutho efumana inyaniso; bamela imbonakalo engqalileyo yamaxabiso oluntu kunye nokuhlola ukuqhathwa kwamandla esizwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima yamajaji kwinkqubo yokugweba ngokwembono yequmrhu, igxininisa indlela abawuxhasa ngayo umthetho, ukuthembeka kwabantu, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kwimili ye-demokhrasi.

Imbali Engokwembali Yemijukujelwa

Imvelaphi yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala isukela emva kwiminyaka engaphezu kwewaka. Iindlela zokuqala zavela eAthene yamandulo, apho abemi balapho bagqiba izivumelwano ezingokwasemthethweni, yaye kwiityala zamaRoma maxa wambi ezazisetyenziswa ngamacandelo abagwebi abangengomalungu. Kodwa abachopheli-mthetho bale mihla bafumana eyona mvelaphi yayo icacileyo eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi. Emva kokuba iNorman Constein, amatyala aqala njengamaqela abantu basekuhlaleni ababevakalisa izibakala zetyala elisekelwe kulwazi lwabo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, baqalisa ukuthatha iincamango ezibonisa ubungqina obungacacileyo ezibekwe enkundleni.

IMagna Carta yowe-1215, ngoxa ingaveli ngokucacileyo imimiselo yokugweba, emiselwe ngoontanga bakhe abathi kamva baxelelwa iityala zabachopheli-tyala. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wawuqinise inkundla yamatyala njengelungelo elisisiseko. Amarhamente aseMerika amkela le sithethe, kwaye uMgaqo-siseko weSithandathu nowesixhenxe uqinisekisa iityala zabagwebi kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Namhlanje, iinkqubo zabachongi zisebenza kulo lonke ilizwe eliqhelekileyo, kuquka uBukumkani baseUnited, eKhanada, e-Ostreliya, kunye namathafafa amaninzi aseBritani, angaphambili, njengamazwe aseJapan naseMzantsi Korea, aye amkela iimvokovo ezimodeli ezifana nezo zomvolo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwemingxuma

Ubukhulu kunye nokwenziwa kweejaji kuyahluka kakhulu, okubonisa izithethe neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Iintsebenziswano zezolwaphulo-mthetho

Kwinkundla yezetyala yesizwe yase-U.S., izigwebi ezidla ngokuqukwa ngamalungu ali-12, kwaye izigwebo kufuneka zingqineke. Iimeko ezininzi zivumela izigqibo ezingaguquguqukiyo kwezinye iimeko (ngokusisiseko ezifuna ubuncinane ishumi le-12, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lufuna ukungaphithaniseki kwamacala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkundla zombini. Ityala lamakhaya lisoloko liyilwe ngamalungu ama-6 okanye ali-12; ukungaguquguquki akusoloko kuyimfuneko, kuxhomekeka kwimithetho karhulumente.

ENgilani naseWales, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kwiNkundla yeBhunga elingu-12 nawo angamalungu anezigwebo ezininzi ubuncinane ezi-10-2 ezamkelwe emva kwexesha elifanelekileyo lokuququzelela. Ijaji zamakhaya zipheliswe kakhulu eNgilani ngaphandle kwezinye izityholo ezinjengokunyeliswa, ukutshutshiswa, ukuvalelwa ngetyala, nokuvalelwa ngetyala okungamangalelwanga. IKhanada ngokufanayo isebenzisa amatyala ali-12-perensi ekwaphula umthetho onzulu, ngezahlulelo eziphikisanayo. I-Australia ifuna izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kwaseMzantsi Australia naseTasmania, ezivumela izigwebo ezininzi ezingo 1112,1 okanye 10-11.1.1.

Ukwahlukahlukana Kwabantu Nezithunywa Zawo

Umgaqo ongundoqo ngowokuba amajukubhede amele icandelo elifanelekileyo loluntu. Noko ke, ukufikelela abameli kulucelomngeni oluzingisileyo. Amaxwebhu asebenzisa iirolla zobhaliso zovoti, iirekhodi zelayisensi yokuqhuba, okanye omnye umthombo udweliso lokufuna izigqibo ezinokwenzeka. Uphando lubonise ukuba [ amaqela athenjiweyo ```````iiqela]] quka iqela elincinane labantu abancinane, abantu abaselula, kunye nabangenayo abantu abambalwa, ngokuqhelekileyo abafumana abantu abambalwa, abambalwa kakhulu abanokuvela, abakhokelela ekuqululeni ityala kwimibacholo yabacholi. Uhlazi yemi yokhetho olunenkcukacha. U. [FLT]

Inkqubela Yokhetho Lwe Jury

Name

Inkqubo yokukhetha, eyaziwa ngokuba itshatyalaliswe (kwintsingiselo endala yesiFrentshi]), ivumela amagqwetha kunye nabagwebi ukuba babuze iijaji ezinokubakho ngemkhethe, ulwazi ngetyala, kunye namandla okungakhethi. Injongo asikokukhetha abaxhasi abalungileyo kwelinye icala kodwa kukwazi ukuqwalasela abo banokubuqwalasela kakuhle ubungqina. Kwimeko eziphezulu okanye ezintsonkothileyo, i-voir brand inganweba iintsuku ezininzi.

Ucelomngeni: Ukuze Ube Nesizathu Sokwenza Izinto Uze Uzicinezele

Iindidi ezimbini zocelomngeni zisusa izijungqu eziza kulunga. Iindidi ezimbini zetyala azinakususwa; nawuphi na umgwebi obonisa ucalucalulo olusondeleyo nombutho okanye uluvo olusisigxina ngomvalo. Ityala leNkundla ephakamileyo [iiingxaki] zecala ngalinye livumela ukuba lingafaki inani elisikelweyo lejaji ngaphandle kwesizathu.[FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]] [[2] [12] [iiiiisizathu] ibambe ukuba umtshutshisi wolwimi othe ncam esekelwe kuMgangatho wokhuseleko. Ukukhusela i-Clast Clast Clausdia. Ukukhusela okuziweyo nokukhusela kwiimeko zoluntu. Ngokunjalo, i-Batson icebisa ukuba iphinde ifumanekelele ukuguqula utshintsho.

Imisebenzi ye Juries

AmaJuries enza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo eyahlulayo kubagwebi kuphela.

Ukufumana Inyaniso kunye nokubhaliswa

Indima ephambili yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala kukufumana izibakala zetyala ngokuvavanya ubungqina obunikelwa kwinkundla. Abachopheli baphulaphula ubungqina obunikelwayo, bahlole imiqondiso, baze baqinisekise ukuthembeka. Bandula ke bakwenze ngabom kwigumbi labucala, baxubusha ubungqina de bafikelele isigqibo. Izivumelwano zifuna abagwebi ukuba bavavanye iingxelo eziphikisanayo, basebenzise imiyalelo esemthethweni enikelwa ngumgwebi, yaye ngamanye amaxesha bajongene neembono zabo. Le nkqubo yokuqiqa ngokweqela yindlela yokuqwalasela isombulula isigqibo soluntu esibonisa ukuba idemokhrasi yenza isigqibo.

Ilizwi Loluntu

Julies efaka imilinganiselo yoluntu kunye namaxabiso kwizigqibo zomthetho. Oku kubumba “ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni,”“ ukuqwalasela ubungqina,” okanye “ihambo esengqiqweni” ekugqibeleni ibunjwa lumgwebo odibeneyo wabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, amajaji akwanamandla [[ ukupheliswa `amandla okuphelisa [`ukukhomba]] , `amandla okukhulula ummangalelwa naxa umthetho nezibakalawu zibonisa ukuba umthetho ngokwawo unecala, ukuba bakholelwa ukuba umthetho ngokwawo awubonisi bulungisa okanye umsebenzi wawo awubonisi bulungisa. [FFFF] [3]

Umthetho nokuThenjelwa

Ngokubandakanya abemi ngokuthe ngqo, ukuchophela amatyala abachopheli-tyala kukhulisa ukufaneleka kwesigwebo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abasebenza kwiinkundla zejaji badla ngokuzithemba ngakumbi inkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Kwanabamangalelwa kunye noluntu lujonge izigqibo zokuchophela amatyala njengezifanelekileyo kunezigqibo ezenziwe kuphela ngabagwebi. Ukubonakala kwezigwebo zabachobi.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxhasa Okusesikweni

I Juries isebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela ingcinezelo karhulumente kunye nokusesikweni okungenangqiqo. Kwimbali, amabanjwa angenamdla eejaji angavumi ukuchophela abavakalisi phantsi kwemithetho yamaNgesi yokuvukela umbuso, inceda ekumiseni ushicilelo olukhululekileyo. Kule mihla, ijaji ziye zakwala ukutshutshiswa ngokugqithisileyo kwaye zagcina imikhosi enamandla ibekelwe ityala elifanelekileyo. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala libekwe kwi-U.S. umGaqo-siseko kanye ngenxa yokuba abaqulumbi bemi abaqhelekileyo baqonda ukuba abemi abanokukhusela inkululeko kunamagosa karhulumente kuphela.

I Juries ikwasebenza umsebenzi wokufundisa. Abaqhubi bafumana amava obuqu kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni, bafunda malunga nokucingela ukuba msulwa, umthwalo wobungqina, nokubaluleka kobungqina. Le mfundo yoluntu ingabhenela ngaphandle njengoko abachopheli besabelana ngamava abo nentsapho kunye nabahlobo. Uhlolisiso lwangonyaka ka-2018 lweSiko leSizwe leNkundla yezoRhulumente lufumanise ukuba amava angaphezulu kwama-80% abacuphi beluvo lokuba inkonzo yabo yayingamava axabisekileyo, kwaye phantse bonke babika ukuqondwa kakuhle kwenkqubo yokugweba. Iziko lombuso lweNkulwano yeBhunga yeRhulumente lunika izibonelo ezingaphezulu kwiiNkundla zolwaneliseko kunye nenkqubo yophuhliso.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nenkqubo Yokuzalwa Kwabantwana

Phezu kwako nje ukuphumelela kwayo, inkqubo yabachopheli - tyala ijamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokudodobalisa ukusebenza kwayo nokusesikweni kwayo.

I-Bias Kukhetho noKhupho

Ikhethe lobuhlanga kunye nentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho zingangena kuzo zombini izicwangciso. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba zonke iijaji ezimhlophe zinokuba sengozini yokugweba abamangalelwa abaNsundu, kwaye iingcebiso zejaji zinokulawulwa ngabantu abangoontamo-ntle. Isakhiwo se-Batson, ngelixa sibalulekileyo, asiluphelisangacaluli. Eminye imiqathango ifuna amagqwetha ngoku ukuba anikezele ngezizathu zokungahambisani kwetyala, kwaye amatyala afana noWashington ashukumise ukuphelisa iingxaki zokuziphendulela.

Inkxazo Yesiqendu

Amatyala amaninzi . Ingakumbi lawo abandakanya ubungqina benzululwazi, ubuqhophololo bemali, okanye amaxwebhu aninzi. Bangazama ukulwa nolwamkelo lwamajukujelwa. Bangazama ukuqonda imiyalelo engokwasemthethweni, esoloko ibhalwa ngolwimi lobugcisa oluntsonkothileyo. Uphando oluninzi lufumanise ukuba iingcaciso ezisoloko zichazwa kakubi njengeengqiqo ezifanelekileyo, iinjongo, okanye ukuqulunqa. IiNkundla ezifana nokulula imiyalelo yabachopheli-mthetho, ukuvumela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba bathathe amaphetshana, babuze imibuzo yamangqina (kwimimandla ethile), kwaye banike ikopi ebhaliweyo yemiyalelo ibonise iziphumo eziluncedo. U.S. Isethi yewebhusayithi yenkundla yetyala ikhuphe imiyalelo yemodeli yetyala efuna ukuphucula i-ompemperence.

Impembelelo yamajelo eendaba kunye nolwazi oluphambili lokubulala

Kwixesha lemiba yamanani, ukuchanabeka kolwazi olugqithisileyo kuyinto exhalabisayo. Iimeko eziphezulu zeprofile zivelisa usasazo olusasazekileyo lwe-media, kwaye amajelo eendaba angasasaza iinkcukacha zekhethe okanye iinkcazelo eziphosakeleyo. Iinkundla eziyalela abagwebi ukuba bangaphengululi okanye bangaxubushi ngalo kwi-intanethi, kodwa ukuchasana kwenzeka. Ukukhupha isigwebo kunye noncedo olugqithisileyo olunenkathalo lunciphisa ubungozi, kodwa ingxaki iyaqhubeka. Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zisebenzisa iingxoxo zemibuzo ukufumanisa ukuchanabeka nokuvavanywa kwetyala elinochuku.

Uxinezeleko Olugqithiseleyo Nobunzima

Iimvavanyo ezinde, ubungqina obucacileyo, kunye nomthwalo wokugqiba ngelishwa lomntu othile unokubangela uxinezeleko olukhulu kumajukubhede. Ubunzima bemali . "Imivuzo elahlekileyo", ukunyamekela abantwana kuxabisa-------------antswana, kukhokelela kwizicelo ze-exas. Imiba emininzi iye yanyusa umhlawulelo wejaji, kodwa imbuyekezo ihlala ingaphantsi komvuzo ongaphantsi komvuzo ophantsi kweendawo ezininzi. Ukuphucula intlalo entle kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo wezoqoqosho zingxoxo yemithetho eqhubekayo.

Ikamva Lamajaji Kwinkqubo Yomgwebo

Njengoko ibutho litshintsha, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala kufuneka iqhelane nokuhlala ifanelekile kwaye isebenza.

Ulwahlulo lobugcisa

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunganyusa amaqumrhu eejaji kwaye buphinde bubangele imingeni emitsha. Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zinika abachopheli beejaji amacwecwe ukuze babone imifanekiso, basebenzise izixhobo zobuchule, okanye basebenzise iirekhodi zexesha lokwenene. Into yenyani isenokufana nemifanekiso yolwaphulo-mthetho ngenye imini ukuze kuqwalaselwe ijaji. Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwanyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuphazamiseka kunye nokukwazi ukwenza uphando olungagunyaziswanga. Imithetho ecacileyo kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho ibalulekile.

Utshintsho Ukuze Kuphucuke Ummeli

Imithetho emininzi yandisa ukubonakala okunokwenziwa ukuquka abantu abangengabo abantu abaneziqu eziphezulu, abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho (emva kwamaxesha athile), nabantu abadala abatsha.

Izindululo

Ukuphucula umgangatho wokuququzelela, ezinye iinkundla zivumela abagwebi ukuba babhale imibuzo ebhaliweyo ukuze bafumane amangqina, baxubushe ubungqina ebudeni betyala (kunokulinda de kufike isiphelo), kwaye basebenzise iifom zeqhinga elicwangcisiweyo. Oku kuxhaphake kakhulu ekuvavanyeni kwabemi kodwa kuyamkelwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwiityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imbono yokuthelekisa kunye nokuLaliswa

Inzala yokuba nenxaxheba okuqhelekileyo iyakhula emhlabeni wonke. IJapan yaqalisa inkqubo yayo isaiban-in ngo- 2009, idityanisa iijaji ezichwepheshileyo nabemi abathandathu abaqhelekileyo ukugqiba amatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho. I-South Korea yamkela inkqubo efanayo yokudibanisa umthetho oqhelekileyo nezithethe zasekuhlaleni, inika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwindlela abantu abalungelelanisa ngayo ubugcisa kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezezequmrhu. Iprojekthi ye-Juxford Jury Project yeProject inika uhlalutyo oludityayo oludityayo olunxulumeneyo.

Imithetho ethobayo neMiqathango

Ezinye izicelo zicebisa ukunciphisa ubungakanani be-avareji (umz., ukusuka kwi12 ukuya kwisi-8 okanye 6) ukwandisa impumelelo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Noko ke, amaqumrhu amancinci ejaji asenokuba ngabameli abancinci kwaye aphumeze izigqibo ezincinci ezingathembekanga. Ngokufanayo, ukusuka kude nokungalinganiyo/esele zivunyelwe kwimo yengingqi yengingqi neyolwaphulo-mthetho phesheya kwelizwe,(umjikelo we-Phondo ye-12-eviligile. Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Ramos v. Louisiana [[FLT:]]] [2020]) efuna ukungacacinezeli kwetyala elinzulu likarhulumente, ixhomekeke ekulondolozeni ityala eliqhelekileyo eli-12-eviyonkenelone.

Isiphelo

Ijaji ayisosixhobo sobugcisa esilawulayo; sisakhiwo esiphilayo esibandakanya intsingiselo yedemokhrasi yokuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo. Ngokuphathisa abantu abaqhelekileyo amandla okugqiba amatyala, inkqubo yokuchophela iphumele ngokusemthethweni, ukubonakala, nokubekwa kwemiqathango yasekuhlaleni. Amatyala agcina abatshutshisi nabamangalelwa benoxanduva, abakhusela ekucoceni abasemagunyeni, kwaye bafundise abemi ngomthetho. Kodwa inkqubo ayishwanga. Imingeniswana ekhoyo, ukuphazamisana nokuqonda, ukuchasana kwemiba, ukuchasana kwemi, kunye nokungalungelelana okuqhubekayo. Abagwebi, abagwebi, nabasemagunyeni abasemagunyeni abasemthethweni kufuneka baqhubeke becoca ukhetho, ukuxhasa i-juthe, kwaye bamkela oko kunyuse ngaphandle kokukhuthaza umsebenzi woluntu. Njengokusebenza kwelungu elilawula-mthetho, njengoko kuhlala kusebenza njengelungu lelungu le-jaji, njengoko kusebenza ukululeka igosa-mthetho.