Ukuguquka kobuxhakaxhaka kwiinkqubo zeElectoral

Ilaphu lonyulo lwangoku lixutywe ngobuninzi bemisonto yamanani. Ukusuka kwimida yokuvota kunye nee-credium zolwazi lwe-intanethi ukuya kwizixhobo zekhompyutha zokuvota kunye nezixhobo zezentlalo, ubugcisa ngoku buchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zendlela ulawulo-melo olukhetha ngayo iinkokeli zazo. Olu tshintsho luzisele luzinike amathuba angenakuthelekiswa nanto okuya kwandisa inxaxheba kunye nolawulo lwemijelo, kodwa luye lwazisa nemisebenzi entsonkothile entsonkothile esongela ingqibelelo yeziphumo zokhetho. Ukuqonda indalo ezimeleyo ezikhoyo kwezi zixhobo kuyimfuneko kumagosa onyulu, oomatshini abalawula imigaqo-mida, kunye novoti (Roffices) ngokufanayo njengoko behamba ngexesha apho ikhompyutha enye okanye ulawulo oluququlukileyo lweziququluko lomthetho lwelizwe lungatshintsha ikhondo lwexesha elizayo.

Ukwamkela ubuchule bokhetho akuyonto ibalulekileyo kodwa kukungathinteleki. Umthamo opheleleyo wogcino-lwazi, imfuneko yesantya sokunika ingxelo, kunye nemfuneko yokufumaneka kokhetho lokuqala olunyanzela iibhodi zonyulo ukuba zidibane. Kodwa izibonda ziphezulu ngokukhethekileyo: unyulo kufuneka zombini zikhuseleke kwaye zibe cace, zombini zisebenza kwaye zicaciswe. Ukulinganisa ezi zimfuno kufuna ulawulo olungqongqo, uvavanyo oluqhubekayo, kunye nohlalutyo olucacileyo lwendawo apho ubugcisa bunceda khona nalapho buthintela imigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Amathuba angundoqo Anikelwa Bubugcisa Bokhetho

Xa isetyenziswa ngokuqwalasela, ubugcisa bungaqinisa inkqubo yokuvota ngeendlela ezingenakuhambelana nazo iinkqubo zezandla kuphela. Amathuba angundoqo axhomekeke ekufikeleleni, ekunyuseni ukuganana, ekuqinisekiseni ukuchana kokhetho, nasekukheni ukubonakala ngaphaya.

Ukufumaneka nobhaliso logcino-zincwadi olwandisiweyo

Ubhaliso lwangaphakathi lomvoti luye lwaba lilungu lolawulo lwamaqumrhu onyulo lwangoku kwiindawo ezininzi. Amazwe aye enza ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo nolwe-intanethi abona ukwanda okubalulekileyo kwexabiso lokubhalisa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abaselula kunye nabo basemaphandleni. Ufundo olusuka kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures iingxelo zokuba ubhaliso lwe-intanethi luyanciphisa iimpazamo, lunciphisa iindleko, kwaye lwenza inkqubo ibe luncedo ngakumbi. Ngaphezu koko, ubugcisa bunceda ukunyuswa kokukhethwa okufikelelekayo kokuvota okunesiphene, njengokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhusicango zokulinganisa i-votime-mail.

Izicelo zenqwelo-moya kunye neewebhsayithi zikarhulumente ngoku zinika ulwazi lwexesha lokwenene kwindawo zonyulo, ixesha lokulinda, kunye neebhola ezincinane. Oku kunciphisa ukhuhleko ekungeneleleni ngokwembali. Kumazwe anjenge Estonia, apho amakhadi e-ekhompyutha kunye ne-ID yamanani aqhelekile, abemi bangaphosa iibhola zabo ngokukhuselekileyo nakwesiphi isixhobo esidityaniswe kwi Internet, ebonisa ukuba inxaxheba ekude ingaluncedo kwaye ikhuseleke xa ithe yatshintshwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ubandakanyeko Olwandisiweyo Ngomphumo Wamanani

Amaqonga eencwadi zentlalo-ntle atshintshile indlela abathe banxibelelana ngayo nabavoti. [[FLT:] Iqonga lophando lwe-Facebook, i-Istagram, kunye namaplatfomu amatsha avumela ukunxibelelana kokwenene, ukuqokelela, kunye nokusasaza umyalezo. Inkampani ezifakelwe kwimiba encinane echanekileyo nemiyalezo elungisiweyo, ukwandisa unxulumano lwezopolitiko. Isekelo lophando lobuzwe lifumene ukuba kwi 202020 U.S. unyulo, malunga nesiqingatha se-votifomu ye-cofficess sisebenzisa i-mediagentssssssss kulandelwa isigidi sentlalo-themist, kwaye ezininzi zabika ukuba lwazinceda ukuba zizive zidityaniswe kakhulu kwinkqubo yezopolitiki.

Ngaphaya kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano, i-software yolawulo lwezehlo kunye nogcino-lwazi zivumela amaphulo okufanisa abaxhasi, ukuxela kwangaphambili, kunye nokwandisa izibonelelo ngokuphumelelayo. Le ndlela yogcino-lwazi ingayicutha ibala lokudlala kubaqhubi abangakwazi ukuhlawula iintengiso zexabiso eliphantsi zikamabonwakude, nto leyo ebenza bakhuphisane ngokusebenzisa ukukhuphisana okuphuma kumanani kunye nemigudu yokufumana imveliso.

Ucoselelo kunye nesantya kujikelezo lwesithuba

Oomatshini bovoto be-electronic, xa beyilwe kakuhle kwaye bevavanywa, bangayinciphisa impazamo yomntu ekubaleni. Iinkqubo zokuvota ze-Optical, apho abavoti baphawula amavoti amaphepha afundwa ngabashicileli, banika indlela edityanisiweyo edityaniswe isantya sokudibanisa ugcino-lwazi lwe-elektroniki kunye nokusebenza kwamaphepha. Amagosa amaninzi onyulo aye amkela ezi nkqubo ukuze aphumeze iziphumo kwiiyure ezimbalwa kunokuba ziveze, agcine ukuthenjiswa kukawonke-wonke-wonke nokuncitshiswa kokungaqiniseki.

Ngaphezu koko, ubugcisa buxhasa uphicotho-zincwadi olungcono. Uphicotho-zincwadi olunomda wengozi, olusebenzisa izibalo ukuqinisekisa amanani eekhompyutha kwiirekhodi zephepha, luba luqheliselo oluqhelekileyo. Olu xwebhu lunika umgangatho ophezulu wokuzithemba ngaphandle kokuba kufuna isalathisi esipheleleyo, kwaye lunokufikeleleka kuphela nge-software enokuthelekelela imilinganiselo yokulinganisa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye luthelekise iziphumo kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kunye nokunika ingxelo ngexesha lokwenene

Izixhobo ezikhoyo zokondla ugcino-lwazi lukawonke-wonke zivumela intatheli, abatshati kunye nabemi ukuba balandele iziphumo zonyulo njengoko bexeliwe. Oku kubonakala kakuhle kwakha ukuthemba, ingakumbi xa i-data ipapashwa ecaleni kwe-metadata enenkcukacha malunga nee-metam-mfono-mfono ezibandayo. Amanye amagunya ngoku anika i-AP Is evumela abahlalutyi abazimeleyo ukuba baqinisekise uhlahlo oluchasene nobalo lwasemthethweni, uqheliso oluye lwaxhaswa yi-U.S. I-EUFUFLICCOM njenge-marking yebhethro yokhetho lwangoku.

Iingozi Ezibalulekileyo Eziveliswe Bubugcisa Bokuchonga

Ngawo onke amathuba, ubugcisa kunyulo bunengozi elinganayo okanye enkulu. Ezi ngozi azingozingcingo nje; ziboniswe kunyulo jikelele ehlabathini kwaye ziyaqhubeka ziguquka njengoko abatshaba beqhelanisa.

Ukungakhuseleki

Iinkqubo zokuvota ngombane zingamaxhoba abadlali belizwe, oomatshini boburhulumente, kunye nabafaki-nxaxheba abanolunya. Uhlaselo lungasuka kwimigudu yokukhanyela i-vhoti-zikhuseli ezithintela abavoti ekungeneni kwi-intanethi ukuya kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo ezitshintsha umgama wamavoti okanye iirekhodi zobhaliso. Unyulo lomongameli wase-U.U.Unyaka ka-2016 wafumana imigudu yokungenisa isiseko sonyulo, kunye nophengululo olulandelayo olutyhiliweyo olukhoyo kwinkqubo yobhaliso. Ingxelo ye-voticrations i-intanethi etshintsha ii-voties okanye iingxelo zobhaliso zeJaji yeJaji ye-[[FLT] ichaza indlela ezininzi ezisasebenzisa ngayo oomatshini bokuvota abaphelelwe lixesha nokungalungela ukhuseleko olukhoyo olukhoyo njenge-operal-openthi.

Umngcipheko ungaphaya koomatshini bokuvota ngokwabo. Ukunikezela ngentlaselo yamatyathanga, apho kuveliswa khona ii-ware ngexesha lokwenziwa okanye ekuhlaziyweni kwe-software, kuyingozi engapheliyo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo engqongqo ye-hardware kunye nenkqubo yokuzikhusela kwikhompyutha, amagosa onyulo akanakuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo azisebenzisayo azikho ezindlwini zangasemva okanye aziphanzi.

Iimeko Zomntu Ezibangelwa Kukuzikhusela

Kwanolona khuselo lobugcisa lungcono lungapheliswa yimikhwa yabantu engekho semthethweni. Ukuhlasela abasebenzi bonyulo, amagama ayimfihlo abuthathaka nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezixhobo zokuvota zizinto eziqhelekileyo ekulalanisiseni. Uqeqesho kunye nokukhuselwa kococeko kubaluleke njengokulawula ubugcisa.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engacaciswanga

Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle enza ukuba ulwazi olukhawulezileyo lobuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo malunga nabatshatisi, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye neziphumo zonyulo. Le nkcazelo ingacinezela ukurhoxa, ikhubaze ukuthembana kwiziphumo, ide ibangele isiphithiphithi. Umjikelo wonyulo wama-2020 e-U.S. wonakaliswe luphuphumo lobuxoki obungangendlela yokurhwebela iposi, oomatshini bokuvota, kunye neencwadi ze-phantomm ezivotayo. Ezi ngxelo zanyuswa ngama-bot kunye namaqela angaphandle, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho ukudidelwa okwaqhubeka emva kokuba unyulo luqinisekiswe.

Ukulwa ulwazi oluchanekileyo kunzima kuba lufuna ukukhangela okwenene isibakala sexesha, intsebenziswano yeqonga, kunye nemfundo yokufunda yesixhobo sobugcisa. Iimithetho-mthetho ezibeka phambili ukuganana ngokuchanekileyo kuqhubekeka kulwandiso olushukumayo. Ngaphandle kotshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo ukuze kulungiswe ulwazi olumiselwe kakuhle, ubugcisa buza kuhlala buyi-vector yokusebenzisana kunokuba bukhanyiselwe.

Ukunganeliseki Kwendlela Yokwenza Izinto Ngokwahlula Amanani

Ngelixesha ubugcisa bunokunyusa ufikelelo kwabanye, bungenza imiqobo kwabanye. Izifundo ze-oyile-intanethi ezingathembekanga, abantu abadala abakhulileyo abangakwaziyo ukunxibelelana ngemidibaniso yamanani, kunye noluntu olunemida emininzi engekhoyo lungafumanisa lungakhutshelwa kubhaliso lwe-intanethi, unikezelo lwemivo-manani, okanye kwanolwazi olusisiseko. Ufundo lwe-2021 lwe-Pew Prew Uphation Center[ lubonise ukuba malunga ne 7% ye-U.S.

Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kokuxhomekeka kwii-apps ezihamba-hambayo zokuhlola ulwazi lwendawo kuthatha umgangatho wefowuni. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuzama ukuvelisa ukuvota kuye kwajamelana nokumangalelwa kwamaqela alwela amalungelo abantu kunye nemibutho yamalungelo abantu ephikisayo ngokuthi iinkqubo ezinjalo azikwazi ukuxhasa abo bangakhange bafunde ngamanani okanye bafikelele. Umgaqo wokuthabatha inxaxheba kwingingqi yonke into ufuna ukuba kungabikho mvoti unyanzeleka ukuba asebenzise ubugcisa abangakwaziyo ukubuqhuba.

Inkxalabo yokhuseleko logcino-lwazi nokuzixhalabisa

Ii-database zobhaliso lweVoter zinenkcazelo yomntu ngamnye echukumisekayo: amagama, iidilesi, izinxulumani, maxa wambi namanani ephepha-mvume lomqhubi okanye amanani athile oKhuseleko loNtlalo-ntle. Xa ezi database ziqhawulwe, iziphumo zidlulela ngaphaya konyulo lonyulo kwisigqibo sobukho nokukhathazwa. Ii-database zoluntu ezisetyenziswa kuvavanyo lweebhola okanye iibhokisi zokuvota kufuneka zenziwe ngocoselelo ukubhenca ulwazi oluncinci olufunekayo kuphela. Urhwebo-ngaphandle phakathi kokukhanya nokufihla imfihlo luxinzelo oluphindaphindiweyo kubugcisa bokhetho.

Ngokubhekele phaya, ukusetyenziswa kwabathengisi becandelo lesithathu ukwenzela ukufikelela ngaphandle kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nendlela ugcino-lwazi lomvoti olugcinwa ngayo, olwahlulweyo, nolukhuselweyo. Iintsasa zidla ngokuthenga iifayile zovoti kulwazi oluphulweyo, kwaye kukho ulawulo olusikelwe umda olulawulayo indlela logcino-lwazi olunokusetyenziswa ngayo okanye nokuba kufuneka lucinywe na emva konyulo.

Uphando lwetyala lokwenene lehlabathi: Impumelelo kunye nokungaphumeleli

Ukuhlolisisa iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokuphumelela kusinceda sibone imiphumo esengqiqweni yokukhetha ubugcisa bonyulo.

Inkqubo yobuvulindlela yase Estonia

Estonia iqhube inkqubo yokuvota esekelwe kwi-intanethi ukususela ngo-2005. Abahlali basebenzisa ikhadi le-ID yemivo yesizwe ukuqinisekisa nokuphosa amavoti abo kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyutha enxulunyanisiweyo. Le nkqubo isebenzisa isiphelo- ukuya ekupheleni kwaye ivumela abavoti ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti yabo ibhalwe kakuhle. Nangona impumelelo ekhulayo phakathi komvoti we-avrite-avvy, inkqubo ijongene nokugxekwa kokhuseleko olusuka kubaphengululi be- Internet abaphikisa ukuba umxhasi we-ekhofire angalalani ngaphandle kokubhaqwa. Estonia ithetha oku ngophicotho oluzileyo nokhuselo lwephepha lwesizwe. Ihlala ikhokela umzekelo wokusebenza ngamandla kwezixhobo zobugcisa kunye nomgangatho wezobugcisa.

Oomatshini Bombane BaseIndiya

IIndiya isebenzisa oomatshini bovota be-electronic (EVM) kuzo zonke iindidi zonyulo. Le matshini zisebenza ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano lwenethwekhi, ezinciphisa ubungozi bokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokujika. Noko ke, ibingumbandela wempikiswano, kunye namaqela aphikisanayo aqinisekisa ukuba zingatshintshwa. Kwimpendulo, iKhomishini yoPhumo esungulweyo ivota iphepha elinomsebenzi owenziweyo (VPATs) ngo-2013, ivumela abavoti ukuba babone islifidi ekhankanyiweyo isiqinisekiso sabo. Iikhatheli zesandla ezikhethiweyo zeVVPAT ziqhutywa ukuqinisekisa udibaniso lwe-EVMM. Le ntshulo ye-droyidio ibonisa ukuba kwanethi engekhona i-netootayzisebenzayo ifuna uvavanyo lwendlela yokusebenza kawonke ukuze bagcine isiqinisekiso.

2020 Unyulo lwase-U.S. nendima yobuxhakaxhaka

Unyulo lwama-2020 lwangoomongameli wase-U.S. lwaluluvavanyo loxinzelelelo lobugcisa bonyulo. Ukusetyenziswa kovotelo lweposi ngenxa yesifo esigqumayo kwakhokelela ekuvezeni kwemali eninzi kwizixhobo zokuvavanya kunye noomatshini abavula imvulophu. Ngoxa unyulo lwathathwa ngokubanzi njengonqabiseko ziingcali zekhompyutha, izibhengezo zobuxoki zobuqhetseba ezisasazekileyo zabangela umngcipheko wokuthembana. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu komngcipheko wovavanyo lwemingcingo kunye neebhola zamaphepha kwanceda ekubonakaliseni ucosele ukonakala kweziphumo, kodwa iphulo lokukhulula i-transport sele ibangele umonakalo ohlala uhleli. Le meko ibala ibala libalase ukuba ukhuseleko lwezobugcisa kuphela alwanele; unxibelelwano nemfundo yoluntu lucetyiswa ngokulinganayo.

Ubugcisa Bexesha Elizayo Nemiphumo Yabo

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, izixhobo ezintsha zithembisa ngokubhekele phaya ngonyulo, kodwa kwakhona zivelisa imingeni encinane emele ixutyushwe ngokuqhubekayo.

Ubuntlola Bokwenza Imigudu Nenkcazelo

I-AI ingasetyenziswa ukuhlalutya ii-data ezinkulu ukuxela kwangaphambili ukuziphatha kovoti, ukwenza ingeniso epheleleyo, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngokobuqu kumgangatho womntu ngamnye. Oku kunganyusa impumelelo yamaphulo kodwa kunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwemicro efakwa kwaye irhintyelwa. Okukhathaza kakhulu kukusetyenziswa kwe-generative AIA ukwenza isandi esisengqiqweni kodwa esibunjwe, ividiyo, kunye nokubhaliweyo okubizwa ngokuba yi- nzulu. Kunyulo olusondeleyo, ividiyo engxeliweyo ye-cwethe yokokwenza inkcazelo ehlazisayo inokuba neprojectal ingayinwe phambi kokuba ikhutshwe. Amanye amaqela emithetho elawula i-Ialmeter efuna iidiadies kwi-AImer edioceneyo, kodwa ahlala kunzima.

IiNkqubo eziKhethwayo ze-Al

Kwicala lokuzikhusela, i-Al inganceda ekufumaneni ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo kwe-cudis-media, iphelisa umsebenzi okrokrelekayo kwii-database zobhaliso lovoti, kunye nokuhlola ukhuseleko oluzenzekelayo. Isitshixo kukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ngokucace gca kwaye ngokujongela komntu ukuphepha izicelo ezigqwethekileyo okanye ezingaphaya komsebenzi onokuthi uphazamisane nokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo.

Ubugcisa bokuthintela kunye nokusasazwa komkhokeli

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi iblokochain inika ingxelo ecacileyo, engenakuguqulwa yevoti enokuqinisekiswa ngokwayo. Iprojekthi ezifana neVoatz ziye zavavanywa kunyulo oluncinane lomlinganiso eUnited States, kodwa baye bajamelana nogxeko oluqatha oluvela kubaphandi bokhuseleko ababonisa ukuba ukuvingca akucombululeki iingxaki ezingundoqo zomvoti kunye nokhuseleko lwesixhobo. Ukuvota okunebloko esekelwe kwisiseko sokhuseleko kuthembeke kuphela njengesixhobo esiwufaka phantsi kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuntsonkotha kwemiqathango yemiqathango yenza ukuba kube nzima ukuphicotha kweengxoxo zokhuseleko ezingengozo. Ngoxa ingcamango entle yokufumana ulwa komntwana ihlala ingacingelwa de isombululo oluphantsi kokhuseleko neengxaki zethu zisombululwe.

Uchazo lommandla wendalo

Ubugcisa bemichiza obufana novavanyo lweminwe, ulwaziwo lweliso, nokwazi ubuso bunganciphisa ukuqhatha kwevoti kunye nokukhangela i-palline kwindawo zokuvota. Noko ke, iinkqubo zebhayoloji zinyusa inkxalabo yobuqu engundoqo kwaye zinokuchaphazeleka kwizinto zobuxoki okanye iimpazamo ezichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa namaqela athile amanani abantu. Kumazwe asakhula apho izibonelelo ze-ID yovoti zibuthathaka, ii-athom ze-ographial ziye zasetyenziswa ukucoca iirollam zevota, kodwa zikwasetyenziswa kakubi ukukhulula iivota ezisemthethweni ezinqikelelayo ezineminwe ezingafundekiyo. Nakuphi ukuthunyelwa komnwenga okunga kumele kuquke iinkqubo eziqinileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kogcino-data.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ukubuyiselwa Kwemigaqo Yedemokhrasi

Ubuxhakaxhaka abulungile okanye abubobubi ngokwemvelo kunyulo; impembelelo yabo ixhomekeke kumongo wokuzalisekisa kwabo, ukukhusela okulungqongileyo, kunye nokuvuma kwabo bonke abaphethe ityala ukumisela ingqibelelo epheleleyo. Amathuba okwandisa inxaxheba, ucoselelo, nokubonakala ngokucacileyo yinto yokwenene kwaye akufunekanga kungatyeshelwa. Kwangaxesha linye, ubungozi bokwaphulwa kwekhompyutha, ukukhutshwa kwenkcazelo, kunye nokungaqiniswa kwamanani kufuna ukuqapha okuqhubekayo.

Ukuhambela phambili, amagunya onyulo kufuneka asebenzise indlela esekelwe kumngcipheko egxininisa ukubonakala ngaphaya, ukuphindwa kwengxelo, kunye nokuvuselelwa kwemiqathango. Amaxwebhu ephepha, xa edityaniswe novavanyo lwe-operal nolwamandla okhetho, ahlala ehleli ekwimo yegolide yokuqinisekisa. Iimyuziyam kuqeqesho lwe-inthaneti, uvavanyo lokungena, kunye nokunikezela ngokhuseleko lwetsheyina kubalulekile. Iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zihlaziyiswe ukudibana ne-AIIII-gen-gentebration, i-data, kunye noxandumiso yemigangatho yezentlalo-luvo. Ekugqibeleni, usukelo akufuneki ukuphelisa ubugcisa kodwa ukubugcina bubotshelele abantu, kunokuba kubangele ukuthembana kwabantu abaninzi. Izixhobo zomfakelo olufanelekileyo, zixhaswa yinkqubo yobugcisa exhaswa nazinzileyo exhaswa ngabantu abahlala besazi-demodemokhtiki.