Ukwazisa

Ulwalamano phakathi komzekelo osemthethweni kunye nemigaqo yolawulo lokusebenza kwequmrhu loshishino lwangoku lusekelwe kumthetho wezoshishino. Kangangeenkulungwane, iinkundla ziye zathembela kwizigqibo zangaphambili zokubumba indlela esungulwa ngayo imibutho, indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye namalungelo kunye nemisebenzi ekhoyo kubabambi, abalawuli, namaqela esithathu. Oku kubandakanya phakathi kokuqwalasela kunye nemfundiso yokuququzelela kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlala ukho kwaye uyakwazi ukunxibelelana neenyaniso zorhwebo. Ngaphandle kokhokelo oluzinzileyo, inkampani iya kuswela uzinzo abacebisi, abatyala, nabalawuli kunye nabaquququzeleli bexhomekeke kulo.

Ukuqonda Ubuchule Obusemthethweni Kwimeko Engokwasemthethweni

Umzekelo wemithetho-siseko (ukusoloko ubizwa [[FLT: 0]] istatus decisis] abagwebi abalandela ukuqiqa kwezigqibo zangaphambili xa izibakala zetyala elitsha zifana kakhulu. Kumthetho wequmrhu, imizekelo isebenza imisebenzi emininzi: icacisa imimiselo ecacileyo, izalise izithuba kumthetho, kwaye idale isiqu esifanayo semithetho esebenza ngaphaya kwemiqathango. ukubophelela [ (ukubekwa kwemiqathango yeenqobo ezisezantsi kwi-quatriant) okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esezantsi. [[FLT]

Ukunxulumana vs. Isiqalo Esinempembelelo

Umzekelo wokunxulumana uvela kwinkundla ephakamileyo kwisakhiwo esinye. Umzekelo, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. zibopha zonke iinkundla zorhulumente nezombuso kwimibuzo yomgaqo-siseko wequmrhu kunye neyomthetho. Umzekelo osisigxina uquka imithetho evela kwamanye amazwe, imikhosi yamanye amazwe (ngokukhethekileyo enempembelelo kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-greagebragement), okanye izigwebo ze-avictive àrectal //aracmentmentments ezingenziwa kwisigwebo esingabalulekanga ekubambeni. Iinkundla zezobugcisa eziqulukwano nemimiselo exutywayo isoloko isiya kwimimiselo yezolwazi okanye ubugcisa obuvelayo.

Indima YeObiter Dicta

I-Obiter digita +_amaphawu enziwe ngokudlula", awenzanga umzekelo onyanzelisayo, kodwa angaphawula isimo sengqondo sokugweba malunga neempikiswano zexesha elizayo. Xa inkundla ephakamileyo ixubusha ngemeko ezithelekelelwayo okanye imigaqo ebanzi, amagqwetha enkampani kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zidla ngokuwaphatha njengokhokelo olo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, idiscripthi eyisekayo ingaqina ibe yimithetho ebophekayo ukuba isoloko yamkelwa ngamacandelo alandelayo.

Imigaqo yokusebenzisa ikhorithi exonxiweyo

Imigaqo emininzi esekelwe kwimithetho yequmrhu iye yenziwa ngezigwebo eziphawula iziganeko. Umgaqo ngamnye ubonisa umgudu weenkundla wokulungelelanisa imicimbi yeshishini nemfuneko yokukhusela abo batyalayo, abagcini-mali, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi.

Ubuntu Obusemthethweni Obohlukileyo

Imizekelo edumileyo ngu [[FLT: 0] Salomon v. A. Salomon & Co. Ltd (1897) [ UKL 1[. Indlu yaBalawuli yaba nenkampani, ekhe yafakwa kakuhle, lilungu elisemthethweni elahlukileyo kubalawuli bayo. Lo mphathi uSalomon wadlulisela ishishini lakhe leboop kwinkampani apho wabamba phantse zonke izabelo nedebends. Xa inkampani ingaphumeleli, abaxhasi abathenjiweyo baphikisa ukuba inkampani yayiyi-sham nje. Inkundla yalandula loo mbono, ukuseka imbono eyahlukeneyo yomthetho wangoku. Lo mzekelo womthetho walekna nkampani ingumendo wokwanelo wokwanelo ngaphandle komnikelo wayo.

Ubuchule Obulinganiselweyo

Umgaqo onxulumene kakhulu nomgaqo othi ityala lababambi lilinganiselwe kwimali engahlawulwayo kwizabelo zabo. Macaura v. Northern Assuration Co Ltd (1925) [[] I-UHL 1 [[FL:3]] inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba inkampani encedisayo iyakwazi ukwabelana kuphela qha. UMnu. UMacaura othelwe ngeplanga lakhe ngegama lakhe. Xa imithi yatshatyalaliswa, i-ahvrayiwe ngenxa yokuba engenayo inzala ekhoyo. Indlu yeNkosi, ivumelane nendlu yenkampani ukuba ingabi namali yempahla.

Ukuqhuba Ijelo Lendawo Efihlakeleyo

Ngaphandle kwamandla obuntu obahlukeneyo obusemthethweni, iinkundla zingagqobhoza isigqubuthelo senkampani kwiimeko ezithile. Ngokuqhelekileyo xa kusetyenziswa uphando olusemthethweni, ukuphepha iimbopheleleko ezisemthethweni, okanye ukuphepha amatyala akhoyo. [[FLT:] iiNkundla zikhokela iimpepho ezimxinwa. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [iindlela eninzi yokulinganisa iLTT. Sampson & amp; Co[FLT:] [[60] [iiiiiityala] [[FLT]] kwaye kusandulelekwa kusetyenziswa iinkundla ezinyukelweyo.[5]

IVirus kunye noBukhulu beCorporate

Ngokwembali, iinkampani zingenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwento echazwe kwi-memorand yemanyano. Izenzo zangaphaya kwezo zinto zaziyi ulur (kungaphaya kwamandla) kunye nokungabikho nto. Ngokuthe ngcembe zawuthoba lo mthetho. [[FLT:]]] Ashbury Railway Carriage & Lamp; Iron Cotd v. Riche [18] [18] [[FLT: 4.] UKL 1[FL:5], iNdlggggg isebenzisa ngokungqongqo imfundiso engenanto engaphandle kwenkampani echaziwe. Ngaphandle kokuba ithetha ukuba i-octive i-systellation yemists.

Indlela Izigqibo Zokweyisa Eziqhubeka Ziphucula Ngayo Umahluko

Iinkundla azisebenzisi nje kuphela imithetho ekhoyo; zichaza imimiselo kunye nemizekelo ukuchaza izinto ezintsha zentengiso. Le nkqubo yendaleko iqinisekisa ukuba ukubandakanya imigaqo kuhlala kufanelekile kwihlabathi lezixhobo zemali ezintsonkothileyo, amashishini amazwe ngamazwe, kunye nezinto zexabiso lamanani.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ubuchule beqela elincinane labaxhasi bandisa ubuchule bokuvavanya izigqibo zebhodi. [[FLT: 0] Fos v. Harbottle (1843]) [ i-UMANDLA C [[[[[FLT:]][[FLT]]], inkundla yamisa umthetho we-Plattiff”: kuphela inkampani enokuthi inyukele ngenxa yezono ezenziwe kuyo. Ivela kwiimeko zamva, njenge [[[FLT:]] iimacardss v.[4] [[FLT][FLT] [5] [5] [5] [iFLT]] ingena imvume eninzi yokugweba.[FLT] Imisebenzi emininzi enzima i-Activesciementstions.[2]

Iimbopheleleko zooLawuli noLawulo loMgwebo woBushishini

Imisebenzi yolawulo yabaphathi-mikhosi ([FLT: 0] i-Wrigley v.[[1925]], i-237.2d 776 (1968) kunye nomthetho wolawulo lwezoshishino (omiselwe [[FLT:]]], 473] Slensky v. Wrigley[[[1984]]], 237], E.E.67 .67 .67) [2], kunye kunye no-Aronson v.[[FLT], 473], A.2d 805 (194)) uqikelelo oluthenjiweyo, oluthe kratyayo, kwaye luqhubeka lusebenza kwiimfuno zemali ephambili. [ePrencercegrains]

Ulawulo lobuNtloko kunye nokuBaleka

Inkqubela-phambili yezomthetho yakutshanje igxininisa ukubonakala kokukhanya kunye nehambo yendlela yokuziphatha. kwiNkundla ye-Pippercorn v. [2021] kunye neemeko ezifanayo, inkundla ziye zafuna iibhodi ukuchaza iingozi zemozulu ezinxulumeneyo kunye kunye nokuqwalasela iziphumo ezinde zemeko-bume. Ukusuka kwiNkundla ye-Delaware (umz. [[FLT: 2]]] ekuboneni i-Arectormark International Inc. Derive Litigation[[FL:3]], 698 Ad959)) yamisela ukuba abalawuli banomsebenzi wokuqwalasela ukuthobela kwemibutho yolawulo lwezizwe ngemithetho yomhlaba wonke, ukukhuthaza nokulawula ulawulo lwangaphakathi.

Izinto Eziqale Zabunjwa Nguphawu Lwanamhlanje

Iqaqobana lamatyala limi njengentsika apho lonke ulawulo lwequmrhu lumi khona. Ityala ngalinye lithetha ngombuzo obalulekileyo malunga nesimo sombutho kunye nolwalamano lwawo nabagcini bawo.

Salomon v. Salomon (1897)

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, Salomon lisiseko sobuntu bomthetho obahlukeneyo. Isigqibo salile impikiswano yokuba inkampani yomntu omnye ligama nje. Indlu yeLords yakholelwa ukuba inkampani (ngonakuba iphumelela inkampani enye ye-63"""ilungu elisemthethweni elikhethekileyo. Lo mzekelo wenza ukuba ukwanda kwemibutho emincinci, esondeleyo, i-65 idibene neengxaki ezisikelwe umda. Ikwachaphazela ukuphuhliswa kwamaqela enkampanini, apho abazali kunye neenkampani ezisekompondweni zihlala khona zithelekele u-mgqweqwele.

IPhondo Lee’s Air Farming Ltd (1961)

[[FLT: 0] kwi-Air Farming Ltd v. Lee’s Air farming Ltd [ UKPC 1, iBhunga lePriviy libambe ukuba umphathi-sigqeba unokuba ngumqeshi wenkampani ukwenzela iinjongo zabasebenzi. UMnu. Lee wayenazo zonke izabelo kwaye esebenza njengomphathi nomqhubi wenqwelo-moya. Emva kokufa kwakhe kwingozi yenqwelo-moya, umhlolokazi wakhe wacela imbuyiselo. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba inkampani inomphathi owahlukeneyo, kwaye uMnu. Lee. Lee wayenokungena kwisivumelwano sokusebenza. Lo mzekelo uqinisekisa ukuba umntu omnye uyakwazi ukunxiba iingubo zolawulo oluneyo, umlawuli we-equlurgo.

Adams v. Cape Industries plc (1990)

Inkundla yamaNgesi yesibheno ithetha ngemida yokugqobhoza isigqubuthelo senkampani engaphandle -aphos v. ICape Instristices plc [ ICUT] I-CIV 11 ithetha ngemida yokugqobhoza isigqubuthelo senkampani engaphandle kumalungu eenkampani engaphandle. Asbestos afuna ukubamba umzali we UK obekelwe kwizenzo zayo zobuteknanti bayo. Inkundla yala ukugqobhoza, ukubamba iquzelele ukuba iququze yamaqela asezantsi kuvumelekileyo kwaye ihlonelwe ngaphandle kokuba kukho ubungqina bobuqhezu okanye injongo engafanelekanga. Esi sithethe sikhusela isimo se-ohwebo ngethuba lokushiya igumbi le-ogxa-onke.

Indima yoqhaqho kwiNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwanyusa imfuneko yemithetho engaguquguqukiyo kwiimeko ezikumazwe ahlukeneyo. Ityala elivela kwelinye ilizwe lidla ngokuphembelela iinkundla kwezinye iindawo, ingakumbi ezintsatsheni eziqhelekileyo.

Ukwahlula - melela Ngoncedo Olulungelayo

Iinkundla zase Canada, e-Ostreliya, eNew Zealand, nakwamanye amazwe aqhelekileyo asoloko ekhankanya i-UK kunye ne-US xa kutolikwa imimiselo yequmrhu. Umzekelo, umgaqo wokwahlukana kobuntu obusemthethweni ku Salomon uvunyiwe phantse phantse kuyo yonke imiqathango eqhelekileyo ye-86agnow. Ngokufanayo, i- juriprudence//imodeliga yokwahlulwa komthetho, imisebenzi yebhodi, kunye nocamkeli-omatilo-maligatoria---eding `igunya eliphembeleyo kumazwe amaninzi. Oku kunqamlezo-Genega kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki kwemibutho yezizwe esebenzayo kwimidabini.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho Wamakhaya Nempembelelo Yomthetho Oqhelekileyo

Nangona imigaqo yomthetho yasekuhlaleni ingalandeli ngokusemthethweni i-staiss, isoloko ikhangela kwimizekelo eqhelekileyo yemithetho xa kuqulunqwa okanye kuconjululwa izithuba. Imigaqo yequmrhu le-European Union iye yaquka imigaqo emininzi eyaphuhliswa ekuqaleni ngomthetho wetyala, njengokhuseleko lwabathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa kunye nemfuneko yokuba nekomkhulu elaneleyo. Ngale ndlela, izigqibo zomthetho kwiinkundla eziqhelekileyo zemimiselo yezomthetho ezibandakanya imigaqo ekhoyo ehlabathini lonke.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Notyekelo Olumandundu

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini anesithandathu anesithandathu esele izisa imingeni yenoveli evavanywe ngokuqulunqwa kwemigaqo. Iinkundla ngoku zixabana neembambano ezinxulumene nempahla yamanani, i-ESG (everonmental, intlalo, kunye nolawulo) iimfanelo, kunye nezakhiwo zenkampani ezikude ++1 zokuqala.

ISebe libonise ukuba liyazixabisa iinkonzo

I-Proftware ingunozala ophezulu weNkundla eMichigan edumileyo exhaswe ngokubandakanywa izilangazelelo zombutho ezingaphaya kwabaxhasi. Dodge v. [Ford Motor Co [19]] (1919), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMichigan ixhaswe ngokuba iqukelwe ngokuba umbutho uqhubekeke ngokuyintloko ukuze ungenelwe kwisigqibo sababambi-nxaxheba. Ingxelo ye-2019 yeBhunga lokuqukelisa injongo yequbonke. Iinkundla ngoku zihlola enoba imisebenzi yabaphathi iquka ukuqwalaselwa okunyanzelisa okunyanzelekileyo kwemekobume neziphumo zentlalo. I-mthetho yeNkundla ye- mvume eninzi. I-Delawarea Reliveticationation [FFT] [FTB1] [201] iimeko ezithenjiweyo zinokuqwalasela ukuba ziqulene iimeko ezithene ngoncedo olude lukhulu lophawu oluthe kruphiciso oluthelela kwimo oluthe .

ICryptocurrency, iDAOs, kunye neCerporate

Ii-DAOs ezicelwlisiweyo zivavanya ukuququzelelwa ngokwesithethe ngenxa yokuba zingenayo ibhodi esembindini okanye ubukho obubonakalayo. Iinkundla ziqalile ukuchaza ukuba i-DAOs ingaphathwa njengentsebenziswano okanye njengezixhobo ezingadityaniswanga. i-SushiSS Pant[FLT] [2023], inkundla yesizwe ethathwa njengetyala le-DAO lokwaphula ityala. Imeko yemeko yangaphambili izakuyilwa nale meko inguququko lwe-injini edibanisa ngayo amanani ama-69, eqalwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-LLC okanye phantsi kwemiqathango entsha yemithetho efana ne-DOLLLC. Indima ye-mthetho ye-URCLC. Imeko ye-ooocctive iqwayimplity, ibambene ngolwano oluninzi lwezimo-ognognog.

Umsebenzi owenziwe kude nolawulo loMbutho

Isifo sobhubhani sanyusa ulwamkelo lwentlanganiso ze-enyani yebhodi kunye novoto lwamagophe. Udidi lwasekuqaleni ko 2000 (umz., Kuvulo lweTyson Foods, Inc., 2007) luvumele ukuqwalaselwa kwe-elektroniki kunye nokuthathi-nxaxheba. La matyala akutshanje axhasa ukusebenziseka okupheleleyo kwentlanganiso zababambi-nxaxheba, ukuba banokufikelela. Iinkundla zikwavavanya ii-fiducio zento zenyani, ngokunjalo ukuba ngabalawuli bangahambisa imisebenzi yabo yokuphatha kakuhle xa kungekho ngokoqobo. Ezi zigqibo ziya kuphembelela ikamva lolawulo lwenkampani ekusebenzeni okusingqongileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Imodeli esemthethweni ihlala isisiseko sokwahlula imigaqo. Imfundiso yokwahlula ubuntu bomthetho ngokwezimeko zale mihla kwi-ESG ne-DAOs, iinkundla zisoloko zichaza kwaye ziwutshintsha umthetho ukuze zihlangabezane neengxaki ezintsha zezentengiselwano. Imfundiso yokugada idecisis iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wenkampani awunyanzeli; abanikeli, abalawuli, nababoleki-mali bangaxhomekeka kwiqumrhu elizinzileyo lemithetho. Kwangaxesha linye, ulwandiso lwesithethe sivumela umthetho ukuba uguquke ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Njengokuba imibutho isenza impikiswano yehlabathi lonke, amanani, kunye nezomthetho, ii-'areversmeterssssting iza kukhula. Iinkokeli zezomthetho, iinkokeli zezomthetho, neenkqubo zezomthetho zezomthetho, neenkqubo zezomthetho kufuneka ziqonde indlela yokwakhiwa ngayo iprognitenti (iiiiiement) elandela enye imo yomthetho elandelane